CHAPTER 18CHAPTER 18THE COLD WAR BEGINSTHE COLD WAR BEGINS

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference

February 1945February 1945 Who is meeting? (Who is meeting? (Churchill, Stalin, and FDRChurchill, Stalin, and FDR))

What do all three make a compromise on? What do all three make a compromise on? 1. 1. FDR & Churchill would recognize Polish gov’t set FDR & Churchill would recognize Polish gov’t set

up by Sovietsup by Soviets 2. 2. New government would include members of pre-New government would include members of pre-

war Polish governmentwar Polish government 3. 3. Polish government would hold free elections ASAPPolish government would hold free elections ASAP

What did the Big 3 decide to do with Germany?What did the Big 3 decide to do with Germany?

(Divide Germany AND Berlin into four zones)(Divide Germany AND Berlin into four zones)

United Nations – April 1945United Nations – April 1945 Peace-keeping organization Peace-keeping organization How is it organized?How is it organized?

• General AssemblyGeneral Assembly Made up of representatives of all member Made up of representatives of all member

nationsnations• Security CouncilSecurity Council – – hold real powerhold real power

made up of 11 membersmade up of 11 members 5 seats are permanent5 seats are permanent US SU Britain France ChinaUS SU Britain France China 6 seats are decided on a rotating basis6 seats are decided on a rotating basis What are its powers?What are its powers? -investigate international problems-investigate international problems -propose settlements-propose settlements -ask member nations to use forces to uphold -ask member nations to use forces to uphold

decisionsdecisions

Cold War ConflictsCold War Conflicts What type of What type of economicseconomics does the does the SOVIET SOVIET

UNION UNION useuse? (Communist- gov’t controlled ? (Communist- gov’t controlled economics)economics)

What type of What type of economicseconomics do the do the UNITED UNITED STATESSTATES use use? (Capitalist- citizen controlled ? (Capitalist- citizen controlled economics)economics)

Why was the Soviet Union mad at the US?Why was the Soviet Union mad at the US? US had not recognized USSR as a US had not recognized USSR as a

“government” until 16 yrs after Bolshevik “government” until 16 yrs after Bolshevik RevolutionRevolution

Why was the US mad at the Soviet Union? Why was the US mad at the Soviet Union? Stalin signed the Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin signed the Non-Aggression Pact with

GermanyGermany

The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference

July 1945July 1945 Who was a part of the Conference?Who was a part of the Conference?

Truman (US), Atlee (UK after Churchill), Stalin Truman (US), Atlee (UK after Churchill), Stalin (USSR)(USSR)

What caused more conflict between the US What caused more conflict between the US and SU?and SU? Truman pushed Stalin to hold elections in Truman pushed Stalin to hold elections in

PolandPoland Stalin refusedStalin refused

Tension MountsTension Mounts

Truman believed that the Nazi-controlled Truman believed that the Nazi-controlled countries should be given the right of countries should be given the right of self-self-determinationdetermination

Truman also feared giving in to Truman also feared giving in to Stalin’s Stalin’s demands.demands.

Soviet Union wanted to Soviet Union wanted to strip strip Germany to Germany to rebuild the SU.rebuild the SU.

US, Britain, and France wanted toUS, Britain, and France wanted to rebuild rebuild Germany. Germany.

Since the US industries and factories had not been Since the US industries and factories had not been destroyed, US economy was destroyed, US economy was booming booming US becomes US becomes the the world economic leaderworld economic leader

Soviet Union felt scared of another attack, so they Soviet Union felt scared of another attack, so they wanted “security”wanted “security” Created “Created “satellite nations”- nations that satellite nations”- nations that

surrounded USSRsurrounded USSR Controlled by Stalin AND HAD Controlled by Stalin AND HAD (communist govt.)(communist govt.)

