Chapter 22: Global Involvements & World War I

Important Figures

Jane Addams--Born Sept. 6, 1860 in Cedarville, Illinois --Graduated from Rockford Female Seminary top of her class then entered Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania --She and Ellen Starr model Hull House after Toynbee Hall --Helped organize campaigns for child labor reforms, implemented nation’s 1st juvenile court system, and supported sanitation codes and public parks/playgrounds --As a pacifist and leader of the Woman’s Peace Party, she wrote about the need to abandon war in Newer Ideals of Peace --She served on Herbert Hoover’s war relief staff and received a Nobel Peace Prize

John Hay--Born Oct. 8, 1838 in Salem, Indiana; Graduated from Brown University --Became editor for New York Tribune and wrote Abraham Lincoln: A History --Secretary of State to McKinley, he issued the Open Door Policy --While under Roosevelt’s command, Hay handled an Alaskan boundary dispute with Canada, the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Great Britain, and treaties with Colombia and Panama --Hay strictly supported US neutrality in regards to the Boer Rebellion in South Africa

Smedley D. Butler--Born July 30, 1881 in West Chester, Pennsylvania --Around the age of 16, Butler joined the marines by lying about his age --He rescued several wounded marines during the Boxer attack on Tientsin and during the Peking Relief Expedition of August in 1900--He won a Medal of Honor as he lead his troops to take Vera Cruz --He took a two year leave of absence from the military to become the director of public safety for Philadelphia; He enforced prohibition and decreased corruption--He ended up regretting his service and criticizing American foreign policy

Francisco Madero--Born Oct. 30, 1873 into a wealthy family in Parras, Coahuila --Obtained his education at Berkeley and Mount Saint Mary’s College in Emmetsburg--In his book, The Presidential Succession in 1910, he argued that the people should elect the vice president to Porfirio Díaz --Madero issued Plan of San Luis Potosi demanding the resignation of Díaz --Won presidential election in Mexico but ineffective leadership; landowners upset liberals assaulting estates; killed by guards

Pancho Villa--Born as Doreteo Arango on June 5, 1878--Working as a ranch hand, he fled after wounding his landowner after the landowner attempted to rape his sister --Villa lived as an outlaw in Chihuahua--Served under Victoriano Huerta; conflict erupted, Huerta ordered his death and Villa fled to US --Upon return to Mexico, he financed a regular army by selling cattle confiscated from haciendas --Villa attacked Columbus, NM, John J. Pershing pursues --Villa ended his armed struggle in exchange for a 25,000 acre hacienda granted by the new Mexican president, Obregón

Newton Baker--Born Dec. 30, 1871 in Martinsburg, West Virginia --Graduated from John Hopkins University and Washington and Lee Law School--Practiced law in Ohio before becoming mayor of Cleveland --Delivered all l9 of Ohio’s delegate votes to support Wilson--Under his leadership, army grew from 95,000 to 4 million men --Appointed to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague --Broke with Franklin Roosevelt’s administration over TN Valley Authority

Robert M. Yerkes--Born May 26, 1876 in Breadysville, Pennsylvania--Abandoned plans to become doctor and enrolled at Harvard --Measured animal behavioral intelligence with mazes --Founded the Journal of Animal Behavior --Published The Mental Life of Monkeys and Apes in 1916--Developed Army Alpha and Army Beta psychological tests for WWI in 1917 --Established Yale Laboratories for Primate Biology --Studied fundamental instincts and social relations of primates to see overlap with humans

Bernard Baruch--Born Aug. 19, 1870 in Camden, South Carolina--Graduated from the College of the City of New York and became a Wall Street bond salesperson --Invested in stocks—millionaire by age of 30 --chair of War Industries Board--Supported League of Nations --Appointed by Roosevelt to be the special advisor to the Office of War Mobilization --Truman appointed Baruch as US representative the United Nations Atomic Energy Convention

Manfred Von Richthofen--Born May 2, 1892 into an aristocratic Prussian family --He originally flunked his first flying test--Shot down 16 Allied planes by Jan 1917; upgraded to fly a Fokker triplane --Due to red paint on plane, became known as the Red Baron --Debate over who shot down his plane on April 21, 1918 ; some credit British captain Roy Brown--He was succeeded by Captain Hermann Goering

