Chapter 2 Aircraft Towing Pushback1 - Amazon S3 · 2019-03-28 · AIRCRAFT TOWING & PUSHBACK - AP89 SERIES - Chapter 2-A PAGE 2-A - 3 LEKTRO 1 Aircraft Towing Procedures.01 General:

AIRCRAFT TOWING & PUSHBACK - AP89 SERIES - Chapter 2-A

PAGE 2-A - 1 LEKTRO

Aircraft Towing & Pushback

1 Aircraft Towing Procedures .................................................................................................3 .01 General: ....................................................................................................................3 .02 Approach to Aircraft: ......................................................................................................4 .03 Capture of Aircraft: ........................................................................................................6 a. General Capture Procedures ...................................................................................6 b. Basic Method:............................................................................................................9 c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight : .............................................................................11 1. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Low Nose Weight Using Earlier Standard Formed Plate Type Hold Down Adapter (Learjet, Citation-All Series Except Citation X, Beech Jet, Diamond Jet, Aero Commander, Etc): ..............................................11 2. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Low Nose Weight Using Hoop Type Hold Down Adapter (Learjet, Citation-All Series Except Citation X, Beech Jet, Diamond Jet, Aero Commander, Etc): .....................................................................................14 3. Aircraft with Dual Nose Wheels and Low Nose Weight (Citation-X): ................16 4. Lear 40/45/70/75 Aircraft Towing Procedures ....................................................19 d.Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Offset Strut Strap Attachment Point: .............22 e. Aircraft with Front Mounted/Between Tire Torque Links or Other Front ........... Protrusions and Small (<12 inch) Nose Wheel Diameter: .....................................25 f. Aircraft with Front Mounted/Between Tire Torque Links or Other Front ........... Protrusions and Intermediate to Large (>12 inch) Nose Wheel Diameter: ...........27 g. Aircraft with Wheel Pants/Spats: ............................................................................29 h. Aircraft with Nose Mounted Propeller: ...................................................................32 i. Aircraft with Tail Wheel(s): .....................................................................................34 j. Westwind Aircraft: ....................................................................................................36 k. MU-2 Solitaire Aircraft: ...........................................................................................38 l. Aircraft with Long Reach and Low Clearance to Nose or Tail Wheel / Using the Aluminum Universal Long Reach / Highlift Adapter: ...........................................40 m. Sabreliner Aircraft: ..................................................................................................45 n. Aircraft Allowing or Requiring Under Belly Tractor Positioning: ........................47 o. Aircraft with Pawl-Adapter Required or Available : ...............................................51 1. Aircraft with Pawl-Adapter Required or Available / Basic Method (B-727; ..... ERJ-135/140/145; Falcon 50/900/2000; Herc C-130; Boeing 727 /737; Airbus 318-321; EMB-135/140/145; EMB phenom100/300; Falcon 50/900/2000; Falcon 7X):................................................................................................................51 2. Aircraft with Pawl Adapter Required or Available / Special Method for Aircraft Which Also Requires a Rear Gate Due Front Protrusion (DHC-8 "Dash-8" all series; ATR-42/52/72/82), or due ergonomics (B-737 all series). ......................53 p. Special Capture Methods: .........................................................................................55 1. Aircraft on Slope Towards Tug: ..........................................................................55 2. Aircraft on Passenger Loading Bridge:..............................................................56 3a. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance Using Ramp Type High-Lift Adapter: ...............................................................................................58 3b. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Aluminum Universal Long Reach High Lift Adapter: ...............................................................70

10 Oct. 2015

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 2 LEKTRO

4. Aircraft Not Suited to Cradle Capture/Towing with Pintle Hook: ..........................79 q. Table of Capture Method by Aircraft Type: .............................................................81 .04 Transport of Aircraft: ...............................................................................................83 .05 Release and Withdraw from Aircraft: .....................................................................84

2 Special Aircraft Towing Procedures ......................................................................................85 .01 Winter Operations: ...................................................................................................85 a. Slippery Conditions: ...........................................................................................85 b. Battery Endurance: ............................................................................................85

3 GPU Procedures ...................................................................................................................86 .01 General: .....................................................................................................................86 .02 Positioning Equipment and Personnel: ..................................................................87 .03 Connecting and Disconnecting the Power Cable: ...................................................88

10 Oct. 2015

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 3 LEKTRO

1 Aircraft Towing Procedures .01 General:

Over longer distances, towing is best performed by operating the tug in reverse while pulling the aircraft. It is recognized that under some conditions this may not be the best way to ac-complish a specifi c task. Other acceptable methods of moving aircraft include:

- Positioning the tug under the aircraft provided vertical clearance permits and adequate precautions have been taken to down-lock the landing gear against collapse (see Section 1.03n in this chapter).

- Driving the tug forward and pushing the aircraft provided suffi cient visibility of the aircraft’s intended path is available to the operator. If not, additional marshalling person-nel must be used to assist the operator in the safe movement of the aircraft (see Section 1.03o in this chapter).

The procedures contained in this manual apply to most aircraft types within the AP89 series aircraft tug’s weight capacity. If abnormal aircraft confi gurations or special conditions warrant and safety precautions have been adapted, variations to the published procedures are accept-able provided they have been documented by the owner/operator and approved by Lektro.

10 Oct. 2015

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 4 LEKTRO

1 Aircraft Towing Procedures (cont.)

.02 Approach to Aircraft:

Under most conditions, aircraft are towed with the side gates in their outer most positions and without using the rear gate. Where the nose wheel is likely not to remain centered on the cradle or where protrusions on the aircraft and other clearance confl icts between the tug and the aircraft may exist, a number of adapters and alternate procedures are available. (See Sections 1.03c through 1.03o).

- Stop the unit a minimum of 30 ft. (10m) from the aircraft using the brake pedal to test the brakes.

- To capture the aircraft forward of the nose wheel, approach the aircraft at walking speed from the front of the aircraft nose wheel in line with the direction the tire is pointing (the nose wheel's direction of travel).

- To capture the aircraft aft of the nose wheel when underbelly towing is planned due to hangar density and aircraft belly clearance allows, (EG: Gulfstream G-II to V Global Express) approach the aircraft at walking speed, maneuver the tug under the aircraft and approach the nose wheel in line with the direction the tire is pointing. (See Section 1.03n). Ensure tug and operator's head are clear of belly antenae and drain masts during approach.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 5 LEKTRO


.02 Approach to Aircraft (cont):

- While still clear of the aircraft, where possible, position side gates and install the rear gate if required.

- 3 ft. (1 m) from the aircraft wheel, stop the tug and lower the nose wheel cradle to 2 in. (5 cm) above the ground.

- Verify that the aircraft brakes are ON. If not, set the aircraft brakes or install wheel chocks forward of the main wheels.

- If installed, remove the wheel chock from the nose wheel on the tug approach only.- Approach the aircraft and slow the unit to a full stop so that the cradle stops 2 in. (5 cm)

from the edge of the nose wheel tire.- Lower the nose wheel cradle so that it rests on the ground.- Raise the cradle slightly so that it just clears the ground.- Approach the aircraft, inching forward until the cradle lightly touches the nose wheel

tire.- Place the forward/neutral/reverse selector in the NEUTRAL position.- Place the park/switch in the applied position to engage the park brake.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 6 LEKTRO

The capture sequence is best accomplished when working from the left side of the tug and, if during multiple towing operations, the strut strap remains attached to the winch strap by one of the "D" attachments.

- Verify the tug is correctly positioned.- If necessary, readjust the side and rear gates to meet the aircraft requirements.- As applicable, ensure the aircraft nose wheel/tail wheel steering system, hydraulic sys-

tem, mechanical linkage or restrictions are either by-passed or disconnected so the gear is free to turn within the aircraft’s prescribed limits.

- Attach one end of the strut strap to the winch strap.- Unwind suffi cient winch strap to allow the strut strap to be installed on the aircraft. Do

not unwind to a point where the winch starts to rewind the strap.- Wrap the strut strap around the nose wheel strut counter clockwise looking from above,

ensuring the strap is not twisted or positioned so that it may damage any part of the nose wheel assembly during the winching and towing operation.

- Verify that the strut strap in use is:1. Short enough, when installed on the specifi c aircraft nose gear confi guration, to prevent

the strut strap, "D" rings and winch strap hook from contacting the winch drum structure and under force, damage the winch or strap fi ttings.

2. Long enough to prevent the strut strap "D" rings and hook from contacting scissors, dragging on the nose wheel tire during capture or, contacting the aircraft strut structure while towing aircraft with oversized nose gear, large tires or forward protruding tires.

- If not, select another strap.

NOTE: The standard 23.5 inch (60 cm) strut strap is the correct length for most aircraft types. The optional 29 inch (74 cm) is required for a few oversized nose gear aircraft types. (See Chapter 5 for part number).

- Verify that the protective sleeve is clean and free from grease, dirt or grit which may scratch the nose wheel oleo. If not, install a clean cover.

- Center the protective sleeve on the strut strap to ensure only the sleeve is in direct contact with the aircraft.


.03 Capture of Aircraft:

a. General Capture Procedures (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 7 LEKTRO

- Attach the other end of the strut strap "D" attachment to the winch strap hook and verify that the hook safety latch is securely attached and functioning correctly

- If the aircraft parking surface is sloped toward the tug, see Section 1.03o1.- If the aircraft is positioned on a passenger loading bridge, see Section 1.03o2.- Remove remaining chocks from the tug side of the aircraft wheels. - Release the aircraft brakes.- Winch the aircraft onto the cradle ensuring the wheel(s) remain centered on the cradle.

(See Section 1.03b).- Winch the aircraft fully onto the cradle until the nose wheel tire touches the rear gate or

stop switch. (See Section 1.03b).- Raise the nose wheel cradle assembly suffi cient to allow it to clear ground obstacles

during towing. (See next step and warnings).- As the cradle is raised, monitor the tension on the winch strap. If it is tightened so that

tension is evident, extend the winch strap as required to maintain the correct tension on the nose wheel. If it is loosened so that slack is evident, retract the winch strap using the switch on the instrument panel to maintain the correct tension on the nose wheel.

- Install the front gate to act as a backup aircraft wheel stop to safeguard against failure of the winch and strut strap assembly.

- Remove all remaining wheel chocks from the aircraft and stow them securely on the tug.

- Verify that suffi cient clearance is available for the towing operation between the aircraft fuselage and the remote control handle when stored on its clip attachment. If not, remove the remote control assembly and store it in the side compartment.


.03 Capture of Aircraft (cont.):


31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 8 LEKTRO

WARNING 1: DO NOT CONTACT THE SHINY OLEO SURFACE WITH ANY METAL STRAP FITTINGS.

WARNING 2: DO NOT INSTALL THE STRUT STRAP AROUND THE WHEEL STRUT SO THAT IT COULD DAMAGE ANY PART OF THE WHEEL ASSEMBLY, TIRES, HYDRAULIC LINES, "UP" LOCKS, CAM PLATES OR SENSORS DURING THE WINCHING AND TOWING OPERATION.

WARNING 3: DO NOT ALLOW ANY PART OF THE AIRCRAFT, OTHER THAN THE NOSE WHEEL TIRE, TO COME IN CONTACT WITH ANY METAL SURFACES ON THE TUG. IF CONTACT APPEARS LIKELY, READJUST THE GATES OR USE AN ADAPTER..

WARNING 4: DO NOT RAISE THE CRADLE FULLY UNLESS IT IS NECESSARY TO DROP THE TAIL OF THE AIRCRAFT OR CLEAR AN OBSTACLE. LIFTING THE NOSE WHEEL TO HIGH CAN CAUSE A SHIFT IN THE AIRCRAFT'S CENTER OF GRAVITY AND COULD, UNDER SOME CIRCUMSTANCES, CAUSE THE AIRCRAFT TO TIP ONTO ITS TAIL.

WARNING 5: RAISING THE CRADLE ASSEMBLY MAY CHANGE THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE AIRCRAFT ATTACHMENT POINT TO THE TUG AND CAUSE THE WINCH STRAP TO EITHER TIGHTEN OR LOOSEN. WHILE RAISING THE CRADLE ASSEMBLY, MONITOR THE TENSION ON THE WINCH STRAP AND EXTEND OR TIGHTEN THE STRAP AS REQUIRED TO PREVENT POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO THE NOSE WHEEL ASSEMBLY.

WARNING 6: ACTUAL CAPTURE CLEARANCES MAY BE DIFFERENT THAN ILLUSTRATED IN THE DETAILED CAPTURE METHOD SECTIONS FOLLOWING DUE TO VARIABLE AIRCRAFT WEIGHT, C OF G CONDITIONS AND VARIANCES IN RAMP SURFACES. CAUTION IS REQUIRED DURING THE ENTIRE CAPTURE PROCESS TO ENSURE CLEARANCE BETWEEN THE TUG AND THE AIRCRAFT IS ADEQUATE.




31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 9 LEKTRO



b. Basic Method:

31 Jan. 2011

APPROACH TO AIRCRAFT

ATTACH STRUT AND WINCH STRAP TO

AIRCRAFT

WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 10 LEKTRO



b. Basic Method (cont.):

For the majority of aircraft types, the preceding General Capture Procedures (Section 1.03a) are applied without the use of adapters or rear gates and without the need to move side gates inward from their anchored stowed positions at the outer sides of the cradle.

Exceptions to the basic capture method are detailed in Sections 1.03c to 1.03o.

31 Jan. 2011

WARNING: UNDER CERTAIN "AFT CENTER OF GRAVITY" CONDITIONS AFFECT-ING GROUND STABILITY CAUSED BY CHANGES IN FULE, EQUIPMENT AND LOAD WEIGHT PLACEMENT, AIRCRAFT WHICH ARE NORMALLY CAPTURED USING THE BASIC METHOD MAY REQUIRE THE USE OF "HOLD DOWN" DEVICES OR RELOCATION OF THE SIDE GATES. DETERMINATION OF THIS REQUIREMENT IS BASED ON OBSERVATION OF AIRCRAFT REACTION TO WINCH FORCES AND TO TOW FORCES DURING THE INITIAL SLOW TOW TEST PHASE (SEE SECTION 1.04: TRANSPORT OF AIRCRAFT).