Early 1946- Stalin gave a speech. Early 1946- Stalin gave a speech. He said He said capitalismcapitalism and and communismcommunism were were

incompatibleincompatible. War is . War is inevitable.inevitable. The USSR would The USSR would start making start making weaponsweapons… uh oh…… uh oh…

US saw this as a US saw this as a declaration of war!declaration of war!

The Policy of The Policy of ContainmentContainment

ContainmentContainment- - an effort to block Soviet attempts to spread an effort to block Soviet attempts to spread

communismcommunism

February 1946February 1946

Iron Curtain – Iron Curtain – imaginary line imaginary line

dividing communist dividing communist Europe from Europe from democratic Europe democratic Europe

Cold War in Europe Cold War in Europe (1945-1991)(1945-1991)

Why is it called the “Cold War”?Why is it called the “Cold War”? The US and USSR had conflicting goals The US and USSR had conflicting goals

and got almost to the point of ANOTHER and got almost to the point of ANOTHER WARWAR

US wanted to spread democracy and US wanted to spread democracy and capitalismcapitalism

USSR wanted to spread communismUSSR wanted to spread communism The US had to stop this!!!The US had to stop this!!!

Truman Doctrine (1947)Truman Doctrine (1947)

Truman felt the US should Truman felt the US should “support the free “support the free people throughout the world who resisted people throughout the world who resisted the takeover of communism”the takeover of communism”

Britain had been helping Turkey and Greece Britain had been helping Turkey and Greece but ran out of money… but ran out of money… So the US took over So the US took over that responsibilitythat responsibility

What did the US do?What did the US do? Began paying Greek and Turkish debt and Began paying Greek and Turkish debt and

keep them above water in economicskeep them above water in economics WHY? To keep them away from USSR WHY? To keep them away from USSR

(communism)(communism)

Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos. communism like dominos.

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Created by Sec of State Created by Sec of State George MarshallGeorge Marshall Main Purpose- Main Purpose- Help Europe RECOVERHelp Europe RECOVER What was the compromise between the US and What was the compromise between the US and

countries that signed on with the Marshall Plan?countries that signed on with the Marshall Plan? Countries receiving aid had to remove trade Countries receiving aid had to remove trade

barriers and cooperate economically with one barriers and cooperate economically with one anotheranother

Was it effective? Was it effective? (Very, countries prospered… (Very, countries prospered… and it made communism look bad…)and it made communism look bad…)

Helping to get Europe out Helping to get Europe out of the holeof the hole

Struggle Over GermanyStruggle Over Germany After WWII, Germany After WWII, Germany (country)(country) and Berlin and Berlin

(capital)(capital) were divided between were divided between US, GB, FR, US, GB, FR, and USSRand USSR SU wanted to keep Germany SU wanted to keep Germany divideddivided Others wanted to Others wanted to rebuild and reuniterebuild and reunite Germany Germany

SU held Berlin hostage… SU held Berlin hostage… nothing in or out!nothing in or out!

Led to the Berlin Airlift – Led to the Berlin Airlift – US and GB began US and GB began flying supplies in flying supplies in -> -> made US look good made US look good and USSR look bad… again! and USSR look bad… again!

BerlinBerlin

West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the communist and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany Germany

The The Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade was an attempt to starve West was an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communistsBerlin into submitting [giving up] to the communists

The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the West’s The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin.determination to use all resources to defend Berlin.

It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries communist countries

Why did the US get the biggest piece?Why did the US get the biggest piece?

West and East GermanyWest and East Germany

Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany West GermanyWest Germany UK, US, and FR partsUK, US, and FR parts Voters approved a constitutionVoters approved a constitution

German Democratic RepublicGerman Democratic Republic East GermanyEast Germany USSR partUSSR part

Which side is the capitalist side?Which side is the capitalist side? Which side is the communist side?Which side is the communist side?

