Chapter 2:Studies of Human

Learning and Memory

From Mechanisms of Memory, second editionBy J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.

Medium Spiny Neuron

Figure 1

A Current Conception of the major memory systems in the brain

Figure 2

Major Brain Regions and Temporal Lobe System

Visual

Somatosensory

Olfactory

Auditory

Perirhinal Cortex

Entorhinal Cortex

Dentate Gyrus

CA3

CA1

Sensory RegionsOf Cortex

Perirhinal/ Entorhinal

Cortex

HippocampalFormation

Hippocampal Connectivity in the CNS

Figure 3

Figure 4

Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron

Subiculum/Entorhinal Cortex

Figure 5

EntorhinalCortex

Dentate Gyrus

CA3

CA1

PerforantPathway

MossyFibers

Lateral Septum

Amygdala,Cortex

SchafferCollaterals

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

Serotonin

GABAergic Interneuron

CA1 Axon

Schaffer Collaterals

CA3

CA1

Entorhinal Cortex

CA1 Outputs

A B

C

Hippocampal Output Pathway & Intrinsic Circuit

Figure 6

H.M. Control

MRI scan of H.M. and control brain

Surgeon’s Estimate of H.M.’s lesions

Revised Estimatebased on MRI

Figure 7

MRI of HM’s Brain lesions

Figure 8

E F

Virtual Reality Town used in episodic memory studies

Figure 9

A

B

London Taxi driver study

Figure 10

Excellence in motor learning and memory

Figure 11

Summary Scheme of interaction between motor centers

Figure 12

Basal Ganglia in the Human Brain

Figure 13

Cortex

Striatum

Caudate/Putamen/

Accumbens

Substantia Nigra

Globus

Pallidus

Subthalamic

Nucleus

Thalamus

Ventral Anterior & Ventral Lateral

Nuclei

Motor Pre-MotorPre-Frontal (Sensory)

The Striatal Motor Learning System

Figure 14

Rajan Srinavasen Mahadevan

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Figure 15

1000 Decimal places of pi

Figure 16

Kim Peek

Blue Box 1

Neuroimaging of the retrieval of the Spatial Context of an Event

Movies Using Amnesia as a Plot Device

Movie Director (plus Notable Actors) YearAnterograde Amnesia:Memento Christopher Nolan (Guy Pearce) 2001

Finding Nemo Andrew Stanton (Animated - Ellen DeGeneris as Dory) 2003

50 First Dates Peter Segal (Adam Sandler) 2004

Retrograde Amnesia:The Bourne Identity Doug Liman (Matt Damon) 2002

Total Recall Paul Verhoeven (Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sharon Stone) 1990

Spellbound Alfred Hitchcock (Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck) 1945

Eternal Sunshine Michel Gondry (Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet) 2004of the Spotless Mind

The Forgotten Joseph Ruben (Julianne Moore) 2004

Men in Black Barry Sonnenfeld (Tommy Lee Jones, Will Smith) 1997

Not Sure:Mulholland Drive David Lynch (Michael J. Anderson, Diane Baker) 2001

Table 1

Multiple Memory Systems in the Human CNS Memory Subtype Corresponding CNS SubregionWorking Memory Prefrontal Cortex, contributions from Caudate Nucleus

Declarative, Episodic, and Spatial Medial Temporal Lobe system including the Memory Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, Ento-rhinal and Peri-

rhinal cortices

Habits, Motor Skills, Procedural Striatum (Caudate Nucleus and Putamen), Globus Memory Pallidus*, and Cerebellum

Priming Occipital Cortex, Neocortex in general

Aversive Associative Conditioning Amygdala

Motoric Associative Conditioning Cerebellum

Olfactory and Taste Conditioning Olfactory Bulb, Insular Cortex, Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS), positive and negative reinforcement systems (Amygdala or Nucleus Accumbens)

Sensitization, Habituation Spinal Cord, Brainstem Nuclei, Amygdala

Circadian Rhythm Hypothalamus – Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Reward, Positive Reinforcement, Nucleus Accumbens, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)Addiction

*Collectively the Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus are referred to as the Basal Ganglia.

Table 2

Memory-associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Humans

Disease or Syndrome Type of Memory Affected Likely Anatomical Locus or Involved*

Schizophrenia Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex

Major Depression Declarative Memory ?

Aging-related Dementias Long-term Declarative and Temporal Lobe HippocampalEpisodic Memory System

Korsakoff’s Syndrome Long-term Declarative and Mamillary Bodies, Limbic(Alcoholism, Malnutrition) Episodic Memory System, Thalamus

Huntington’s Disease and Motor Learning, Habit Learning Nigro-striatal SystemParkinson’s Disease

Attention Deficit Generalized or Specific Learning Frontal Lobes?

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Disabilities, Dyslexia Basal Ganglia?

Post-traumatic Aversive Associative Conditioning, Amygdala, HippocampusStress Disorder* (PTSD) Lack of Extinction

Table 3

Major Neurotransmitters in the Hippocampus

Neurotransmitter Abbreviation, Synonym General role

Serotonin 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine neuromodulation

Dopamine DA neuromodulation

Acetylcholine ACh neuromodulation

Norepinephrine NE neuromodulation

Gamma-amino GABA inhibitory transmissionButyric Acid

Glutamate Glu excitatory transmission

Table 4