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight :

10 Oct. 2015

The hold down attachment is used to assist in securing aircraft with light nose wheel weight to the tug to prevent tail tipping during handling. Examples: Citation, Learjet, Diamond Jet, Beech Jet, Aero Commander and any rear engine, single or dual nose wheel aircraft which has an aft center of gravity at the time of the tow.

There are three (3) different types of hold downs available. For single nose wheel, there is the earlier standard formed plate type and the new standard hoop type. Although either hold down may be used for the above aircraft types, the new standard hoop type must be used with the Lear 40/45/70/75. The Lear 40/45/70/75 is equipped with a retrofi t NLG Squat Switch with an actuation arm that blocks access to the strut. Therefor an adapter and the hoop-type hold down must be used. See Section 1.03 c.4 following for special Lear 40/45/70/75 procedures.

A dual wheel hold down is available for light dual nose wheel weight aircraft such as the Cita-tion X. See Section 1.03 c.3.

a. FORMED PLATE STYLE HOLD DOWN ADAPTER INSTALLATION

LATCH LEVER

CHINE PROTECTOR

(X2)

SIDE GATES

1. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Low Nose Weight Using Earlier Standard Formed Plate Type Hold Down Adapter (Learjet, Citation-All Series Except Citation X, Beech Jet, Diamond Jet, Aero Commander, Etc):

ATTACHMENT HITCH

HOLD DOWNATTACHMENT

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight: (cont)

1. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Low Nose Weight Using Earlier Standard Formed Plate Type Hold Down Adapter (Learjet, Citation-All Series Except Citation X, Beech Jet, Diamond Jet, Aero Commander, Etc):(Cont.):

a. Install Adapter and Chine Protectors.- Install chine protectors over the rear slots of the side gates if the nose wheel is equipped

with splash defl ector chines.- Extend the retracted attachment hitch.- Retract the spring loaded latch on the back of the hold down attachment by pushing the

latch lever towards the body of the hold down attachment.- Install the hold down attachment by inserting attachment hitch into the adapter sleeve

and aligning the hole in the sleeve with the latch pin.- Release the spring loaded latch to lock the attachment onto the hitch and verify that it

is secured in place by pulling upward on the attachment.

31 Jan. 2011

c. WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE d. LIFT AND TRANSPORT

b. ROUTE THE WINCH STRAP

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






1. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Low Nose Weight Using Earlier Standard Formed Plate Type Hold Down Adapter (Learjet, Citation-All Series Except Citation X, Beech Jet, Diamond Jet, Aero Commander, Etc):(Cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

b. Route and Install Strap.- Route the winch strap over the hold down attachment.- Extend the strap enough to attach one end of the strut strap.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-

cedures detailed in Section 1.02.- Install the strut strap using the general installation procedures detailed in Section

1.03a.

c. Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle.- Winch aircraft onto the nose wheel cradle using standard capture procedures so that the

aircraft nose wheel is contained by the hold down attachment.- Adjust both side gates on the nose wheel cradle inward as close as possible to contain

the nose wheel tire, leaving between ½ and 1 inch (1 and 2.5 cm) clearance between the side gates and the aircraft tire.

d. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight: (cont) 2. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Low Nose Weight Using Hoop Type Hold Down Adapter (Learjet, Citation-All Series Except Citation X, Beech Jet, Diamond Jet, Aero Commander, Etc):

31 Jan. 2011

2. ROUTE THE WINCH STRAP ABOVE THE HOLD DOWN ADAPTER

1. HOOP STYLE HOLD DOWN ADAPTER INSTALLATION

CHINE PROTECTOR

(X2)

SIDE GATE(X2)

HOLD DOWNADAPTER

LATCHPIN

ADAPTERHITCH

ADAPTER SLEEVE

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes


PAGE 2-A - 15 LEKTRO 31 Jan. 2011



c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight:(cont)

2. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Low Nose Weight Using Hoop Type Hold Down Adapter (Learjet, Citation-All Series Except Citation X, Beech Jet, Diamond Jet, Aero Commander, Etc):(cont):

a. Install and Secure Adapter.- Install chine protectors over the rear slots of the side gates if the nose wheel is equipped

with splash defl ector chines.- Extend the retracted attachment hitch.- Lift Adapter into the cradle. Posistion the adapter sleeve directly over the Adapter

hitch.- Pull spring loaded latch pin out and lower adapter onto hitch. Ensure that latch pin

engages hole in Adapter hitch.

b. Route Winch Strapand Install Strut Strap.- Route the winch strap above the top horizontal bar of the hold down attachment.- Extend the strap enough to attach one end of the strut strap.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-


1.03a.


aircraft nose wheel is contained by the hold down attachment.- Adjust both side gates on the nose wheel cradle inward as close as possible to contain

the nose wheel tire, leaving between ½ and 1 inch (1 and 2.5 cm) clearance between the side gates and the aircraft tire.

d. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.Pro

perty

of A

mer

ican

Airline

s





c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight:(cont) 3. Aircraft with Dual Nose Wheels and Low Nose Weight (Citation-X):

31 Jan. 2011

c. WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE d. LIFT AND TRANSPORT

a. DUAL WHEEL HOLD DOWN ADAPTER INSTALLATION

HOLD DOWN ATTACHMENT

PIN

CLIP

ATTACHMENTHITCH

b. ROUTE THE WINCH STRAPPrope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3. Aircraft with Dual Nose Wheels and Low Nose Weight (Citation-X) (Cont.):

a. Install Adapter. - Extend the retracted attachment hitch.- Lift Adapter into the cradle. Position the Adapter sleeve directly over the Adapter

hitch.- Install the hold down attachment by inserting attachment hitch into the adapter sleeve

and aligning the hole in the sleeve with the latch pin.- Insert pin through Adapter and Adapter hitch. Secure by inserting clip through pin.

b. Route and Install Strap.- Route the winch strap over the hold down attachment.- Extend the strap enough to attach one end of the strut strap.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-


1.03a.


aircraft nose wheel is contained by the hold down attachment.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





3. Aircraft with Dual Nose Wheels and Low Nose Weight (Citation-X) (Cont.):

31 Jan. 2011


d. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight (Learjet Citation, Beech Jet, Diamond, Etc): (cont)

4. Lear 40/45/70/75 Aircraft Towing Procedures

10 Oct. 2015

Lear 40/45/70/75 aircraft may be fi tted with a retrofi t NLG squat switch. The actuation rod of this switch runs from the nose gear lower barrel to the upper strut barrel, alongside to oleo piston section. This precludes installation of Lektro’s standard strut strap and dictates mandatory use of Lektro’s Lear 40/45/70/75 Yolk Adapter and its companion special nose wheel hold-down fi tting.

a. Install Hold Down Adapter

Refer to previous section: "Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel Weight Using Hoop Type Hold Down Adapter"

CHINE PROTECTOR

(X2)

SIDE GATE(X2)

HOLD DOWNADAPTER

LATCHPIN

ADAPTERHITCH

ADAPTER SLEEVE

Note: For Adapter Parts and Schematics See Chapter 5 "PARTS", Adapters/ Accesso-ries.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



H

AircraftLeft Side

E

C

B

D

F

G

A



c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight (Learjet Citation, Beech Jet, Diamond, Etc): (cont)

4. Lear 40/45/70/75 Aircraft Towing Procedures (cont)b. Install Lear 40/45/70/75 Yoke Adapter on Aircraft

10 Oct. 2015

- Pull Quick Disconnect Pin A from Yoke Adapter B and pull connecting pin C to outer position.

- Align the fi xed Connecting Pin H with the left side aircraft nose wheel hub and insert into axle lug-hole.

- Align sliding Connection Pin on right side of nose wheel hub and insert fully into axle lug-hole. Insert Quick Disconnect Pin A through Yoke Adapter and lock.

- Manually lower the Yoke Adapter front-end gently to the ground.

c. Connect Winch Strap to Yoke Adapter- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using applicable standard approach

procedures detailed in section 1.02, which includes stopping tug before entering aircraft shadow, testing brakes, and lowering cradle to 1/4” above ground.

- Stop with tug cradle’s front edge approximately 4 inches from Yoke Adapter’s forward edge on the ground. On AP8800/8850SDA use guideperson to signal tug operator to position tug short of contacting the Yoke Adapter.

- Use fender mounted Winch Control D to unwind suffi cient winch strap to allow Winch Strap Hook E to pass through Hold-Down Adapter F. Connect hook to eye of Yoke Adapter G. Take up winch strap slack by winching in until all strap slack is removed. Remove main gear/ nose gear chocks and/or ensure aircraft brakes are “off”. Ensure Aircraft Capture Movement Path is clear of obstacles.

INSTALL Lear 40/45/70/75 YOKE ADAPTER ON AIRCRAFT

F

C

BA

E

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





c. Aircraft with Low Nose Weight (Learjet Citation, Beech Jet, Diamond, Etc): (cont)4. Lear 40/45/70/75 Aircraft Towing Procedures (cont)

10 Oct. 2015

d. Winch Aircraft onto Cradle- Use applicable general capture procedures detailed in section 1.03a.- Winch the aircraft onto the cradle ensuring the wheels remain centered on the cradle.- Winch the aircraft fully onto the cradle until the nose wheel tires engages the winch stop

switch H.- Adjust both side gates A on the nose wheel cradle inward as close as possible to contain

the nose wheel tire, leaving not more than 1/2 inch (1cm) clearance between the side gates and the aircraft tire, securing each side gates with latch pin B in the nearest latch hole in the cradle fl oor.

- Verify that the aircraft is secure with nose wheel fully under and restrained vertically by hold-down fi tting.

- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in section 1.03a.

e. Lift and Transport- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing procedures.

WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





d.Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Offset Strut Strap Attachment Point:

1a

2

3

1b

1c

4

BA

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





d. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Offset Strut Strap Attachment Point (cont.):

This procedure is used on aircraft where the strut strap must be installed on a portion of the nose wheel strut which is offset from the nose wheel center line.

The principle of this procedure is to reduce the chance of scraping the straps on the nose wheel and to pull the aircraft onto the cradle in a straight line by keeping the winch strap as close to the center of the nose wheel cradle as possible and placing the aircraft nose wheel to one side of the cradle. This illustrates the procedures required for capturing an aircraft with a nose wheel strut which is offset to the right. For capturing an aircraft with a nose wheel strut offset to the left, the side gates are moved to the opposite side on the nose wheel cradle.

1. Prepare the Cradle.- Determine the direction and amount of offset between the strut attachment point and the

nose wheel tire.- Position the side gates A to accommodate the offset so that the winch strap will remain

centered over the cradle during the capture procedure and nose wheel will be placed toward the side of the cradle.

- Adjust both side gates as close as possible to contain the nose wheel tire, leaving between ½ and 1 inch (1 and 2.5 cm) clearance between the side gates and the aircraft tire.

- Install chine protectors B over the rear slots of the side gates if the nose wheel is equipped with splash defl ector chines.

- Extend the strap enough to attach one end of the strut strap.

2. Position the Tug.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-

cedures detailed in Section 1.02 to capture the nose wheel between the side gates.- Install the strut strap using the general installation procedures detailed in Section 1.03.

a.

3. Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle.- Winch aircraft onto the nose wheel cradle using standard capture procedures so that the

aircraft nose wheel is guided onto the cradle by the side gates. (Cont.)

Note: Depending on the amount of force required to pull the aircraft onto the cradle, it may be necessary to modify the capture procedure to keep the nose wheel straight during the cap-ture sequence. Options for this include driving the tug under the nose wheel tire (see Section 1.03a1) and using a towbar to manually keep the nose wheel straight where this can be done safely.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





d. Aircraft with Single Nose Wheel and Offset Strut Strap Attachment Point (cont.):

4. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 4.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





e. Aircraft with Front Mounted/Between Tire Torque Links or Other Front Protrusions and Small (<12 inch) Nose Wheel Diameter:

3

31 Jan. 2011

STEELREAR GATE

SIDE GATES

2

1

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





e. Aircraft with Front Mounted/Between Tire Torque Links or Other Front Protrusions and Small (<12 inch) Nose Wheel Diameter:

1. Install Back Gate.- Adjust both side gates A on the nose wheel cradle inward as required to contain the

aircraft tire(s) and allow the back gate to be installed.- Install the back gate B into the appropriate side gate slots to stop the aircraft suffi ciently

forward on the nose wheel cradle to prevent damage to the aircraft.

2. Install Strap.- Extend the strap enough to attach one end of the strut strap.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-

cedures detailed in Section 1.02.- Install the strut strap using general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.

3. Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle.- Winch aircraft onto the adapter plate using standard capture procedures so that the air-

craft nose wheel comes into contact with the back gate.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





f. Aircraft with Front Mounted/Between Tire Torque Links or Other Front Protrusions and Intermediate to Large (>12 inch) Nose Wheel Diameter:

31 Jan. 2011

DASH 8 / FALCON 20 MODEL FIXED REAR GATE

WINCH CUT-OFF

SWITCH, PLATE,REAR GATE

WINCHCUT-OFF SWITCH,CRADLE

LINKAGE

RECEIVINGBRACKET

(X2)

SIDE GATESALUMINUM REAR

GATE

REMOVABLE ALUMINUM REAR GATE INSTALLED

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





f. Aircraft with Front Mounted/Between Tire Torque Links or Other Front Protrusions and Intermediate to Large (>12 inch) Nose Wheel Diameter:

1. Install fi xed or removable rear gate if not already installed.- If the protrusions are between four (4) and seven (7) inches (10 and 17 cm) above the

ground, install the appropriate rear gate.

2. Install Strut Strap and Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-


1.03a.- Winch aircraft onto the cradle using standard capture procedures, monitoring the nose

wheel to ensure the protrusions remain clear of the cradle and tug body.

3. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

31 Jan. 2011

Two (2) different types of rear gates are available to be used for towing aircraft with nose wheel landing gear of this type.

The removable aluminum rear gate and adjustable side gates are used when a variety of air-craft types are being towed. This allows for quick adjustment to the cradle confi guration as required by the differend NLG designs.

The Dash-8/Standard fi xed rear gate has a winch limit switch that is connected by linkage to the winch limit switch on the back wall of the cradle.