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Organization (NATO) 10 western European nations joined with the 10 western European nations joined with the

US and Canada on Apr 4, 1949US and Canada on Apr 4, 1949 All member countries promised that an attack All member countries promised that an attack

on one would be regarded as an attack on ALLon one would be regarded as an attack on ALL 11stst time in US history that the US entered a time in US history that the US entered a

military alliance with other nations during peace military alliance with other nations during peace timetime

The Cold War endedThe Cold War ended US Isolationism…US Isolationism…

Explain how the Marshall Plan Explain how the Marshall Plan worked.worked.

What did the US hope to What did the US hope to accomplish through the Marshall accomplish through the Marshall Plan?Plan?

The Cold War Heats Up

Section 2

Civil War in China

Mao Zedong

vs

Communist

Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist

Civil war in China stopped during Civil war in China stopped during WWIIWWII and the communists and nationalists and the communists and nationalists fought together against fought together against JapanJapan

US sent supplies US sent supplies to the nationalist sideto the nationalist side Chiang Kai-shek was aChiang Kai-shek was a dictator, corrupt, dictator, corrupt, but he wasbut he was

better than thebetter than the communist, communist, so the US decided toso the US decided to “stick with the lesser of two evils”“stick with the lesser of two evils”

When the Civil War started again, the US When the Civil War started again, the US once again favored the nationalistonce again favored the nationalist Nationalists were not strong enoughNationalists were not strong enough China became China became a communist countrya communist country

Containment had FAILEDContainment had FAILED

Post War Japan:Post War Japan:

U.S. occupied – under General U.S. occupied – under General MacArthurMacArthur New constitution New constitution Democracy with Emperor as figureheadDemocracy with Emperor as figurehead Rebuild economyRebuild economy Abolished army and navyAbolished army and navy

Tokyo trials convicted war Tokyo trials convicted war

criminalscriminals

Korean WarKorean War[1950-1953][1950-1953]

Kim Il-Sung

Syngman Rhee

U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.were U.S. soldiers.

Koreans Go To WarKoreans Go To War

Japan had taken over Korea during WWIIJapan had taken over Korea during WWII When WWII ended…When WWII ended… Japanese in North surrendered to the Japanese in North surrendered to the USSRUSSR Japanese in South surrendered to Japanese in South surrendered to USUS Dividing line was the Dividing line was the 3838thth Parallel Parallel IndustryIndustry was in the was in the NORTHNORTH Agriculture Agriculture was in the was in the SOUTHSOUTH

SU and US withdrew troops and both Koreas SU and US withdrew troops and both Koreas thought they had the right to rule thethought they had the right to rule the ENTIRE ENTIRE COUNTRY COUNTRY (both sides)(both sides)

North Korea= North Korea=

Democratic Democratic

Republic Republic

of Koreaof Korea

South Korea=South Korea=

Republic of Republic of KoreaKorea

June 25, 1950June 25, 1950 N Korean troops started Korean WarN Korean troops started Korean War US sent in naval and air support AGAINST N KoreaUS sent in naval and air support AGAINST N Korea

June 27, 1950June 27, 1950 UN Security Council called on member countries UN Security Council called on member countries

to help S Koreato help S Korea 590,000 troops were put under the direction of 590,000 troops were put under the direction of

General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur

General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur counter attackscounter attacks, , whips the N Korean troops, and becomes a whips the N Korean troops, and becomes a herohero

October 7, 1950- UN General Assembly recommended October 7, 1950- UN General Assembly recommended that that troops unite both Koreastroops unite both Koreas

China had warned… China had warned… US troops should not come to the US troops should not come to the border of China (Yalu River)border of China (Yalu River)

MacArthur is FURIOUS!MacArthur is FURIOUS! Asks Truman for permission to Asks Truman for permission to attack China!!!attack China!!! Truman says, Truman says, “Um… no…”“Um… no…”

Why? Why? (USSR and China had alliance… would’ve (USSR and China had alliance… would’ve started WW3!!!)started WW3!!!)

What did MacArthur do? What did MacArthur do? (MacArthur tried to go over (MacArthur tried to go over Truman’s head… go to the American people!)Truman’s head… go to the American people!)