Ferdinand Foch--Born Oct. 2, 1851 in Tarbes, France --Served French army during Franco-Prussian War --Stressed the importance of the offensive in Principles of War --At the battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg, disobeyed orders to withdraw, instead led counterattack; Joseph Joffre promotes --Played key role in Battle of the Marne and Battle of Verdun --Received authority to coordinate actions of Allied armies on the Western Front --Had disagreements with AEF and Pershing --Disliked Versailles Treaty for trading away French security

John J. Pershing--Born Sept. 13, 1860 in Laclede, Missouri --Joined the 6th cavalry regiment in New Mexico and participated in silencing the Sioux at Wounded Knee --Became professor of military science at the University of Nebraska --Roosevelt directly nominated him for brigadier general--Pershing utilized machine guns, aircraft, and radio during his failed attempt at pursuing Pancho Villa --Wilson promoted him to lead AEF --He led campaign to close German salient around St. Mihiel--Received Pulitzer Prize for My Experiences in the World War

George Creel--Born Dec. 1, 1876 in Lafayette County, Missouri --Cofounded Kansas City Independent newspaper, worked for the Denver Post, then founded Rocky Mountain News --Supported Wilson’s re-election; in turn, became head of Committee on Public Information --Began massive propaganda campaign; later blamed for initiating the red scare --Settled in San Francisco in 1920 but failed to become governor on Democratic ticket --During World War II, he became convinced that the government was so large that it posed more of a threat than special business interests

Harriot Stanton Blatch--Born Jan. 20, 1856 in Seneca Falls, NY --Worked with her mother and Susan B. Anthony to finish History of Women Suffrage --Formed the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women which became the Women’s Political Union in 1910 --Served as head of the Food Administration Speakers Bureau and as the director of the Woman’s Land Army --Wrote Mobilizing Women Power, encouraging women to become involved in the war effort --In 1920, she wrote A Woman’s Point of View detailing horrible causes and effects of war--Published her autobiography in 1940 (Challenging Years)

Tom Watson--Born Sept. 5, 1856 in Columbia County, Georgia --A criminal lawyer, he gained fame for denouncing northern industrialist special interests --He was convinced the south needed an alliance with the agrarian west; He supported the Farmers’ Alliance and switched from a Democrat to a Populist --Nominated as the Populist vice president; humiliating loss --Ran for president under Populist party in 1904 --He hated Catholics, Jews, and socialists; he supported the KKK--He opposed World War I, the draft, and the League of Nations

Vittorio Orlando--Born May 19, 1860 in Palermo, Sicily --Organized the Unione Sacra, a national united front government dedicated to full-scale mobilization for war--One of the “Big Four” at the peace conference, yet he could not speak English --Clashed with Wilson’s idea of self-determination; Treaty of London of 1915 promised Italy Dalmatia on the Adriatic coast --When Wilson addressed a manifesto to Italy denouncing its claim for Fiume, Orlando left and only returned in time for signing treaty

Georges Clemenceau--Born Sept. 28, 1841 Unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a compromise between the Communards and the Thiers during the Paris Commune--Leading supporter of Captain Dreyfus --Nicknamed the Tiger for his combative nature --He rejected Wilson’s arbitration efforts --He was an anti-imperialist --He intensified domestic propaganda in France --He tried to pressure Foch to fire Pershing --He agreed to idea of League of Nations and to abandon plans for an independent Rhenish state

David Lloyd George--Born Jan. 17, 1863 in Manchester --He grew up in Wales and entered the House of Commons as a member of the Liberal Party --He was appointed as Chancellor of the Exchequer until 1915--In 1909, he submitted the People’s Budget, a plan to balance the budget and pay for extensive naval construction--Initially opposed to joining the war, Germany’s invasion of Belgium forced his hand --Preferred a defensive stance regarding the Western Front --Stood with Wilson on most points at the peace conference

Warren G. Harding--Born Nov. 2, 1865 in Blooming Grove, Ohio --Lost an 1892 race for county auditor --Elected to the Senate in 1898; known for always remembering names --He promised to keep America outside of League of Nations and to return the country to normalcy --Defeated democratic rival for president, James Cox, by about 7 million votes --His greatest foreign policy achievement was a naval disarmament conference --Calvin Coolidge succeeded him after Harding experienced a stroke