This rear gate is used when most or all aircraft being towed have front protursions and inter-mediate to larger (>inch) nose wheel diameter.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



BACK GATE

ROTATED 90°

INSTALLEDIN "DOWN"POSITION

HOLD BACK BAR

CAPTURE

SECURED POSITION



g. Aircraft with Wheel Pants/Spats:

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



CAUTION: AIRCRAFT WITH WHEEL PANTS CAN ONLY BE TOWED WITH THE AP8800SDA/AP8850SDA TUG WHEN THE HOLD BACK BAR IS USED.

To tow an aircraft with wheel pants, in addition to the general capture procedures described in Section 1.03a of this chapter, the following procedures must be applied:

- Extend the side gates to the furthest outside holes.- Install the rear gate so that it rests horizontally on the cradle fl oor. Ensure it is locked

in place.- Install the nose wheel hold back bar on the shaft located on the front of the tug, to the

right of the winch strap fairlead.- Winch the aircraft nose wheel onto the cradle as close to the cradle’s centerline as pos-

sible using the sequence detailed in Section 1.03a until the nose wheel tire is positioned about 1 inch (3cm) forward of the rear gate.

- Press the hold back bar adjuster lock release lever to release the locking pin. - Extend the hold back bar toward the nose wheel strut and lock release lever into position

when the nose wheel is approximately 1 inch (3 cm) form the rear gate.- Winch the aircraft forward until the nose wheel strut contacts the hold back bar and the

nose wheel contacts the rear gate simultaneously. - Verify that the strut is in fi rm contact with the hold back bar and the aircraft tire should

be resting fi rmly against the rear gate.

NOTE 1: Some aircraft struts may be abnormally defl ated. As a result, there may be inad-equate strut exposure for both the hold back bar and the strut strap. In such cases, it will be necessary to infl ate the strut before towing the aircraft.

NOTE 2: Some nose wheel struts angle rearward to such a degree that the hold back bar slips up and becomes ineffective. In such events, operators may have to position the hold back bar under the strut strap prior to winching.

- Verify that the nose wheel strut is retained on the cradle by the hold back bar and the winch strap only.

- Secure the aircraft and complete the steps detailed in Section 1.03a. (Cont.)



g. Aircraft with Wheel Pants/Spats (Cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



- When transporting the aircraft, check the aircraft nose wheel periodically to ensure the pant remains clear of the tug’s structure.

- Check the aircraft nose wheel immediately before entering a turn, at regular intervals while turning and immediately after completing the turn to ensure the wheel pant remains clear of the tug’s structure.

NOTE 3: The front gate can not be used on aircraft with wheel pants. The operator must ensure the straps are fully serviceable and correctly installed prior to moving the aircraft.

CAUTION: IF THE AIRCRAFT WHEEL POSITIONED ON THE CRADLE TWISTS OR MOVES DURING TRANSPORT SO THAT CLEARANCE IS COMPROMISED AND THE AIRCRAFT MAY BE DAMAGED, STOP THE TOWING OPERATION AND RELEASE THE AIRCRAFT USING THE PROCEDURES DESCRIBED IS SECTION 1.05. THEN REPOSITION THE TUG IN LINE WITH THE DIRECTION THE WHEEL IS NOW POSI-TIONED AND RECAPTURE THE AIRCRAFT USING THE PROCEDURES DESCRIBED IN THIS SECTION.



g. Aircraft with Wheel Pants/Spats (Cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





h. Aircraft with Nose Mounted Propeller:

This type of aircraft is towed using the general approach, capture, transport and release pro-cedures detailed in this chapter. In addition, the undercarriage confi guration may dictate that any of the specialized capture procedures or adapters may also be required.

However, because of the location of the propeller blades in relation to the work area and the tug, special care must be taken to avoid the risk of personnel injury or aircraft damage.

As a general rule, piston engined aircraft may pose an initial risk when moving the propeller if the magnetos are "live" but once the propellers have been moved to the desired position, there is little risk of them moving during the tow. Any clearance risk is likely to arise during turns by the changing position of the tug in relation to the front of the aircraft or by an uneven ramp surface.

On turbine engined aircraft, in addition to the clearance risks above, the propellers are prone to "windmilling" even at low wind speeds. This can be caused by, or aggravated by the slipstream created by towing the aircraft. These aircraft must, therefore, be monitored closely for changes in the propeller position while towing. If Propeller Restraint Straps/Boots are available, these should be secured as prescribed by the aircraft owner to keep the props static in the position desired and to prevent windmilling. (Cont.)

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





h. Aircraft withNose Mounted Propeller (cont.):

It is, therefore, mandatory that, in addition to the standard procedures and precautions, the following procedures be carefully followed when towing this type of aircraft:

- On piston engined aircraft, before any personnel approaches the aircraft, verify that the engine ignition system has been switched OFF and check for any placards or warnings of live magnetos.

- Depending on the propeller confi guration, turn the propeller as illustrated above to their maximum distance from the tug.

- When positioning the tug to the aircraft, carefully monitor the clearance between the propeller blades and the tug. Re-position the blades as required to maintain adequate clearance.

- While towing, monitor the propeller blade clearance regularly during turns and irregular ramp surfaces and reposition the blades if required.

- On turbine engined aircraft which have freewheeling propeller shafts, secure propeller restraint straps and boots kit if available. If not, monitor the propeller blade clearance regularly throughout the towing operation for windmilling and reposition the blades as required.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



1 Basic Aircraft Towing Procedures (cont.)


i. Aircraft with Tail Wheel(s):

The construction of a tail wheel assembly is such that the positioning of the tail wheel is offset from the pivot point where the assembly is attached to the aircraft. This provides a natural "castering" effect to assist the pilot when steering the aircraft on the ground. If it is not possible to release the tail wheel from the steering mechanism to allow it to "freewheel" while winching onto the tug's cradle, special care must be taken to avoid damage to the steering mechanism.

Because of the location of the rudder and elevator in relation to the tail wheel, special caution must also be exercised when positioning and transporting aircraft with tail wheels to avoid contact between those parts and the tug. This may also include installing the rear gate to keep the aircraft further forward on the cradle. (See also note and caution).

REAR GATE

1b

1a 2a

2b

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



1 Basic Aircraft Towing Procedures (cont.)


i. Aircraft with Tail Wheel(s) (cont.):

1. Capture Aircraft.- Position the tug to the aircraft using standard approach procedures detailed in Section

1.02.- Check to ensure suffi cient clearance exists to prevent any portion of the elevator or rud-

der from touching the tug during capture or any movement of the tug during transport, including turns. Refer to illustrations 1a and 2a.

- If required, install the rear gate to keep the aircraft further forward on the cradle. Refer to illustrations 1b and 2b.

- Check to verify that the tail wheel is free "castering" or is released so that it is free to operate independent of the aircraft’s cockpit steering mechanism. If not, ensure the wheel is pulled straight onto the cradle without putting sideways force on the wheel.

- If it is not possible to release the tail wheel from the steering mechanism, monitor the tail wheel while winching to determine if it begins to defl ect sideways. If so, push the tail of the aircraft in the same direction as the wheel is defl ected, to straighten the assembly and continue to winch the wheel onto the cradle.

- Install the strut strap using the general installation procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.

- Winch the aircraft onto the cradle using the standard capture procedures.

NOTE: It may be possible to gain extra vertical space between the elevator and the tug by securing the fl ight control column in its full back position using the pilot’s seat belt to raise the back of the elevator. It may also be necessary with some tail wheel aircraft to restrict the tug’s turning in order to keep the elevator or rudder trailing edges clear of the tug.

CAUTION: ON SOME "TAIL DRAGGER" AIRCRAFT, THERE MAY NOT BE AD-EQUATE CLEARANCE FOR TOWING WITH THIS LEKTRO TUG MODEL. IF UNCER-TAIN, WINCH THE AIRCRAFT INCREMENTALLY ONTO THE CRADLE, VERIFYING CLEARANCES PROGRESSIVELY.

2. Lift and Transport- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 4.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





j. Westwind Aircraft:

3

A

B C1F

2

G

D E

54LOWER

TORQUE LINK

31 Jan. 2011

WARNING: SOME WESTWIND ADAPTERS HAVE AN ADJUSTABLE 3-POSITION LOWER ROLLER G. THESE ADAPTERS ARE FACTORY SET AT THE MIDDLE POSI-TION. IF, DUE TO NON-STANDARD NOSE WHEEL TIRE SIZE OR HIGH WEAR AND WHILE USING THE MANDATORY 23.5 INCH (60 CM) STRUT STRAP, THE WINCH HOOK CONTACTS OR FEEDS UNDER ROLLER G AS THE AIRCRAFT IS CAPTURED, REPOSITION ROLLER G TO THE HOLE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE NOSE WHEEL (TOWARD TUG REAR). THE OBJECTIVE IS TO KEEP ROLLER G AT THE LOWEST POSSIBLE SETTING TO MAZIMIZE DOWNWARD ANGLE OF THE STRAP FROM THE AIRCRAFT TO SECURE THE NOSE WHEEL AGAINST THE WHEEL STOPS WHILE KEEPING THE HOOK CLEAR OF THE ROLLER.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





j. Westwind Aircraft (cont.):

1. Route Winch Strap and Install/Secure Adapter.- Adjust both side gates A on the nose wheel cradle to their outer positions.- Set adapter B on the cradle just forward of its fi nal position.- Route the winch strap over adapter roller F and under adapter roller G. *- Install adapter B by inserting attachment hitch C into the adapter sleeve and aligning

the hole in the sleeve with the hole in the hitch.- Insert pin D through the hole in the sleeve and the hitch.- Secure the assembly to the nose wheel cradle by attaching clip E to the pin.- Extend the strap enough to attach one end of the 23.5 inch (60 cm) strut strap. *NOTE:

If roller G has three position holes, see warning opposite.

2. Install Strut Strap.- Position tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach procedures

detailed in Section 1.02.- Disconnect torque links and stow upper link in the raised position using the aircraft

restraining pin. This will ensure the upper link does not dig into the aircraft tire during turns.

- Raise lower torque link so it can be secured on each side by the strut strap.- Install strut strap using the general installation procedures detailed in Section 1.03a

ensuring that both leads of the strut strap pass the sides of the manually raised lower torque link so that it is contained and held upward by the strut strap when tightened (see step 4 illustration and caution).

3. Winch Aircraft onto Nose Wheel Cradle.- Winch aircraft onto the adapter plate using standard capture procedures.

CAUTION: WHEN THE TORQUE LINKS ARE DISCONNECTED, THE LOWER TORQUE LINK NORMALLY RESTS ON A SUPPORT WHICH IS ATTACHED TO THE NOSE WHEEL ASSEMBLY WITH A PIN. DURING THE CAPTURE SEQUENCE, UN-LESS THIS TORQUE LINK IS CONTAINED WITHIN THE STRUT STRAP AND SE-CURED UPWARD, THE CHANGING ANGLE OF THE STRUT STRAP AS THE NOSE WHEEL IS WINCHED ONTO THE CRADLE WILL FORCE THE TORQUE LINK DOWN-WARD AND MAY DAMAGE THE AIRCRAFT SUPPORT AND ATTACHMENT PIN. 4. Lift and Transport.

- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

31 Jan. 2011

WARNING: USE OF THE 23.5 (60 CM) STANDARD STRUT STRAP IS MANDA-TORY. USE OF A LONGER STRAP MAY RESULT IN THE WINCH HOOK FEED-ING UNDER ROLLER G AS THE AIRCRAFT IS BEING CAPTURED. BENDING STRESS ON THIS HOOK DURING TOW MAY RESULT IN FAILURE AND ACCI-DENTAL RELEASE OF AIRCRAFT AND UPWARD PROJECTION OF HOOK.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





k. MU-2 Solitaire Aircraft:

1 2

3 4

5

6

A

B

C

D

E

FH

J

K

G

I

J KF

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



1. Install Adapter.- Adjust both side gates A on the nose wheel cradle to their outer most positions.- Install the lower adapter plate B by inserting the hitch C into the adapter sleeve and

aligning the hole in the sleeve with the hole in the hitch.- Insert the pin D through the holes in the sleeve and the hitch.- Secure the assembly to the nose wheel cradle by attaching the clip E to the pin.

2. Attach Trunion Hitch.- Retract connecting pins G on the trunion hitch H.- Align the connection pin holes with the nose wheel hub and insert the connecting pins

fully.- Secure the connecting pins to by tightening the retaining bolts I.

3. Connect Winch Cable to Trunion.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-

cedures detailed in Section 1.02.- Attach the winch strap to the trunion hitch ring J (also illustrated in step 2).

4. Winch Aircraft onto Adapter Plate.- Winch aircraft onto the adapter bottom plate using general capture procedures detailed

Section 1.03a.- Verify that the retaining ears K on the trunion (also illustrated in step 2) engage the

retaining pins F (also illustrated in step 1).

5. Secure the Aircraft to the Tug.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.

6. Lift and Transport.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.



k. MU-2 Solitaire Aircraft (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





l. Aircraft with Long Reach and Low Clearance to Nose or Tail Wheel / Using the Aluminum Universal Long Reach / Highlift Adapter:

31 Jan. 2011

This procedure is applicable to the MU-2 Marquise, Beechcraft-Raytheon TBM-700 MK II, Sikorsky S-76B, Dauphin AS365-366 (if randome equipped), Agusta 109A and similarly con-fi gured fi xed wing or helicopter aircraft with a long reach to the nose wheel and/or restrctive prop or fueselage clearance, as well as certain tail wheeled aircraft with long reach and low rudder/empenage. On the AP8800SDA / AP8850SDA series models, use of the optional 158" winch stap is an essential requirement in conjunction with this long reach adapter.

The Aluminum Universal Long Reach / High-Lift Adapter is designed to accommodate the aircraft's dual or single nosewheel tires' track and the required NLG Door clearance on capture and release. It may be confi gured to tow specifi c aircraft nose landing gear before or after installation on tow vehicle. The adapter is manufactured of aluminum to ease handling.

CAUTION: THE NOSE LANDING GEAR WEIGHT CAPACITY OF THE ALUMINUM UNIVERSAL / LONG REACH HIGHLIFT ADAPTER WHEN USED WITH AP8750B-AL OR AP8800/50SDA/EZ IS 3200 LBS. / 1451KG.