What was the effect of this? What was the effect of this? MacArthur got firedMacArthur got fired June 23, 1951- June 23, 1951- USSR recommended a cease-fire between USSR recommended a cease-fire between

the Koreasthe Koreas

Korean War 1950-53Korean War 1950-53

Divided north and south at 38Divided north and south at 38 thth parallel at end parallel at end of WWII.of WWII.

In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea. South Korea.

The U.S. and United Nations, aided the South; The U.S. and United Nations, aided the South; China aided the North Koreans. China aided the North Koreans.

Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at 3838thth parallel (still today). parallel (still today).

33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000 33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000 wounded.wounded.

The Shifting Map of KoreaThe Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953][1950-1953]

The Cold War at Home

Section 3

Fear of CommunismFear of Communism American citizens thought Truman was American citizens thought Truman was soft on soft on

communismcommunism Loyalty Review BoardLoyalty Review Board

What was their “job”?What was their “job”? Investigate government employees to make sure they Investigate government employees to make sure they

weren’t disloyal to the USweren’t disloyal to the US What was the effect?What was the effect?

3.2 MILLION employees investigated… 2,900 resigned3.2 MILLION employees investigated… 2,900 resigned House on Un-American Activities Committee House on Un-American Activities Committee

(HUAC)(HUAC) What was their “job”?What was their “job”?

Investigate possible communist activity both inside and Investigate possible communist activity both inside and outside governmentoutside government

Who did they go after?Who did they go after? Everyone… and eventually movie stars!Everyone… and eventually movie stars!

““The Hollywood Ten”The Hollywood Ten” 43 43 subpoenaedsubpoenaed- Most were found to be - Most were found to be

“friendly” like Gary Cooper“friendly” like Gary Cooper

Ten of those people Ten of those people refused to answer any refused to answer any questionsquestions during the hearings and thus became during the hearings and thus became known as the known as the “Hollywood Ten”. “Hollywood Ten”.

Also started a communist Also started a communist “blacklist”“blacklist” of of HollywoodHollywood 500 names of actors, writers, and producers500 names of actors, writers, and producers

The McCarran ActThe McCarran Act

Unlawful to Unlawful to planplan any action that any action that mightmight lead to the establishment of a lead to the establishment of a dictatorshipdictatorship in the US in the US What did Truman do?What did Truman do?

Vetoed itVetoed it

What did Congress do in response to What did Congress do in response to Truman?Truman? Passed it without his approvalPassed it without his approval

Alger Hiss

1948 Accused of being a

spy for SU by Whittaker Chambers

Charged with perjury Lying under oath

Famous Congressman from CA that pursued Hiss -> Richard Nixon

The Red Scare

Intense fear of Communists taking over U.S. China became a Communist

country in 1949. Soviets developed an atomic

bomb in 1949. Rosenbergs convicted of selling

atomic secrets to Soviet Union. Executed 1953.

Julius and Ethel Julius and Ethel RosenbergRosenberg September 23, 1949- SU had created and September 23, 1949- SU had created and

exploded an exploded an Atomic BombAtomic Bomb Why is this stunning?Why is this stunning?

Thought it would take 3-5 yrs for USSR to make Thought it would take 3-5 yrs for USSR to make bombbomb

What is assumed?What is assumed? US thought the USSR had stolen US bomb secretsUS thought the USSR had stolen US bomb secrets

-Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were implicated by a -Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were implicated by a British physicist who said British physicist who said he gave them the Atomic he gave them the Atomic bomb infobomb info

-The Rosenbergs took the -The Rosenbergs took the “5“5thth””-Convicted and sentenced to -Convicted and sentenced to deathdeath

Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy

Most famous Most famous anti-anti-

communist activistcommunist activist

RepublicanRepublican US Senator US Senator of of

Wisconsin Wisconsin who was who was not popularnot popular and the and the election election was coming upwas coming up

Needed to do something to become popularNeeded to do something to become popular What did he do?What did he do?

