CHAPTER 21SECTION 1

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

Key Terms

Absolute MonarchDivine rightPhilip II

The King Becomes and Emperor

1516 Teenaged Charles became king

Member of the Hapsburg family

Absolute monarch-a ruler whose power was not limited to consulting with other

Divine right- received their power from God and cannot be challenged

Charles the V and the Empire

1500-1700’s they imposed their will on Europe

King of Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, colonies in the Americas

Borrowed money to get votes to be the Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V and the Empire

Now controls Italy, Austria and parts of Germany

Charles face many enemies

Charles faced religious fighting

Closely connected to the Catholic Church

Charles the V and the Empire

1521 Charles confronted Martin Luther

Declared him and outlaw

Peace of Augsburg- 1555 gave German prince the right to choose Catholic or Protestant

Charles V and the Empire

Charles had more success in the Americas

Spanish explorers claimed much the Americas for Spain

Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs

Francisco Coronado explored and found gold

20 years later gold was flowing from the Americas

Dividing the Empire

Charles V gave up his throne in 1556

Divided his empire between his brother and his son

Philip II ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain’s colonies in the Americas

Charles V spent the rest of his life in a monastery

Spain under Philip II

Reached its peak of grandeur

Empire provided with incredible wealth

By 1600 339,000 pounds of gold and 16,000 tons of silver bullion from America

King claimed between a fourth or a fifth of each shipment

1580 Philip seized the Portuguese kingdom

Religion and Revolt

Philip II devout Catholic

Leader of the Counter-Reformation

Philip’s duty to defend Catholicism against the Muslims

Pope called on Catholic princes to take arms against the Ottoman Empire

Artistic Achievements

Greek Domenico Theotocopoulos known as El Greco Famous for elongated

human figures Religious work

reflected the Reformation

Diego Velazquez-portrayed people of all social classes with great dignity

Literature

Miquel de Cervantes- wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha Man caught between

medieval and modern world

Mocking chivalry Juana Ines de la

Cruz-Wrote poetry, thought women should be educated (criticized by the Church)

The Spanish Empire Weakens

Severe inflation with decline in value of money

Spain’s population was growing

More people demanded food and good

Merchants were able to set prices

Silver flooded the marketNeeded more silver to

buy things

An Empire in Decline

England remained Protestant

Spain had internal problems

Spanish bought goods from France, England and Netherlands

Philip spent wealth on constant warfare

Borrowed money from German and Italian bankers

Went Bankrupt 3 times

An Empire in Decline

Spain expelled the Muslims and the Jews

Lost valuable artisans and business men

Spain’s nobles did not pay taxes

Spain’s industries relied on their agriculture

Economy lagged behind other countries

Spain declined as a major power

Religion and Revolt

Faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism

Spreading through the low countries

Dutch refused allegiance to Philip II

Sent Duke of AlvaCourt of Alva tortured

and executed thousands of people

Spain and England

Spain and England were rivals

English sent aid to Dutch rebels

Infuriated PhilipEngland’s Queen

Elizabeth was allowing attacks on Spanish ships

Stole the gold and silver for England

Religion and Revolt

1609 seven provinces broke away formed the Netherlands

Became the United Provinces

Ten southern provinces remained Catholic and in Spanish control (Modern day Belgium)

Independent Dutch Prosper

Dutch Art 1600’s became the Florence of 1400’s

Had the best banks and the best artists

Rembrandt van Rijn-greatest Dutch artist of the period

Painted wealthy middle class merchants

Group portraits Night Watch

Rembrandt

The Independent Dutch Prosper

Jan Vermeer used effects of light and dark

Painted women doing familiar activities

Both artists work reveal how important merchants, civic leaders were in 17 century Netherlands

Dutch Trading Empire

Stable government allowed Dutch to concentrate on economic growth

Dutch had the largest fleet in the world

4,800 ships in 1636Dutch East India

Company dominates Asian spice trade

Dutch replace Italians as bankers in Europe

Spain and England

King Philip II wanted to stop England’s raids and return it to Catholicism

Spanish Armada- 130 ships and 20,000 soldiers

Fleet was called invincible, unbeatable

Sailed into English Channel 1588

Spain and England

Spanish packed ships for a land invasion

Planned to join forces with Spanish forces in the Netherlands

Naval battles damaged the fleet

English set 8 ships on fire and aimed them at the Armada

Spain retreated and lost several ships in a storm

The Theory of Absolutism

Absolute monarchs- kings and queens hold all the power

Goal to control every aspect of society

Divine right- the idea that God created the monarchy

Each monarch was God's representative

Growing Power of Europe’s Monarchs

Monarchs grew after the Middle Ages

Growing middle class backed monarchs

Monarchs promised peace and supported business

Used wealth of colonies

Church authority broke down (Reformation)

Crisis lead to Absolutism

17 century territorial conflicts led to constant warfare

Governments built huge armies

Peasant revoltedMonarchs imposed

orderCreate government

bureaucracies to control economy