WARNING: USE OF THESE ADAPTERS FOR AIRCRAFT TYPES OTHER THAN THE AIRCRAFT TYPE FOR WHICH IS WAS ORDERED AND EQUIPPED, OR WITH TUGS OTHER THAN LEKTRO AP8800/AP8850 MODELS, FOR WHICH IT WAS DESIGNED, MAY RESULT IN AIRCRAFT DAMAGE AND IS NOT RECOMMENDED BY LEKTRO UNLESS FACTORY APPROVED AFTER EVALUATION. CLEARANCE-CRITICAL COMPONENTS MAY REQUIRE REDESIGN/REPLACEMENT TO ACCEPT OTHER AIRCRAFT TYPES. CHECK WITH LEKTRO FIRST. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES ARE DETAILED ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

This adapter may also be confi gured to provide specialized taildrop towing for application in situations where the hanger door frame and/or roof beam overhead clearances are too low for a specifi c aircrafts height.The adapter confi gurations shown in this section are for long reach and low clearance tow-ing only.See Special towing procedures later in this chapter for specifi c taildrop towing proce-dures

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





l. Aircraft with Long Reach and Low Clearance to Nose or Tail Wheel / Using the Aluminum Universal Long Reach / Highlift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

1. Confi gure Adapter for Specifi c Aircraft Nose Landing Gear.

To Confi gure Adapter for Dual Nose Wheel Aircraft:

- Remove single wheel hold back bracket if al-ready installed. To do this, remove clips from ends of anchor shafts. Pull the two shafts out of adapter. Remove single wheel bracket.

- If not already installed, install two (2) Dual Nose Wheel Brackets. Insert anchor shafts and clips. Thread anchor knobs (2) through back of brackets and into backing "L".

- Adjust dual wheel hold back brackets to match tire track by sliding brackets on shaft.

- Tighten anchor knob bolts (x2).

To Confi gure Adapter for Single Nose Wheel Aircraft:

- Install single wheel hold down bracket if not already installed.

- Dual wheel hold back brackets may reman in place:

Adapter confi gured with winch limit switch.This confi guration is set up at the factrory.

DUAL WHEEL HOLD BACK BRACKET (X2)

ANCHOR SHAFTS

SHAFT CLIP

ANCHOR KNOB BOLT

WINCH LIMIT SWITCH PLATE

SINGLE WHEEL HOLD BACK BRACKET

SEE CHAPTER 2-A-1 "TOWING PROCEDURES" and "TABLE OF CAPTURE BY AIR-CRAFT TYPE" in Chapter 2-B for the correct towing confi gurations for each specifi c aircraft type / model.SEE CHAPTER 5 "PARTS", "ADAPTERS / ACCESSORIES" for parts break down.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



2. Install Aluminum Universal Long Reach / Highlift Adapter.- Adjust both side gates on the nose wheel cradle to their outer most positions.- Extend the retracted attachment hitch. See Chapter 2-A.06 g.- Lift adapter into the cradle. Position the adapter sleeve directly over the attachment

hitch. Lower adapter and align the holes in the sleeve with the hole in the hitch.




31 Jan. 2011

CLIP

ANCHOR KNOB BOLT AND WASHER

(X2)

ADAPTER SLEEVE

PIN

HOLD DOWN BRACK-ET (X2)

ADAPTER SLEEVE

ADAPTER HITCH

ADAPTER

ANCHOR KNOB BOLT AND WASHER (X2)

HOLD DOWN LOCKING KNOB (X2)

2. INSERT PIN AND CLIP

1. INSTALL ADAPTER

3. Secure Adapter and Route Strap.

- Insert pin through the holes in the sleeve and the hitch.

- Secure the adapter to the tug's cradle by attaching clip to the pin, then hand screw down the adapter anchor knob bolts on each side of the adapter to the tug's cradle fl oor until hand tight.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






31 Jan. 2011

4. Route Winch Strap- For dual aircraft wheels, route the winch strap over rear adapter roller and under middle

and front adapter rollers. For single aircraft wheel, route the strap over rear adapter roller and under middle roller only.


WINCH STRAP

FRONTROLLER

REARROLLER

MIDDLEROLLER

WINCHCONTROL

3a. ROUTE STRAP UNDER FRONT ROLLER FOR DUAL WHEELS

3b. ROUTE STRAP OVER FRONT ROLLER FOR SINGLE WHEEL

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



5. Install Strut Strap.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach pro-


4.03a.6. Winch Aircraft onto Cradle.- Winch aircraft onto the adapter plate using standard capture procedures.- Install Wheel Chock.

7. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing pre-

cautions.


.03 Capture of Aircraft (cont.):l. Aircraft with Long Reach and Low Clearance to Nose or Tail Wheel / Using the Aluminum Universal Long Reach / Highlift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

5. WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE AND INSTALL WHEEL CHOCK

The wheel chock bottom buttons are offset to provide two positions on the adapter ramp. Choose the position best suited to chock the wheel and place the two buttons of the chock into the two key slots in the ramp of the adapter.

W A R N I N G : T H E ADAPTER CONFIGU-RATIONS SHOWN IN

THIS SECTION ARE FOR LONG REACH AND LOW CLEARANCE TOWING ONLY. SEE SPECIAL TOWING PRO-CEDURES LATER IN THIS CHAPTER FOR SPECIFIC HIGH LIFT / TAIL DROP TOW-ING PROCEDURES.

WHEEL CHOCKKEY SLOTS (x2)

4. INSTALL STRUT STRAP

STRUT STRAP

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





m. Sabreliner Aircraft:

A

B

C

C

D

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





m. Sabreliner Aircraft (cont.):

This procedure is applicable to Sabreliner 65, 75A and 80 model and derivatives.

The Sabreliner steering system is unique in that the steering is mechanically disconnected for towing or pushback by the moving a nose gear steering lock lever. The lever is held in the DISCONNECT position by the physical contact of the towbar's special head-lug which is then pinned in place on the nose gear assembly. When pushed upward, the spring loaded steering lock lever disengages the upper torque-link collar from the powered steering shaft, allowing the nose wheel assembly 360 degrees of turning freedom for towing. If this steering lock lever is not disengaged, the npse wheel is not able to turn freely and and steering system damage may occur.

Because your Lektro tug does not use a towbar, an optional Lektro supplied Sabreliner adapter is required (see chap.5 "PARTS": Adapters/Accessories - Parts Lists and Schematics for part numbers). This adapter is essentially a portable simulation of the towbar's lug head and it attached with a securing pin.

1. Install Adapter.- Holding the Sabreliner adapter A by its shank and with the shank at approximately 45

degrees below horizontal, insert the lug end between the aircraft nose gear steering collar brackets B.

- Then push the nose gear steering lock lever C aft and upward until the adapter's lug hole is aligned with the aircraft's bracket holes. Insert the securing pin D (which is wired to the adapter shank) through the bracket and adapter holes. Ensure the securing pin is fully inserted with collar against bracket.

- The aircraft steering system is now ready for towing with 360° of freedom.

2. Capture, Lift and Transport.- Using the standard approach procedures detailed in Section 1.02 and the general capture

procedures detailed in Section 1.03 a and b preceding, tow the Sabreliner.

3. Release.- Do not remove the Sabreliner adapter until all standard aircraft release and tug withdraw

procedures detailed in Section 4.05 are completes and the tug is clear of the aircraft and the aircraft is secured with chocks or brakes set. When the adapter is removed, visually check to ensure that the nose gear steering lock lever C is fully forward in the engaged position on the nose wheel's steering collar.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





n. Aircraft Allowing or Requiring Under Belly Tractor Positioning:

1b1a

2a2b

3a 3b

NOSE WHEELPATH

TRACTORPATH

TRACTORPATH

NOSE WHEELPATH

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





n. Aircraft Allowing or Requiring Under Belly Tractor Positioning (cont.): This procedure is applicable to the Gulfstream II-III-IV-V and similarly confi gured aircraft with adequate fuselage to ground clearances to permit under belly tug positioning and is used to manoeuvre aircraft in areas with limited space forward of the aircraft such as positioning the aircraft in hangars without wasting space forward of the aircraft nose.

1. Capture Forward of the Nose wheel. To approach and capture the aircraft forward of the nose wheel, refer to Section 1.03b

with the following added procedural requirement:- Disconnect the torque links if, at any time during the towing operation, the nose wheel

turning limits will be exceeded.

2. Capture Aft of the Nose wheel. To capture an aircraft with adequate belly clearance aft of the nose wheel, in addition to

the procedures detailed in Section 1.03b, the following additional precautions must be taken:

- Verify that suffi cient vertical clearance exists between all aircraft surfaces (including antenna and drain masts) and the tug to allow for the safe positioning of the tug and towing of the aircraft.

- Ensure adequate precautions have been taken to down-lock the landing gear to prevent collapse of the landing gear.

- Ensure the torque links have been disconnected if at any time during the towing opera-tion, the nose wheel turning limits will be exceeded.

- Approach the aircraft at walking speed, manoeuvre the tug under the aircraft and ap-proach the nose wheel in line with the direction the tire is pointing.

3. Dual Motion Forward or Aft Repositioning of the Tug While Towing. In this procedure, the tug is repositioned from forward of the nose wheel to aft of the nose

wheel (or from aft of the nose wheel to forward of the nose wheel) half way through the turn. This procedure stops the aircraft half way through the turn and requires slightly less space to accomplish than the single motion turn but requires the aircraft to be stopped and put into motion with the towing force occurring at 90° to the aircraft centerline.


- Ensure the torque links have been disconnected and the nose wheel is free to rotate through 360°.

- When suffi cient space is available to safely execute the turn, turn the tug steer wheels fully in the desired direction of the turn. (Cont.)

- Monitor the winch strap tension during the turn and extend or retract the strap as required (See caution).

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





n. Aircraft Allowing or Requiring Under Belly Tractor Positioning (cont.):

CAUTION: ON AIRCRAFT WITH A FORWARD OR AFT SLANTED NOSE WHEEL STRUT (SUCH AS GULFSTREAM III, IV AND V AIRCRAFT) WHERE THE STRUT STRAP CAN NOT BE SECURED VERTICALLY ABOVE THE NOSE WHEEL, THE WINCH STRAP TENSION WILL CHANGE DURING THE TURN AND COULD CAUSE THE AIRCRAFT TO BE IMPROPERLY SECURED OR MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE NOSE WHEEL STRUT ASSEMBLY.

- When the tug has pivoted to a position 90° to the aircraft fuselage centerline, stop the tug, select the opposite direction on the forward/neutral/reverse lever and turn the tug steer wheels fully in the opposite direction of turn.

NOTE: Where space is at an absolute premium toward the side of the aircraft which the tug will be turning, the nose of the aircraft should be positioned toward the opposite side before commencing the turn or, if space is not available for this, the turn may have to be accomplished using several forward and aft manoeuvres of the tug.

4. Single Motion Forward or Aft Repositioning of the Tug While Towing.

4a

NOSE WHEELPATH

4b

TRACTORPATH

NOSE WHEELPATH

TRACTORPATH

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





n. Aircraft Allowing or Requiring Under Belly Tractor Positioning (cont.):

4. Single Motion Forward or Aft Repositioning of the Tug While Towing (cont.).

In this alternate procedure, the tug is repositioned from forward of the nose wheel to aft of the nose wheel (or from aft of the nose wheel to forward of the nose wheel) in a single continuous turn of the tug. This procedure turns the aircraft in a smooth arc but requires space both to turn the tug and to accommodate the aircraft yaw during the turn (nose of the aircraft in the direction of the tug, tail of the aircraft opposite to the tug direction). Because of the amount of space required for this procedure, it is recommended that this procedure be accomplished outdoors where there is adequate apron clearance, before entering the restrictions of the hangar.


- Ensure the torque links have been disconnected and the nose wheel is free to rotate through 360°.

- When suffi cient space is available to safely execute the turn, turn the tug steer wheels fully in the desired direction of the turn.

- Monitor the winch strap tension during the turn and extend or retract the strap as required (see caution).

CAUTION: ON AIRCRAFT WITH A FORWARD OR AFT SLANTED NOSE WHEEL STRUT (SUCH AS GULFSTREAM III, IV AND V AIRCRAFT) WHERE THE STRUT STRAP CAN NOT BE SECURED TO A POINT VERTICALLY ABOVE THE NOSE WHEEL PIVOT POINT, THE WINCH STRAP TENSION WILL CHANGE DURING THE TURN AND COULD CAUSE THE AIRCRAFT TO BE IMPROPERLY SECURED OR MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE NOSE WHEEL STRUT ASSEMBLY.

When the tug direction has pivoted a full 180°, stop the tug and change direction of travel with the forward/neutral/reverse lever.

10 Oct. 2015

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





o. Aircraft with Pawl-Adapter Required or Available :

1. Aircraft with Pawl-Adapter Required or Available / Basic Method (B-727; ERJ-135/140/145; Falcon 50/900/2000; Herc C-130; Boeing 727 /737; Airbus 318-321; EMB-135/140/145; EMB phenom100/300; Falcon 50/900/2000; Falcon 7X):

For these aircraft types, Lektro provides a Pawl Adapter to be used instead of the standard strut strap in order to meet aircraft manufacturer certifi cation requirement, or to make the capture ergonomically easier due to Nose Landing Gear design restricting normal strut strap placement, or to reduce risk of sensitive NLG components such as Centering Prox Switch being contacted.

a. Install Adapter and Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle.

- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach procedures detailed in Section 1.02.

- Connect the winch strap hook to the pawl adapter and install the pawl adapter on the aircraft nose landing gear towing pawls, spindles or lugs.

- Winch aircraft onto the cradle using standard capture procedures, monitoring the nose wheel to ensure the protrusions remain clear of the cradle and tug body.

10 Oct. 2015

b. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the adapter is correctly attached to the aircraft and that the aircraft is secured

to the tug.- Complete the applicable general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

CONNECT WINCH STRAP HOOK TO PAWL ADAPTER WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE

PAWLADAPTER

PAWL

INSTALL PAWL ADAPTER

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



SEE CHAPTER 5 "PARTS", "ADAPTERS / ACCESSORIES" for pawl adapter parts break down.