Began accusing gov’t officials of being Began accusing gov’t officials of being communistcommunist

What did this become known as?What did this become known as?

McCarthyismMcCarthyism The unfair tactic of accusing The unfair tactic of accusing

people of disloyalty withoutpeople of disloyalty without

providing evidenceproviding evidence

How many people did McCarthy claim How many people did McCarthy claim were “on his list”? 5,781,205!were “on his list”? 5,781,205! All Democrats were communists!!!!!!!All Democrats were communists!!!!!!!

How many names did McCarthy reveal?How many names did McCarthy reveal? none…none…

McCarthy’s DownfallMcCarthy’s Downfall

In 1954 McCarthy made accusations of the In 1954 McCarthy made accusations of the US Army being communistUS Army being communist… what?… what?

Led to Led to nationally televised Senate nationally televised Senate investigationsinvestigations

McCarthy bullied the witnesses, had no McCarthy bullied the witnesses, had no real evidencereal evidence

Senate Senate Censured /Censured /condemned him condemned him McCarthy died a lonely, broken alcoholic 3 yrs McCarthy died a lonely, broken alcoholic 3 yrs

laterlater

Two Nations Living on the Edge

Section 4

Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race

•Hydrogen bomb invented – both U.S. and Soviets had them•more powerful than atomic bomb—vaporized an island.•Dangers of fallout and radiation•Many built bomb shelters!!

The H-BombThe H-Bomb

The Hydrogen bomb had a The Hydrogen bomb had a estimatedestimated force of force of 1 1 MILLION TONS of TNTMILLION TONS of TNT (67x more powerful than (67x more powerful than the A-bomb dropped on Japan)the A-bomb dropped on Japan)

Argument was Argument was it is wrong to have such a it is wrong to have such a destructive weapondestructive weapon

Jan 31, 1950- Jan 31, 1950- Truman authorized its creationTruman authorized its creation Nov 1, 1952- Nov 1, 1952- US exploded 1US exploded 1stst bomb with the bomb with the

force of 10.4 MILLION tons of TNTforce of 10.4 MILLION tons of TNT Aug 1953- Aug 1953- USSR exploded their ownUSSR exploded their own

BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship

Willingness to go to the Willingness to go to the EDGE of warEDGE of war John Foster Dulles- John Foster Dulles- Sec of StateSec of State

Strong Strong anti-communistanti-communist who thought who thought compromisecompromise with SU is immoralwith SU is immoral

Dulles developed this policy of promising Dulles developed this policy of promising to use to use ALL forcesALL forces (even the (even the H-bombH-bomb) ) against aggressor (against aggressor (communistcommunist) nations) nations

American citizens were CONVINCED the American citizens were CONVINCED the USSR was aiming bombs at US citiesUSSR was aiming bombs at US cities Emergency procedures at schoolEmergency procedures at school Families built “Bomb” sheltersFamilies built “Bomb” shelters Threat was a constant for THIRTY YEARS!!!Threat was a constant for THIRTY YEARS!!!

CIA- Central Intelligence AgencyCIA- Central Intelligence Agency Used spies to gather informationUsed spies to gather information Covert Operations- Covert Operations- undercover operations undercover operations

to weaken or overthrow governments that to weaken or overthrow governments that were unfriendly to the USwere unfriendly to the US

Wow. All the comforts of home… underground…Wow. All the comforts of home… underground…

This is an actual bomb drill during the USSR This is an actual bomb drill during the USSR threat.threat.