SEE CHAPTER 2-B "TABLE OF CAPTURE BY AIRCRAFT TYPE" for the correct towing confi gurations for each specifi c aircraft type / model.



o. Aircraft with Pawl-Adapter Required or Available :

1. Aircraft with Pawl-Adapter Required or Available / Basic Method (B-727; ERJ-135/140/145; Falcon 50/900/2000; Herc C-130; Boeing 727 /737; Airbus 318-321; EMB-135/140/145; EMB phenom100/300; Falcon 50/900/2000; Falcon 7X):

CONNECT WINCH STRAP HOOK TO PAWL ADAPTER

10 Oct. 2015

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





o Aircraft with Pawl Adapter Required or Available (cont.):

2. Aircraft with Pawl Adapter Required or Available / Special Method for Aircraft Which Also Requires a Rear Gate Due Front Protrusion (DHC-8 "Dash-8" all series; ATR-42/52/72/82), or due ergonomics (B-737 all series).

31 Jan. 2011

a. Install Fixed or Removable Rear Gate if not already installed.- Refer to section 1.03f for installation requirements and procedures.- To prevent damage to the aircraft, ensure the gate is installed far enough forward on the

nose wheel cradle to accomodate both the aircraft protrusions and the pawl attachment adapter.WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE

INSTALL PAWL ADAPTER

REMOVABLE ALUMINUM REAR GATE INSTALLED DASH 8 / FALCON 20 MODEL FIXED REAR GATE

WINCH CUT-OFF

SWITCH, PLATE,REAR GATE

WINCHCUT-OFF SWITCH,CRADLE

LINKAGE

RECEIVINGBRACKET

(X2)SIDE GATES

ALUMINUMREAR GATE

b. Install Adapter and Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle.

- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using standard approach procedures detailed in Section 1.02.

- Install the pawl adapter on the aircraft nose gear and connect the winch strap hook to the adapter.

PIN

DASH-8 PAWL ADAPT-

ER

PAWLS

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





o. Aircraft with Pawl Adapter Required or Available (cont.): 2. Aircraft with Pawl Adapter Required or Available / Special Method for Aircraft Which Also Requires a Rear Gate Due Front Protrusion (DHC-8 "Dash-8" all series; ATR-42/52/72/82)(cont):

31 Jan. 2011

b. Install Adapter and Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle (cont).- Winch aircraft onto the cradle using standard capture procedures, monitoring the nose

wheel to ensure the protrusions remain clear of the cradle and tug body.

c. Lift and Transport.- Verify that the adapter is correctly attached to the aircraft and that the aircraft is secured

to the tug.- Complete the applicable general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Tow the aircraft using standard towing precautions.

LIFT AND TRANSPORT

SEE CHAPTER 5 "PARTS", "ADAPTERS / ACCESSORIES" for available adapters and parts break down.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





p. Special Capture Methods:

1. Aircraft on Slope Towards Tug or Aircraft Engines running (Alternate Capture): A common special capture requirement exists where the surface, on which an aircraft is

parked, is sloped toward the tug or the aircraft engines are running where the aircraft could, without being winched, roll toward the tug.

This capture procedure is accomplished by leaving the aircraft brakes SET or by ensuring the aircraft is chocked and utilizing the winch to pull the cradle assembly under the aircraft wheel. In this method, the operator will not be pulling the aircraft onto the cradle but rather the cradle will be pulled under the stationary aircraft. To capture an aircraft where the aircraft parking surface is sloped toward the tug or the aircraft engines are running:

• Chock the aircraft forward of the main wheels and/or set the aircraft brakes to pre-vent the aircraft from rolling forward and possibly causing damage to the aircraft or personnel.

• Approach the aircraft as detailed in Section 1.02. • Lower the cradle sufficiently so that it can move under the aircraft tire.• Connect to the aircraft as specifi ed in Section 1.03(c-o)• Release the Lektro parking brake and place the direction selector toward the aircraft.• Utilize the winch switch on the drivers console to pull the Lektro toward the aircraft.

In some instances, the operator may fi nd it necessary to utilize some foward driv-ing power to ensure the cradle slides underneath the nose wheel of the aircraft. The winch cut-off plate will ensure proper strap tension.

• Complete the remaining steps in Section 1.03a to secure the aircraft to the tug and prepare for towing.

Under certain conditions, the general capture procedures applied to all aircraft types, de-tailed in Section 1.03a, may require some specialized equipment or procedural modifi ca-tion in order to adapt to special local handling requirements (see Section 1.01 for approval requirements).

09 Dec. 2015

WARNING: THROUGHOUT THIS PROCEDURE, THE OPERATOR AND ANY AD-DITIONAL PERSONNEL ASSIGNED MUST BE ALERT TO THE POTENTIAL OF UNPLANNED AIRCRAFT AND TUG MOVEMENT. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES MUST PERSONNEL BE POSITIONED DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF EITHER THE AIRCRAFT OR TUG PATH.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





p. Special Capture Methods (cont.):

2. Aircraft on Passenger Loading Bridge:

1

32

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






2. Aircraft on Passenger Loading Bridge (cont.):

In order to prevent damage to aircraft positioned on passenger loading bridges, the capture and lift sequence must be delayed until the loading bridge has been retracted from the aircraft. Although passenger loading bridges are equipped with auto-levelling devices which raise and lower the bridges to compensate for vertical aircraft movement caused by weight changes during loading and unloading, any attempt to capture an aircraft while it is positioned on a loading bridge may result in damage to the aircraft.

a. Position the Tug for Aircraft Capture.- Position the tug to the aircraft forward of the nose wheel using the standard approach

procedures detailed in Section 1.02.- Install nose gear downlock and bypass pins and disconnect torque links as required.

b. Install Strut Strap.- Install the strut strap using the general installation procedures detailed in Section

1.03a.

c. Winch Aircraft onto the Nose Wheel Cradle.- When the passenger loading bridge has been retracted and the fuselage mating area is

clear, winch the aircraft onto the nose wheel cradle using the standard capture proce-dures.

- Verify that the aircraft is secured to the tug.- Complete the general capture procedures detailed in Section 1.03a.- Lift the cradle suffi ciently to clear obstacles en route.- Verify that the bridge, fi xed facilities and ground support equipment is clear of the

aircraft's path.- Push or tow the aircraft using standard push-back or towing precautions.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3a. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance Using Ramp Type High-Lift Adapter:

31 Jan. 2011

TAIL-DROP CALCULATIONS : "Horizontal measurement from maingear to highest point on tail when aircraft at nose-up pitch" divided by "Wheelbase" = tail-drop ratio, multiplied by amount of nosewheel lift = net tail-drop measurement.

TAIL-DROP TO NOSEWHEEL-LIFT RATIO = 0.90476NOTE: CHALLENGER-601 RATIO = 1.1167

NOTE: There are two different types of adapters available for use in High Lift / Tail Drop towing. - See this section 3a. for towing with "Ramp Type" Aluminum Universal High Lift Adapter.- See next section 3b. for towing with Universal Aluminum Long Reach / High Lift Adapter.

26' 0.25"

66' 3.25"

24' 9.25"

23' 6"

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3a. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance Using Ramp Type High-Lift Adapter:

31 Jan. 2011

The Lektro AP8800SDA model tug is capable of providing specialized tail-drop towing utilizing Lektro's custom built ramp type Universal High Lift Adapter, for application in situations where the hangar door frame and/or roof beam overhead clearances are too low a specifi c aircraft's tail height. This adapter allows for an additional lift of nose-wheel result-ing in a total maximum lift of 22 1/2 inches (57.2cm) with the tug's cradle raised to its high-est lift range. This will result in a tail-drop that varies with each aircraft types tail-drop to nosewheel lift RATIO. For example: for a Bombardier Challenger (all 600/601/604 series) average minimum tail-drop 25 1/8 inches (63.8cm) based on a tail-drop to nosewheel-lift ratio of 1.1167. This ratio is determined by aircraft’s ground pitch pivot point location (main gear longitudinal placement) and resulting relative arms of aft fuselage length (maingear to highest point on tail with aircraft pitched up divided by wheel base). (see opposite page). Lektro can provide the tail-drop ratio data for any aircraft type on request, if you are evaluating a High-Lift Adapter purchase.

The maximum tail-drop (with tug cradle fully raised) is actioned just while the clearance obstruction is passed. All other segments of the tow move are undertaken with the tug's nosewheel cradle and adapter front edge lowered so that they clear the terrain by the normal 3 or 4 inches (7 to 10 cm).This High-Lift Adapter is designed to accommodate the aircraft's dual nosewheel tires' track and tire diameter as well as specifi c nosegear door clearances, but only if the correct aircraft-model-specifi c Spring Hold-Down Assemblies are installed.. These provide positive safe hold-down of the nosewheel (to counter the move aftward of ground C-of-G caused by raising of nosewheel) and the required NLG Door clearance on capture and release. The high-lift adapter is manufactured of aluminum and wheeled to ease handling.

CAUTION: THE ACTUAL TAIL DROP DISTANCE ACHIEVED IS ALSO + OR - AF-FECTED BY AIRCRAFT C OF G AND UNDERCARRIAGE CONDITION AT THE TIME OF NOSEWHEEL LIFT, SO USE OF GUIDE-PERSON AND VISUAL CONFIR-MATION OF OVERHEAD OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE IS ALWAYS A MUST, AS DETAILED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

WARNING: USE OF THIS HIGH-LIFT ADAPTER FOR AIRCRAFT TYPES OTHERTHAN THE AIRCRAFT TYPE FOR WHICH IT WAS ORDERED AND EQUIPPED, ORWITH TUGS OTHER THAN LEKTRO AP8800/AP8850 MODELS, FOR WHICH IT WASDESIGNED, MAY RESULT IN AIRCRAFT DAMAGE AND IS NOT RECOMMENDEDBY LEKTRO UNLESS FACTORY APPROVED AFTER EVALUATION. THE SPRING-TENSIONED HOLD-DOWN FITTINGS ARE NOSEWHEEL-DIAMETER SPECIFIC AND THIS AND OTHER CLEARANCE-CRITICAL COMPONENTS MAY REQUIRE REDE-SIGN/REPLACEMENT TO ACCEPT OTHER AIRCRAFT TYPES. CHECK WITH LEK-TRO FIRST. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES ARE DETAILED ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3a. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Ramp Type High-Lift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

FIGURE: 1 TYPICAL EXAMPLE / CL-604MINIMUM 25 1/8 " (63.8 cm) TAIL DROP

FROM 22 1/2 " (57.2 cm) NOSEWHEEL LIFT

Note: Additional, but variable, tail-drop may result from maingear oleo squat and coincidental nosewheel oleo extension as CofG moves aft during lift.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes







31 Jan. 2011

FIGURE: 2 COMPONENTS

MOUNT TABS SECURING PINSWITH

SAFETY HAIRPIN CLIPSCHOCK RECEIVING

KEYHOLES ( X 2 )

NOSEWHEEL HOLD DOWN FITTINGS ( X 2 )

(SPRING TENSIONED and SLIDING ADJUSTABLE FOR WHEEL TRACK VARIANCE - ON CL-604 /601 MOVE BOTH TO FURTHEST INWARD POSITION)

NOSEWHEEL CHOCKFITTING

GRAB BAR

UHMW POLYSKID PLATE

POSITIONING WHEELS ( X 2 )(ADJUSTABLE - SET SO DON'T BEAR

WEIGHT WHEN CRADLEAND ADAPTER TOUCH GROUND)

HOLD DOWNLOCKING KNOBS

ADAPTERLOCK-DOWNS ( X 2 )

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3a. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Ramp Type High-Lift Adaper (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

a. Install High-Lift Adapter on the Tug.- Position high-lift adapter, with the wheel chock fi tting installed, on the fl oor or apron

surface so that the tug can approach it in a straight line. - Drive tug toward adapter’s aft (tug-mating) end with the cradle lowered to 1 inch (2.5

cm) from the fl oor and both side gates secured in their outermost positions with their anchor latch pins in the detents on the side of cradle. Align tug with the cradle’s cen-terline during the approach.

- Stop tug with the cradle’s front edge under adapter’s overhang but before contacting adapter’s bottom slope.

- Lower cradle lightly to the fl oor. If not previously done, remove securing pins (x 2) and their hairpin safety clips from the mounting tabs (x 2) protruding from the high-lift adapter's rear. (See fi gure 2 preceding page).

- Manually balancing adapter on its wheels, push on the adapter’s structure (at the wheel chock is easiest), with hands clear of mounting tab area, until both the adapter's mount-ing tabs are evenly and fully inserted into the tug's receiving cut-out slots (x 2) on the backwall of the cradle.

- Secure adapter to the tug's cradle by inserting securing pin through each mount tab hole on rear side of the cradle backwall, then hand screw down the Adapter Anchor Knob Bolts on each side of adapter to tug cradle fl oor, until hand tight.

CAUTION: IN ADDITION TO SCREWING DOWN THE TWO ANCHOR KNOB BOLTS, INSTALLING THE SECURING PINS THROUGH BOTH MOUNT TABS (PROTRUDING THROUGH THE RECEIVING SLOTS TO THE AFT SIDE OF THE CRADLE BACKWALL ON THE TUG) AND THEN FULLY INSTALLING THE SAFETY CLIP ON THE PIN IS A CRITICAL ADAPTER SECURING AND AIR-CRAFT SAFETY PROCEDURE, SINCE THESE CONSTITUTE AN IMPORTANT TWO OF THE FOUR LOAD-BEARING ADAPTER ATTACHMENT POINTS TO THE TUG.

- Ensure the adapter's spring tensioned nosewheel hold-down fi ttings are at the correct position to match your aircraft's nosewheel track (EG: On Challengers they need to be fully inward) and that the locking knobs are manually but tightly screwed down. If hold-downs are not correctly positioned, loosen respective locking knob and slide hold-down unit inward to the end of its travel range, then re-tighten locking knob fi rmly, making sure the backing "L" plate underneath (at knob's bolt bottom end) is seated fl at against adapter structure.