Covert Actions in the Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin Middle East and Latin AmericaAmerica Eisenhower compared the war against Eisenhower compared the war against

communismcommunism to the war against to the war against dictators during WWIIdictators during WWII

SU ordered secret operations against SU ordered secret operations against its enemies… SO…its enemies… SO… Eisenhower decided to do it tooEisenhower decided to do it too Did not want to be at a disadvantageDid not want to be at a disadvantage

Mohammed MossadeghMohammed Mossadegh

Prime minister of Prime minister of IranIran 1951- placed the 1951- placed the oil industryoil industry under under

governmentgovernment control control Western nations stopped buying Iran oil and Iran’s economy Western nations stopped buying Iran oil and Iran’s economy

began to tumblebegan to tumble

US thought US thought Iran may turn to the SU for help…Iran may turn to the SU for help… 1953- Shah of Iran 1953- Shah of Iran (religious leader)(religious leader) got rid of got rid of

the Prime Minister and replaced him with the Prime Minister and replaced him with a man a man that liked the US!that liked the US! Thanks in part to the CIA and a covert operationThanks in part to the CIA and a covert operation

Guatemala (1954)Guatemala (1954)

Eisenhower believed that Guatemala was leaning Eisenhower believed that Guatemala was leaning toward toward communismcommunism Why?Why? The leader in Guatemala was giving away more The leader in Guatemala was giving away more

than 200,000 acres of American owned land in than 200,000 acres of American owned land in Guatemala to his poverty-stricken people Guatemala to his poverty-stricken people (government giving away land or (government giving away land or money=communism)money=communism)

What did the CIA do?What did the CIA do? CIA trained an army of Guatemalans and replaced CIA trained an army of Guatemalans and replaced

the leaderthe leader

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

StalinStalin died in 1953 and tensions started to died in 1953 and tensions started to dissolvedissolve… …

SU recognized SU recognized W GermanyW Germany (the democratic side)(the democratic side)

1955- W Germany built their army up and 1955- W Germany built their army up and joined joined NATO (military alliance)NATO (military alliance)

SU got scared and started the Warsaw PactSU got scared and started the Warsaw Pact Treaty organization with eastern European Treaty organization with eastern European

satellite (communist) nationssatellite (communist) nations

Looking at the World from the Looking at the World from the Top-DownTop-DownBi-Polarization of Europe Bi-Polarization of Europe [[NATONATO vs. vs. Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact]]

NATO

War saw Pact

NATO vs. WARSAW PACTNATO vs. WARSAW PACT

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization: defense Organization: defense alliance among U.S. and alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists.Soviet Union. Still exists.

Warsaw Pact: Defense Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite Union and its satellite governments in Eastern governments in Eastern Europe. Europe.

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization rganization (1949)(1949)

•United United StatesStates•BelgiumBelgium•BritainBritain•CanadaCanada•DenmarkDenmark•FranceFrance•IcelandIceland•ItalyItaly

•LuxemburgLuxemburg•NetherlandsNetherlands•NorwayNorway•PortugalPortugal•1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey•1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany•1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

•U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.•AlbaniaAlbania•BulgariaBulgaria•CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

•East GermanyEast Germany•HungaryHungary•PolandPoland•RomaniaRomania

OPEN SKIES PLANOPEN SKIES PLAN Eisenhower traveled to Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland Met with the Met with the Soviet Leader Soviet Leader

Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev 11stst time since time since WWIIWWII

Proposed the “OPEN SKIES” Proposed the “OPEN SKIES” planplan US and SU would US and SU would be able be able

to fly over each other’s to fly over each other’s territory freelyterritory freely

SU thought SU thought it was a trick it was a trick and would not sign treaty!and would not sign treaty!

Problems in EgyptProblems in Egypt 1955- US and Great Britain agreed to help Egypt 1955- US and Great Britain agreed to help Egypt

pay for a dam across the Nile Riverpay for a dam across the Nile River At the same time the leader of Egypt started to At the same time the leader of Egypt started to

strengthen ties with the USSRstrengthen ties with the USSR So the US and GB stopped paying for the dam!!!So the US and GB stopped paying for the dam!!! Nasser (Egypt leader) then takes control of the Suez Nasser (Egypt leader) then takes control of the Suez

Canal that is owned by FranceCanal that is owned by France Egypt would not allow Israel use the canal. They got Egypt would not allow Israel use the canal. They got

mad!!!mad!!!