- Raise the cradle, with adapter attached, so that the tug's cradle front edge is approxi-mately 3" (7.6cm) above the ground or only enough so that the cradle and adapter will clear terrain obstacles such as hangar door tracks or sump depressions during transport to the aircraft. Drive to aircraft.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes







31 Jan. 2011

b. Capture the Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter:- Stop tug before reaching aircraft shadow to test that brakes are functioning and to lower

adapter front edge until it touches the ground. Then with one short activation of the cradle-raise switch on the tug's panel, raise the adapter's front edge no more than an inch from the ground. This will ensure the adapter's twin hold-down structures always clear the nosewheel doors on approach to the aircraft. Ensure aircraft's port and starboard maingear tires are chocked and if applicable, chocks removed from nosegear. Now ap-proach the nose gear of the aircraft accurately on the centerline of the strut and along a line parallel with nosewheel tire fore-and-aft centerline using standard approach proce-dures (per Chap. 2-A, Section 1.02 in the tug's operating manual).

- Slow to low creep speed when within aircraft shadow and stop when the adapter leading edge lightly kisses the nosewheel tires or until a guide-person signals that the adapter leading edge is approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) short of contacting nosewheel tires. Lower the adapter until it makes contact with the ground.

- Remove the adapter's wheel chock fi tting from the high lift adapter by sliding it toward tug then lifting it out of the twin receiving keyholes. Stow chock on tug front deck. (See fi gure 3 next page)

- Using the remote control at tug's left front fender, feed the winch strap, with the widest 29" x 4" (74 x 10 cm) strut strap installed on the hook by one "D" ring, over the centerline of adapter, between the hold-downs and extend it to the nosewheel. NOTE : If aircraft oleo is compressed too much for the 4" (10 cm) wide strut strap, use 29" x 2" (74 x 5 cm) strut strap. Both sizes are safely rated for required loads.

- Secure aircraft to the tug with the strut strap, using general installation procedures (de-tailed in Chap. 2-A, Section 1.03a of the tug's operating manual).

CAUTION: MAKE SURE TO PLACE THE STRUT STRAP AROUND THE SHINY OLEO AND NOT ON THE UPPER STRUT BARREL NEAR "CENTERING PROX SWITCH" OR OTHER FITTINGS ON BACK OF STRUT JUST ABOVE OLEO.(SEE LEKTRO ALERT BULLETIN #9801 IN BACK OF THIS BOOKLET). (SEE FIGURE 5).

- Ensure large wheel chocks (rubber 6" triangle cross-section recommended) are installed against aft sides (only) of maingear tires and all chocks removed from front sides (only) of maingear tires, and aircraft brakes released.

- Check that aircraft is secure (stairs up and all belly and cabin doors and access panels closed) and steering system is in normal tow confi guration and free for tow, and that there is adequate clearances for the aircraft capture's 4 ½ feet forward movement on the high-lift adapter. (cont.)

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3a.Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Ramp Type High-Lift Adapter (cont.):

b. Capture the Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

FIGURE: 3

FIGURE: 5

FIGURE: 6

FIGURE: 7

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes







b. Capture the Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

CAUTION: ON CHALLENGER-600/601/604 SERIES, BEFORE COMMENCING ANY WINCHING MOVEMENT OF NOSEWHEEL UP THE HIGH-LIFT ADAPTER RAMP, VISUALLY CONFIRM THAT THE REAR UNDERBELLY APU / EQUIP-MENT BAY ACCESS DOOR (WITH DEPLOYABLE LADDER) IS CLOSED WITH LADDER STOWED. IF LEFT OPEN, THIS LADDER AND DOOR STRUC-TURE WILL CONTACT THE GROUND AS THE AIRCRAFT TAIL DROPS, AND STRUCTURAL DAMAGE MAY RESULT AS IT WOULD TAKE THE AIRCRAFT WEIGHT.

- Winch the aircraft up the adapter’s ramp, using the remote control while standing ad-jacent to but clear of the capture path, until the nosewheel tire is nested in the adapter tightly against the spring-tensioned hold down fi ttings. Keep winching until the spring arc of the hold downs is pushed open enough by the tires so that there is full radial contact of the tire with hold down face. (See fi gures 4, 5 and 6 opposite).

- Install the wheel chock fi tting behind the nosewheel tires by inserting bottom buttons into round part of the two upper keyholes (of four) and pulling the chock fi tting down the ramp slope to lock buttons into narrow part of keyhole. (See fi gure 7 opposite).

NOTE : If wheel chock fi tting is prevented from being inserted into the upper set of keyholes by contact with the nosewheel tires, do not put chock fi tting in lower keyhole set. Instead, winch nosewheel until it bends the spring hold downs further back and nosewheel tires have full radial contact with hold down facing. This will; give you enough room to install chock fi tting in upper keyholes, keep this chock safely close to nosewheel tires, and ensure nosewheel tires are well seated in hold downs.

- Raise the cradle so that its leading edge is about 3" (7.6cm) and adapters leading edge about 6" (15 cm) above ground for just enough terrain clearance during the upcoming tow, until the overhead obstruction is approached.

CAUTION: WHILE RAISING THE CRADLE, YOU MUST REGULATE STRAP

TENSION, ENSURING IT DOES NOT GET TOO TIGHT AS THE NOSEGEAR IS RAISED. TENSION SHOULD BE TIGHT BUT STILL ALLOW YOU TO MANU-ALLY SQUEEZE TOGETHER THE STRUT STRAP'S TWO RUNS (MIDWAY BETWEEN "D" RINGS AND NOSEGEAR STRUT) ABOUT ½" (1.2 CM). USE RE-MOTE CONTROL, WHILE STANDING IN GOOD LINE OF SITE OF NOSEWHEEL CAPTURE SEQUENCE, TO RAISE CRADLE AND COINCIDENTALLY RELEASE STRAP TENSION

- Complete company-standard pre-tow walkaround procedures (or as detailed in Chap. 2-A Section 1.03a of the tug's operating manual).

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



PLACE UPLOCK FITTINGs x 2OVER TUG'S SHINY PISTON RODS(LEFT AND RIGHT), WITH CRA-DLE IN FULL UP POSITION.

THIS WILL SECURE THE CRADLE / HIGH-LIFT ADAPTER / AIRCRAFT TAIL CLEARANCE IN A FAIL-SAFE MANNER WHILE PASSING THE OVERHEAD OBSTRUCTION .





c. Towing Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter / Performing Tail-Drop:

31 Jan. 2011

FIGURE: 8

FIGURE: 9

FIGURE: 10

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes







31 Jan. 2011

c. Towing Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter / Performing Tail-Drop:- When the 22 ½ inch (57.2 cm) maximum lift capability of the adapter is required in order

to pass the tail under the planned overhead restriction, the cradle will need to be raised to its maximum height. Once the cradle is in maximum position insert the hydraulic cylinder uplocks to prevent accidental lowering of the cradle and aircraft tail damage. (see fi gure 9). This nose-raise tail-drop operation is to be performed before reaching the proximity of the overhead obstruction/s.

IMPORTANT: Follow "Caution" bottom of Page 9 preceding and loosen strap tension as you raise nosewheel.

- Using a guide person positioned to the side of the aircraft’s tow path but in line with the overhead obstruction/s, cautiously move the aircraft at slow creep past the critical clearance area.

- When the overhead restrictions are well cleared by the aircraft tail structure, stop tug and remove the hydraulic cylinder uplocks (it may be necessary to take load off the uplocks by giving cradle lever one quick pull to ensure pistons are fully extended to "cradle full up" position). Lower the cradle back down to normal tow height, i.e.: just high enough to clear surface obstructions by about 3" (7.6cm). Stow uplocks in side pocket. Com-plete the tow operation.

d. Release the Aircraft from the High Lift Adapter:- Before attempting to release the aircraft from the adapter, take up any slack in the winch

strap and remove the wheel chock fi tting from behind the nose gear wheel. Stow chock fi tting on tug front deck.

- Remove the hydraulic cylinder uplocks if cradle was not lowered earlier. - Lower the cradle until the adapter lightly contacts the ground.- The release procedure involves pulling the tug with adapter out from under the aircraft

nose wheel, which will rotate in place. This must be performed as follows: • Ensure that the aircraft mainwheels are chocked securely fore and aft on both port and

starboard maingear sets, prior to releasing strap tension. CAUTION: CHOCKS AFT OF THE AIRCRAFT MAINWHEELS SHOULD BE IN

CONTACT WITH TIRES, SO THAT IN ACCIDENTAL EVENT OF STRAP FAIL-URE WHILE NOSEWHEELS ARE LOWERING DOWN ADAPTER RAMP, THERE WILL BE IMMEDIATE HOLDING AND NO MOMENTUM BUILD-UP. CHOCKS IN FRONT OF MAINWHEELS SHOULD BE POSITIONED WITH SLIGHT CLEAR-ANCE FROM TIRE TO AVOID PINCH JAMMING, BECAUSE ALL SUBSEQUENT AIRCRAFT CAPTURE OPERATIONS INVOLVE MOVING AIRCRAFT FOR-WARD.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes







31 Jan. 2011

d. Release the Aircraft from the High-Lift Adapter (cont.):

• Once the aircraft is chocked, raise the cradle just enough to lift the leading edge of the high-lift adapter about ¼" (6 mm) above the fl oor or ramp surface (this can best be done by using one very quick activation of the cradle raise/lower switch.

FIGURE: 11

FIGURE: 12

FIGURE: 13

TO RELEASE AIRCRAFT, CHOCKMAINGEAR SECURELY AND BACK TUG OUT FROM UNDER NOSEWHEELWHILE COINCIDENTALLY FEEDING OUTWINCH STRAP AT A RATE THAT MAINTAINS STRAP TENSION AS THE NOSEWHEEL ROLLS IN PLACE DOWN THE ADAPTER RAMP.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3a Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Ramp Type High-Lift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

d. Release the Aircraft from the High-Lift Adapter (cont.): • Then proceed to drivers position. Slowly release the winch strap tension and power

the winch strap "out", while coincidentally backing the tug, with the high-lift adapter, slowly out from under the aircraft nose wheel.

IMPORTANT: Keep the winch strap feeding out so that it does not impede the nose-wheel's rolling in place down the adapter's ramp, but at the same time keeps some tension to keep the load off of the mainwheel chocks and would halt the aircraft immediately if the aircraft mainwheels jump or push the chocks. Keep backing tug and feeding out winch strap until nosewheel is on ground just clear of adapter ramp. (See fi gures 11 and 12 opposite).

- Slack off winch strap just enough to release the nearest strut strap "D" ring from the winch strap hook. Remove strut strap from nosewheel strut by feeding carefully around oleo. Stow winch strap, with strut strap attached by one "D" ring, securely on tug's front deck. (See fi gure 13).

- Ensure cradle and adapter bottom plates are still ¼" (6 mm) off ground so they don't drag. Back tug slowly away from aircraft.

CAUTION: DO NOT RAISE CRADLE, WITH HIGH-LIFT ADAPTER, UNTIL WELL CLEAR OF AIRCRAFT NOSE SHADOW. IF RAISED WHILE STILL UNDER NOSE, THE TOP OF THE ADAPTER'S TWO HOLD DOWN FITTINGS MAY STRIKE A FORWARD NOSEWHEEL-DOOR. IF CRADLE IS KEPT LOW THERE IS AMPLE CLEARANCE UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCE.

- Once well clear of the nose wheel, insert the adapter's wheel chock fi tting back on the adapter and raise the adapter to a suffi cient height for terrain clearance on transportation back to its storage area.

e. Store the Adapter:- Park tug, or if high-lift adapter not required for next operation, drive the tug to the adapter

storage area. Lower cradle until adapter front edge lightly touches the fl oor. - Remove hairpin clip and securing pins from adapter's mount tabs ( x 2 ). - Manually balancing adapter on its wheels, pull on the adapter’s structure (at the wheel

chock is easiest), until adapter is clear of tug's cradle. Back tug away from the adapt-er.

- Reinstall securing pin and their hairpin clips to the adapter's tabs to prevent loss. Store the two hydraulic cylinder uplock fi ttings on top of the adapter for safe keeping.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





p . Special Capture Methods (cont.):

3b. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Aluminum Universal Long Reach High Lift Adapter:

TAIL-DROP CALCULATIONS : "Horizontal measurement from maingear to highest point on tail when aircraft at nose-up pitch" divided by "Wheelbase" = tail-drop ratio, multiplied by amount of nosewheel lift = net tail-drop measurement.

TAIL-DROP TO NOSEWHEEL-LIFT RATIO = 0.90476NOTE: CHALLENGER-601 RATIO =

1.1167

NOTE: THERE ARE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADAPTERS AVAILABLE FOR USE IN HIGH LIFT / TAIL DROP TOWING. - SEE PREVIOUS SECTION 3A. FOR TOWING WITH "RAMP TYPE" ALUMINUM UNIVERSAL HIGH LIFT ADAPTER.- SEE THIS SECTION 3B. FOR TOWING WITH UNIVERSAL ALUMINUM LONG REACH / HIGH LIFT ADAPTER.

31 Jan. 2011

26' 0.25"

66' 3.25"

24' 9.25"

23' 6"

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



The Lektro AP8800SDA model tug is capable of providing specialized tail-drop towing utilizing Lektro's Aluminum Universal Long Reach / High Lift Adapter, for application in situations where the hangar door frame and/or roof beam overhead clearances are too low a specifi c aircraft's tail height. This adapter allows for an additional lift of nose-wheel resulting in a total maximum lift of 17 3/8in. / 44.1 cm.with the tug's cradle raised to its highest lift range. This will result in a tail-drop that varies with each aircraft types tail-drop to nosewheel lift RATIO. For example: for a HAWKER 800 average minimum tail-drop 16 inches based on a tail-drop to nosewheel-lift ratio of 0.92. This ratio is determined by aircraft’s ground pitch pivot point location (main gear longitudinal placement) and resulting relative arms of aft fuselage length (maingear to highest point on tail with aircraft pitched up divided by wheel base). NOTE: Many aircraft types have Tail Drop to Nosewheel Lift ratrios that exceed 1. (See opposite page). Lektro can provide the tail-drop ratio data for any aircraft type on request, if you are evaluating a High-Lift Adapter purchase.

The maximum tail-drop (with tug cradle fully raised) is actioned just while the clearance obstruction is passed. All other segments of the tow move are undertaken with the tug's nosewheel cradle and adapter front edge lowered so that they clear the terrain by the normal 3 or 4 inches (7 to 10 cm).




3b. Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Aluminum Universal Long Reach High :ift Adapter (cont.):

THIS ADAPTER HAS A NOSE LANDING GEAR WEIGHT CAPACITY OF 3200LBS. / 1451 KG WHEN USED WITH AP8800SDA MODEL TUG. ADAPTER RAMP WIDTH IS 20IN / 50.8 CM. SEE PREVIOUS SECTION 3A. FOR HIGHLIFT / TAILDROP TOWING OF AIRCRAFT WITH NOSE LANDING GEAR EXCEDING THESE CA-PACITIES.

CAUTION: THE ACTUAL TAIL DROP DISTANCE ACHIEVED IS ALSO + OR - AF-FECTED BY AIRCRAFT C OF G AND UNDERCARRIAGE CONDITION AT THE TIME OF NOSEWHEEL LIFT, SO USE OF GUIDE-PERSON AND VISUAL CONFIR-MATION OF OVERHEAD OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE IS ALWAYS A MUST, AS MUST, AS DETAILED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3b.Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using Aluminum Universal Long Reach High Lift Adapter (cont.):

This High-Lift Adapter is designed to accommodate the aircraft's single or dual nosewheel tires' track and tire diameter as well as specifi c nosegear door clearances, but only if the correct aircraft-model-specifi c Spring Hold-Down Assemblies are installed.. These provide positive safe hold-down of the nosewheel (to counter the move aftward of ground C-of-G caused by raising of nosewheel) and the required NLG Door clearance on capture and release. The high-lift adapter is manufactured of aluminum to ease handling.

WARNING: USE OF THIS HIGH-LIFT ADAPTER FOR AIRCRAFT TYPES OTHER THAN THE AIRCRAFT TYPE FOR WHICH IS WAS ORDERED AND EQUIPPED, OR WITH TUGS OTHER THAN LEKTRO MODELS, FOR WHICH IT WAS DESIGNED, MAY RESULT IN AIRCRAFT DAMAGE AND IS NOT RECOMMENDED BY LEKTRO UNLESS FACTORY APPROVED AFTER EVALUATION. THE SPRING-TENSIONED HOLD-DOWN FITTINGS ARE NOSEWHEEL-DIAMETER SPECIFIC AND THIS AND OTHER CLEARANCE-CRITICAL COMPONENTS MAY REQUIRE REDESIGN/RE-PLACEMENT TO ACCEPT OTHER AIRCRAFT TYPES. CHECK WITH LEKTRO FIRST.

Operational procedures are detailed on the following pages.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes







31 Jan. 2011

SEE CHAPTER 2-A-1 "TOWING PROCEDURES" AND "TABLE OF CAPTURE BY AIRCRAFT TYPE" IN CHAPTER 2-B FOR THE CORRECT TOWING CO FIGURA-TIONS FOR EACH SPECIFIC AIRCRAFT TYPE / MODEL.SEE CHAPTER 5 "PARTS", "ADAPTERS/ACCESSORIES" FOR PARTS BREAK DOWN.

a. Confi gure Adapter for Specifi c Aircraft Nose Landing Gear.To Confi gure Adapter for Dual Nose Wheel Aircraft:- Remove single wheel hold down fi xture and side gates if already installed. To do this,

remove clips from ends of anchor shafts. Pull the two shafts out of adapter. Remove single wheel fi xture and side gates.

- Install two (2) Dual Nose Wheel Hold Down fi xtures (if not already installed). Insert an-chor knobs (2) through back of fi xtures and into backing "L", (if not already in place).

- Adjust dual wheel hold down fi xtures to match tire track by sliding fi xtures on shafts.

- Tighten anchor knob bolts (x2).

To Confi gure Adapter for Single Nose Wheel Aircraft:

- Remove Dual Wheel Hold Down fi xtures.- Install single wheel down fi xture

and side gates if not already in-stalled.

SIDE GATE LATCH

LEFT SIDE GATE

SINGLE WHEEL HOLD DOWN

FIXTURE

RIGHT SIDE GATE

DUAL WHEEL HOLD DOWN FIXTURE (X2)

ANCHOR SHAFTS

SHAFT CLIP

ANCHOR KNOB BOLT

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



b. Install Aluminum Universal Long Reach / Highlift Adapter On The Tug- Adjust both side gates on the nose wheel cradle to their outer most positions.- Extend the retracted attachment hitch. See Chapter 2-A, Section 1.03 c.- Lift adapter into the cradle. Position the adapter sleeve directly over the attachment

hitch. Lower adapter and align the holes in the sleeve with the hole in the hitch.





31 Jan. 2011

CLIP

ANCHOR KNOB BOLT AND WASHER

(X2)

ADAPTER SLEEVE

PIN

1. INSTALL ADAPTER

- Insert pin through the holes in the sleeve and the hitch.

- Secure the adapter to the tug's cradle by attaching clip to the pin, then hand screw down the adapter an-chor knob bolts on each side of the adapter to the tug's cradle fl oor until hand tight.

ADAPTER SLEEVE

NLG CRADLE

SIDE GATE LATCH PINS

ADAPTER

ATTATCHMENTHITCH

INSERT PIN AND CLIP

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3b.Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using AluminuM UniversaL Long Reach / High Lift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

b. Install Aluminum Universal Long Reach / Highlift Adapter On The Tug (cont)- Ensure the adapter's spring tensioned nosewheel hold-down fi ttings are at the correct

position to match your aircraft's nosewheel track and that the locking knobs are manually but tightly screwed down. If hold-downs are not correctly positioned, loosen respec-tive locking knob and slide hold-down unit inward to the end of its travel range, then re-tighten locking knob fi rmly, making sure the backing "L" plate underneath (at knob's bolt bottom end) is seated fl at against adapter structure.

- Raise the cradle, with adapter attached, so that the tug's cradle front edge is approxi-mately 3" (7.6cm) above the ground or only enough so that the cradle and adapter will clear terrain obstacles such as hangar door tracks or sump depressions during transport to the aircraft. Drive to aircraft.

CAUTION: IN ADDITION TO SCREWING DOWN THE TWO ANCHOR KNOB BOLTS, INSTALLING THE SECURING PIN THROUGH THE ADAPTER SLEEVE AND ATTACHMENT HITCH AND THEN FULLY INSTALLING THE SAFETY CLIP ON THE PIN IS A CRITICAL ADAPTER SECURING AND AIRCRAFT SAFETY PROCEDURE, SINCE THESE CONSTITUTE AN IMPORTANT TWO OF THE THREE LOAD-BEARING ADAPTER ATTACHMENT POINTS TO THE TUG.

c. Capture the Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter:- Stop tug before reaching aircraft shadow to test that brakes are functioning and to lower

adapter front edge until it touches the ground. Then with one short activation of the cradle-raise switch on the tug's panel, raise the adapter's front edge no more than an inch from the ground. This will ensure the adapter's twin hold-down structures always clear the nosewheel doors on approach to the aircraft. Ensure aircraft's port and starboard maingear tires are chocked and if applicable, chocks removed from nosegear. Now ap-proach the nose gear of the aircraft accurately on the centerline of the strut and along a line parallel with nosewheel tire fore-and-aft centerline using standard approach proce-dures (per Chap. 2-A, Section 1.02 in the tug's operating manual).

- Slow to low creep speed when within aircraft shadow and stop when the adapter leading edge lightly kisses the nosewheel tires or until a guide-person signals that the adapter leading edge is approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) short of contacting nosewheel tires. Lower the adapter until it makes contact with the ground.

- Remove the adapter's wheel chock fi tting from the high lift adapter by sliding it toward tug then lifting it out of the twin receiving keyholes. Stow chock on tug front deck. (See fi gure 3 next page)

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






3b.Aircraft Requiring Tail Drop for Hangar Clearance / Using AluminuM Universal Long Reach / High Lift Adapter (cont.):

31 Jan. 2011

ROUTE STRAP OVER FRONT ROLLER FOR SINGLE WHEEL

c. Capture the Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter (cont):- Using the remote control at tug's left front fender, feed the winch strap, with the widest

29" x 4" (74 x 10 cm) strut strap installed on the hook by one "D" ring, over the centerline of adapter, between the hold-downs and extend it to the nosewheel. NOTE : If aircraft oleo is compressed too much for the 4" (10 cm) wide strut strap, use 29" x 2" (74 x 5 cm) strut strap. Both sizes are safely rated for required loads.

- For dual aircraft wheels, route the winch strap over rear adapter roller and under middle and front adapter rollers. For single aircraft wheel, fi rst retract the single tire hold down fi xture by removing the top anchor shaft. Rotate the hold down toward rear of adapter. Route the strap over rear adapter roller and under middle roller only.


ROUTE STRAP UNDER FRONT AND MIDDLE ROLLERS FOR DUAL WHEELS

REAR ROLLER

WINCH STRAP

MIDDLE ROLLERFRONT

ROLLER

SINGLE TIREHOLD DOWN FIXTURE

IN TOWINGPOSITION

WINCH STRAP

TOPCLIP

SINGLE TIREHOLD DOWN FIXTURE

IN RETRACTEDPOSITION

TOP ANCHORSHAFT

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



c. Capture the Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter (cont): - Secure aircraft to the tug with the strut strap, using general installation procedures (de-

tailed in Chap. 2-A, Section 1.03a of the tug's operating manual).

- Ensure large wheel chocks (rubber 6" triangle cross-section recommended) are installed against aft sides (only) of maingear tires and all chocks removed from front sides (only) of maingear tires, and aircraft brakes released.

- Check that aircraft is secure (stairs up and all belly and cabin doors and access panels closed) and steering system is in normal tow confi guration and free for tow, and that there is adequate clearances for the aircraft capture's 4 ½ feet forward movement on the high-lift adapter.

- Winch the aircraft up the adapter’s ramp, using the remote control while standing ad-jacent to but clear of the capture path, until the nosewheel tire is nested in the adapter tightly against the spring-tensioned hold down fi ttings. Keep winching until the spring arc of the hold downs is pushed open enough by the tires so that there is full radial con-tact of the tire with hold down face. (See fi gures 4, 5 and 6 opposite).





31 Jan. 2011

CAUTION: MAKE SURE TO PLACE THE STRUT STRAP AROUND THE SHINY OLEO AND NOT ON THE UPPER STRUT BARREL NEAR "CENTERING PROX SWITCH" OR OTHER FITTINGS ON BACK OF STRUT JUST ABOVE OLEO.(SEE LEKTRO ALERT BULLETIN #9801 IN BACK OF THIS BOOKLET). (SEE FIGURE 5).

CAUTION: WHILE RAISING THE CRADLE, YOU MUST REGULATE STRAP TENSION, ENSURING IT DOES NOT GET TOO TIGHT AS THE NOSEGEAR IS RAISED. TENSION SHOULD BE TIGHT BUT STILL ALLOW YOU TO MANU-ALLY SQUEEZE TOGETHER THE STRUT STRAP'S TWO RUNS (MIDWAY BETWEEN "D" RINGS AND NOSEGEAR STRUT) ABOUT ½" (1.2 CM). USE REMOTE CONTROL, WHILE STANDING IN GOOD LINE OF SITE OF NOSE-WHEEL CAPTURE SEQUENCE, TO RAISE CRADLE AND COINCIDENTALLY RELEASE STRAP TENSION

INSTALL STRUT STRAP

STRUT STRAP

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes







31 Jan. 2011

WINCH AIRCRAFT ONTO CRADLE AND IN-STALL WHEEL CHOCK

The wheel chock bottom buttons are offset to provide two positions on the adapter ramp. Choose the position best suited to chock the wheel and place the two buttons of the chock into the two key slots in the ramp of the adapter.

WHEEL CHOCKKEY SLOTS (x2)

c. Capture the Aircraft on the High-Lift Adapter (cont): - Install the wheel chock fi tting behind the nosewheel tires by inserting bottom buttons

into round part of the two upper keyholes (of four) and pulling the chock fi tting down the ramp slope to lock buttons into narrow part of keyhole. (See fi gure 7 opposite).

Keep this chock safely close to nosewheel tires, and ensure nosewheel tires are well seated in hold downs.

- Raise the cradle so that its leading edge is about 3" (7.6cm) and adapters leading edge about 6" (15 cm) above ground for just enough terrain clearance during the upcoming tow, until the overhead obstruction is approached.

- Complete company-standard pre-tow walkaround procedures (or as detailed in Chap. 2-A, Section 1.03a of the tug's operating manual).

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






4. Aircraft Not Suited to Cradle Capture/Towing with Pintle Hook:

31 Jan. 2011

OPEN PINTLE HOOK

CONNECT TOW HITCH TO PINTLE HOOK

SAFETY PIN

PINTLE HOOK UPPER JAW

LOWER JAW

TOW HITCH

LOCKING SCREW

PINTLE HOOK

ATTACHMENT HITCH

FRONT GATE

INSTALL PINTLE HOOK ON ATTACH-MENT HITCH AND FRONT GATE ON

SIDE GATES

SIDE GATE

SIDE GATE

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes






4. Aircraft Not Suited to Cradle Capture/Towing with Pintle Hook (cont.):

The pintle hook is used to perform utility towing functions such as movement of conditioned air units, ground power units, lavatory servicing carts, tub carts or, under some circum-stances, for towing aircraft with a towbar. Your tug may be equipped with either or both of these optional pintle hook confi gurations:a) A portable pintle hook adapter for mounting on the tug's front cradle hitch.b) A fi xed pintle hook bolted to the center of the tug's rear frame.

When towing or pushing with the rear mounted pintle hook be cognizant of the rapid and large swing movements possible due to the tug's rear steering confi guration, and keep steer-ing inputs small and gradual.

When towing with the front mounted pintle hook, the front gate must be installed to prevent the towbar from contacting the side gates and being forced sideways.

To install the front pintle hook:- Loosen the locking screw on the back of the pintle hook.- Install the pintle hook onto the attachment hitch. - Align the locking screw with the hole in the attachment hitch.- Secure the pintle hook by threading the locking screw into the hole in the attachment

hitch.

To remove the front pintle hook:- Loosen the locking screw on the back of the pintle hook.- Lift the attachment clear of the attachment hitch.- Secure the locking screw to the pintle hook.