October 1956- All involved threaten each otherOctober 1956- All involved threaten each other United Nations steps in and imposes cease-fireUnited Nations steps in and imposes cease-fire

April 1957- Canal is opened under Egyptian controlApril 1957- Canal is opened under Egyptian control

Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev Head of Head of USSR communist partyUSSR communist party 1956- Khrushchev publically criticized Stalin for 1956- Khrushchev publically criticized Stalin for

committing crimes against Soviet peoplecommitting crimes against Soviet people USSR give up communism?USSR give up communism?

NO! NO! NO!NO! NO! NO!

Satellite Nations freed?Satellite Nations freed? NO! NO! NO!NO! NO! NO!

Hungary had been occupied by USSRHungary had been occupied by USSR USSR appointed USSR appointed new leader of Hungarynew leader of Hungary, but , but

wouldn’t let them leave the Warsaw Pactwouldn’t let them leave the Warsaw Pact Nov 1956- USSR Nov 1956- USSR invadesinvades Hungary and kills Hungary and kills 30,00030,000

Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine

Jan 1957Jan 1957 US would defend the US would defend the Middle EastMiddle East

against against communist attackscommunist attacks

President was given the authority to use President was given the authority to use the the armed forcesarmed forces against against communismcommunism in the in the Middle EastMiddle East

Space RaceSpace Race

Began when Soviets beat the U.S. Began when Soviets beat the U.S. into spaceinto space

Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in 1957Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in 1957 Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, was Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, was

launched in 1958.launched in 1958.

The National Defense Act of 1958 The National Defense Act of 1958 approved federal funding of education approved federal funding of education in math, science and foreign languages.in math, science and foreign languages.

Reforms in educationReforms in education

Sputnik (October 4, 1957)Sputnik (October 4, 1957)

SUSU used an used an intercontinental ballistic missileintercontinental ballistic missile to push the 1to push the 1stst unmanned unmanned satellitesatellite above the above the Earth’s atmosphere at 18,000 mph!Earth’s atmosphere at 18,000 mph!

This made the US feel This made the US feel inferiorinferior, so US made , so US made educational changeseducational changes (more math and science) (more math and science) US first attempt at satellite exploded before it left US first attempt at satellite exploded before it left

the ground… fail…the ground… fail… create NASA…create NASA…

US started US started flyingflying spy missionsspy missions over SU over SU in U-2 planesin U-2 planes Could fly higher than SU planes and anti-Could fly higher than SU planes and anti-

aircraft fireaircraft fire Take detailed pics of anything…anywhere… Take detailed pics of anything…anywhere…

like the USSR.like the USSR. Francis Gary Powers- U-2 pilotFrancis Gary Powers- U-2 pilot

Eisenhower wanted Eisenhower wanted the flights the flights discontinueddiscontinued because he because he had a meeting had a meeting with the USSR coming upwith the USSR coming up Dulles convinced him to authorize Dulles convinced him to authorize ONE more ONE more

flight…flight…

U-2 FlightsU-2 Flights

May 1, 1960- Francis Gary Powers took offMay 1, 1960- Francis Gary Powers took off US claimed he was on a “weather mission”US claimed he was on a “weather mission” Shot down over the USSR… fail…again…Shot down over the USSR… fail…again…

U-2 Incident FalloutU-2 Incident Fallout

Eisenhower admitted he was Eisenhower admitted he was wrongwrong and took and took full responsibilityfull responsibility

Khrushchev went to the summit, Khrushchev went to the summit, denounced denounced the US the US andand left immediately after speech left immediately after speech Eisenhower becomes less effective as peacemakerEisenhower becomes less effective as peacemaker

Powers was Powers was convicted of spying in the SU convicted of spying in the SU and served 16 months in jailand served 16 months in jail Let out early in a trade with the USSR for a spy Let out early in a trade with the USSR for a spy

we caught earlier in the decadewe caught earlier in the decade