To open and close the front or rear pintle hook:- Remove the safety pin from the upper jaw.- Unlock and raise the upper jaw to its "full open" and locked position.- Place or remove the tow hitch eye on the lower jaw.- Unlock and lower the upper jaw, ensuring it locks in place.- Install the safety pin.

31 Jan. 2011

WARNING: THE TUG'S NORMAL AIRCRAFT WEIGHT TOWING CAPACITY IS REDUCED WHEN TOWING WITH A PINTLE HOOK BECAUSE THE AIRCRAFT IS NOT PLACED ON THE NOSE WHEEL CRADLE AND THUS THE WEIGHT IS NOT TRANSFERRED TO THE TUG'S DRIVE WHEELS.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





q. Table of Capture Method by Aircraft Type:The table in the following chapter 2B is intended to provide general planning and operational guidelines to define tug model capability, capture method and special adapters and / or precautions for specific aircraft model, weight range and nose/tail wheel design.

CAUTION: FINAL VERIFICATION MUST BE BASED ON THE ACTUAL AIR-CRAFT WEIGHT, LOAD DISTRIBUTION, UNDERCARRIAGE CONDITION AND RAMP CONDITION AT THE TIME OF TOWING.

MAKE = Manufacturer (Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) /licensee/up-grader).

MODEL= Specific aircraft model or comparable / derivative series.

MTOW= Maximum take off weight. Highest weight in each series is used. NOTE: Max Ramp Weight (including taxi fuel) which exceeds MTOW by a small margin may be substituted.

(See note 1).

OEW = Operating empty weight. Heaviest version is shown. E.g.: Passenger version over cargo version. If the OEW is not avail-

able, empty weight with equipment is used. NOTE 1: If two (2) values, separated by a "-" or "/" are shown, the values are interpreted in the following manner:- = Multiple values within the weight range./ = Either of the two values.

TUG MODEL CAPABLESee AP83 - AP84 - AP86 - AP87 Series Table of Capture Method for AP83 - AP84 - AP86 - AP87 tug model capabilities.

88 = AP8800SDA or AP8800SDA-EZ88.5 = AP8850SDA or AP8850SDA-EZ or AP8850SDA-AL-100 or AP8850SDA-AL-100/50 or AP8850SDA-M89 = AP8900SDB89.5 = AP8950SDB89.5-AL = AP8950SDB-AL89.25 = AP8925SDB

(cont.)

01 Nov. 2016

Table Key:

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes





q. Table of Capture Method by Aircraft Type (cont):

= Tug weight can accommodate full OEW to MTOW range of the speci-fied aircraft.

= Tug weight capacity can accommodate a portion of the specified aircraft's potential weight range. Determine the actual ramp weight before towing.

CAPTURE METHOD = Alphabetic reference refers to alpha-subsections with the various specifi c aircraft type capture methods defi ned in "Aircraft Towing Procedures / Capture of Aircraft" Sections 1.03 b to p preceding, with the "General Capture Procedures" in Section 1.03a applying to all. Where different methods can be used and an additional method is shown, the addi-tional method applies optionally or as dictated by the aircraft's variable confi guration. Any "adapter" requirements are inherent and described in the applicable Capture sections.

SPECIAL ATTENTION= Precautions and strut strap installation procedure variances, applicable to that aircraft model.

NOTE 2: PINTLE HOOK TOWBAR METHOD. Aircraft not shown in the table may not be capable of being captured on the cradle. Approach with caution and, if unable to cap-ture the aircraft safely, tow using the pintle hook adapter and a conventional towbar. Bear in mind that without the aircraft noseweight on the cradle, the empty Lektro towbarless is a relatively light vehicle. A corresponding reduction in Draw Bar Pull, Traction Limit and Braking Effect results compared to the normal situation whereby the Lektro tug, with aircraft noseweight on the cradle and over the drive wheels, provides DBP and traction limit protection and braking effect proportional to the aircraft's weight and requirements. In the case of towing aircraft with the pintle hook and towbar, the tug model's aircraft weight capability is dictated by the limits prescribed for zero (0) cradle (bucket) load for the prevailing pavement traction condition.

31 Jan. 2011

Table Key (cont.)

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes




.04 Transport of Aircraft:

- During towing or push out, keep the aircraft’s wheel and lower strut within the aircraft’s prescribed or indicated turn limits for the existing steering system confi guration at the time of the tow. (See note 1).

- If visibility restrictions dictate, assign and position wing walking and signalling person-nel as required for the safe movement of the aircraft.

- As early as possible during a towing operation, get a "feel" for the tug’s ability to handle the particular aircraft being towed by observing the aircraft’s reaction when the tug’s brakes are lightly tested.

- If the aircraft is parked in a congested area, slowly maneuver the aircraft clear of the congestion. Stop to perform visual inspections and reverse the direction as required to avoid contact with other objects.

- When the aircraft is clear of the congested area, tow to the intended new parking loca-tion.

- Periodically during the towing operation, check the aircraft nose wheel to ensure it re-mains positioned on the cradle, clear of the tug’s structure. (See cautions).

- If the aircraft is to be positioned in a congested area, slowly maneuver the aircraft into the intended parking position. If visibility restrictions dictate, again assign signalling personnel as required for the safe positioning of the aircraft. Stop to perform visual inspections and reverse the direction as required to avoid contact with other objects.

NOTE 1: Lektro does not recommend operating beyond the aircraft’s turn limits and is not responsible for damage resulting from operating beyond these limits.

NOTE 2: For better control and smooth acceleration when starting a tow movement, apply pressure to the brake pedal to hold the tug while simultaneously applying light pressure on the accelerator pedal to supply power to the drive motor. Then gradually release the brake pedal to accelerate smoothly. Do not apply pressure to both pedals for an extended period and do not apply disproportionate pressure to the accelerator as drive motor damage could result.

(Cont.)

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



1 Aircraft Towing Procedures (cont.).04 Transport of Aircraft (cont.):

CAUTION 1: IF THE AIRCRAFT DOES NOT START IN MOTION AND RESIS-TANCE CONTINUES WHEN THE ACCELERATOR IS AT OR NEAR ITS MAXIMUM SETTING, RETURN THE ACCELERATOR TO ITS NEUTRAL POSITION IMMEDI-ATELY. CHECK TO ENSURE THE WHEEL CHOCKS HAVE BEEN REMOVED, THE AIRCRAFT BRAKES HAVE BEEN RELEASED AND THAT THERE ARE NO OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS PREVENTING THE AIRCRAFT FROM MOVING. IF ALL THESE ITEMS HAVE BEEN CHECKED, VERIFY THAT THE AIRCRAFT WEIGHT IS WITHIN THE TUG’S RATED CAPACITY OR SEEK ASSISTANCE FROM LEKTRO.

CAUTION 2: IF THE AIRCRAFT WHEEL POSITIONED ON THE CRADLE TWISTS OR MOVES DURING TRANSPORT SO THAT CLEARANCE IS COMPROMISED AND THE AIRCRAFT MAY BE DAMAGED, STOP THE TOWING OPERATION AND RELEASE THE AIRCRAFT USING THE PROCEDURES DESCRIBED IS SUBSEC-TION 1.05. THEN REPOSITION THE TUG IN LINE WITH THE DIRECTION THE WHEEL IS NOW POSITIONED AND RECAPTURE THE AIRCRAFT USING THE PROCEDURES DESCRIBED IN SECTION 1.03.

.05 Release and Withdraw from Aircraft: a. Standard release procedures:

- Chock the main landing gear forward and aft of the wheels and/or set the aircraft brakes (as required)

- Remove the Front Gate from cradle (if applicable)- Using the fender winch control switch, unwind suffi cient strap to disconnect the strut

strap/pawl adapter/interface tool.- Carefully remove the strut strap/pawl adapter/interface tool from the nose landing gear- Stow strut strap/pawl adapter/interface tool in side pocket of LEKTRO- Lower the Cradle to a position just above the ground with the fender cradle control switch- Slowly back the tug away from the aircraft nose wheel until the cradle is clear of the

nose landing gear tire(s).- Chock nose wheel as required- Stow winch strap and hook on the forward deck or in the cradle of the LEKTRO tug to

prevent it from contacting the ground while the vehicle is in motion.b. Live Flight Release Procedures (Airline pushback)

- Instruct the Flight Crew to set parking brake- Using the fender winch control switch, unwind suffi cient strap to disconnect the strut

strap/Pawl adapter/interface tool from the aircraft Nose Landing Gear.- Carefully remove the strut strap/pawl adapter/interface tool from the Nose Landing Gear- Remove strut strap/pawl adapter/interface tool from the winch hook and keep in hand- Lower the cradle to a position just above the ground with the fender cradle control switch- Slowly back the tug away from the aircraft nose wheel until the cradle is clear of the

nose landing gear tire(s).- Remove the bypass pin from the Nose Landing Gear (if applicable)- Show the Flight Crew the strut strap/pawl adapter/interface tool prior to dispatching the

fl ight. CAUTION: DO NOT CONTACT THE OLEO SURFACE WITH ANY METAL

STRAPFITTINGS.

01 Mar. 2017

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



2 Special Aircraft Towing Procedures

.01 Winter Operations:

a. Slippery Conditions:

- Ensure chains, studded tires or other traction devices are installed when snow or ice surface conditions warrant.

- Apply regulation grit to initial tow or push back tug path. - Accelerate gradually and reduce tug speed as conditions warrant. - If live engine push backs are conducted (applicable to aircraft with wing and tail mounted

engines only), delay engine start until after push back and release.- Make more gradual and larger - radius turns than usual, to keep aircraft momentum

steady.- Prepare for turns by reducing speed before entering a turn. Do not decelerate abruptly

in a turn.- If a turn is initiated at too high a speed on a slippery surface and the momentum of the

aircraft causes the tug drive wheels to slide sideways in the direction of the movement, immediately release the tug brakes or accelerator pedal (whichever function was being conducted when the drive wheels began to slide) and steer into the slide until the slide stops. Then correct the steering to continue the original path and accelerate slowly.

b. Battery Endurance: - In extreme cold conditions of - 13° F (- 25° C) or colder, if leaving the tug for an extended

period, park it in a protected and heated location and charge the battery whenever one (1) hour or more time is available to keep the specifi c gravity and thus the acid level high in order to prevent freezing.

31 Jan. 2011

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



3 GPU Procedures

.01 General:

31 Jan. 2011

UNIVERSAL AIRCRAFT ADAPTER

"PIPER" AIRCRAFT ADAPTER

"AN" AIRCRAFT ADAPTER

DC CONNECTOR

GPU EXTENSION CABLE

DC CONNECTOR 12 V DC OUTLET24 V DC OUTLET

28 V DC OUTLET

GPU BATTERYPOWER GAUGE

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



The AP8800SDA/AP8850SDA tug has an optional GPU capability offering 12/24/28 volt, 1175 cold cranking ampere power supply.- A minimum of 25% charge must be available from the tug’s battery before starting an

aircraft to protect from deep discharge damage. Cold temperatures may increase the aircraft's demand.

- Verify that this is available by ensuring that the reading is at 25% or above on the GPU battery power gauge.

3 GPU Procedures (cont.)

.01 General (cont.):

.02 Positioning Equipment and Personnel:

The tug must be positioned so that neither it nor attending personnel will risk exposure to the engine intake or potential propeller arc and roll ahead path during any part of the aircraft handling.

- Chock the aircraft. Fore and aft of the main gear on aircraft having propellers mounted on the nose of the aircraft. Fore and aft of the nose gear on aircraft with wing mounted engines.

- On aircraft having propeller engines mounted on the nose of the aircraft, position the tug behind the propeller danger zone and ensure servicing personnel work only behind the tug.

- On aircraft which are not equipped with nose mounted propellers, position the tug di-rectly in front of the nose of the aircraft at 900 degrees to the aircraft centerline. In case of an aircraft brake failure or premature release of the aircraft brakes after starting the engine(s), the tug will then serve as a fi rst contact point with the nose of the aircraft instead of a spinning propeller.

- During the engine start sequence, keep clear of the aircraft’s engine operating and po-tential movement area.

- After the engine(s) have been started, approach only after signalled by the pilot that it is safe to disconnect the power cable.

- After the tug has been moved clear of the aircraft’s taxi path, remove the chocks and marshal the aircraft clear of the area.

31 Jan. 2011

CAUTION: FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT POWER TO AN AIRCRAFT AS PRESCRIBED BY THE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER MAY RESULT IN DAMAGE TO THE AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS.

WARNING: UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THE TUG BE POSITIONED DIRECTLY IN THE TAXI PATH, FORWARD OF A SPINNING PROPELLER.

Prope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes



To Connect the power cable:- Determine the aircraft voltage requirements.- Select the correct aircraft GPU adapter. (Three (3) options are available - see preceding

diagram).- Plug the aircraft GPU adapter into the 15 ft. (4.5 m) GPU extension cable.- Attach the aircraft GPU adapter to the aircraft GPU outlet connector.- Raise the tug's GPU panel cover.- Select the correct tug voltage connection.- Connect the 15 ft. (4.5 m) GPU extension cable to the selected tug GPU outlet.

To disconnect the power cable:- Disconnect the 15 ft. (4.5 m) GPU extension cable from the tug.- Lower the tug's deck cover.- Disconnect the aircraft GPU adapter from the aircraft.- Stow the extension cable and adapter in the tug's side storage pockets.

3 GPU Procedures (cont.)

.03 Connecting and Disconnecting the Power Cable:

31 Jan. 2011

WARNING: CONNECT THE GPU CABLE AND ADAPTER TO AIRCRAFT BEFORE CONNECTING THE CABLE TO THE TUG'S GPU OUTLET. ONCE CONNECTED TO THE TUG'S GPU OUTLET, POWER IS INSTANTLY ON. HAVING "LIVE"/"ON" POW-ER WHEN CONNECTING TO THE AIRCRAFT COULD DAMAGE THE AIRCRAFT'S ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.

END OF CHAPTERPrope

rty o

f Am

erica

n Airli

nes

Documents

Chapter 2 Aircraft Towing Pushback1 - Amazon S3 · 2019-03-28 · AIRCRAFT TOWING & PUSHBACK - AP89 SERIES - Chapter 2-A PAGE 2-A - 3 LEKTRO 1 Aircraft Towing Procedures.01 General: