Chapter 22 PPT NotesChapter 22 PPT Notes“The Ordeal of “The Ordeal of Reconstruction”Reconstruction”

1865-18771865-1877

The Problems of PeaceThe Problems of Peace

No leader to start the ReconstructionNo leader to start the Reconstruction Life in the South was damaged Life in the South was damaged

1.1. Farms, and crops were destroyed Farms, and crops were destroyed 2.2. Slaves are now freeSlaves are now free3.3. Many cities were bombed outMany cities were bombed out

Slave owners $2 billion dollar investment Slave owners $2 billion dollar investment disappeared with disappeared with emancipationemancipation

The “Old South” had gone with the windThe “Old South” had gone with the wind

FreedmenFreedmen Define Freedom Define Freedom

Church becomes the focus of black community

With freedom came education, but severe discrimination would face those who pursued it

Freed blacks still enslaved by plantersFreed blacks still enslaved by planters1.1. Claimed that emancipation wasn’t legal until declared Claimed that emancipation wasn’t legal until declared

by local or state courtsby local or state courts

2.2. Slaves Slaves retaliatedretaliated by by pillagingpillaging master’s things master’s things

The Freedman’s BureauThe Freedman’s Bureau Established March 3, 1865Established March 3, 1865 Headed by Union General Oliver O. HowardHeaded by Union General Oliver O. Howard The first type of welfare program in the U.S.The first type of welfare program in the U.S. It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and

education to both freedmen and to white refugees.education to both freedmen and to white refugees. However, slaves would eventually be contracted However, slaves would eventually be contracted

again by slave ownersagain by slave owners Pres. Andrew Johnson, who shared Southern Pres. Andrew Johnson, who shared Southern

Supremacist feelings, ended it in 1872Supremacist feelings, ended it in 1872

Union General Oliver O. HowardUnion General Oliver O. Howard

The Freedman’s BureauThe Freedman’s Bureau

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Johnson: “The Johnson: “The TailorTailor President” President”

Came from poverty and humble beginningsCame from poverty and humble beginnings Moved to Tennessee, elected to CongressMoved to Tennessee, elected to Congress Gained great attention when he didn’t secede Gained great attention when he didn’t secede

along with his state of Tennesseealong with his state of Tennessee Became Vice-Pres. because Congress sought a Became Vice-Pres. because Congress sought a

Southern Democrat they could compromise Southern Democrat they could compromise withwith

Did not fit well with seat of presidencyDid not fit well with seat of presidency

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

Established two types of Republicans; Established two types of Republicans; Moderates (agree w/ Lincoln) and Radicals Moderates (agree w/ Lincoln) and Radicals (those who believe the South should be (those who believe the South should be punished punished

When Johnson came to power, Radicals When Johnson came to power, Radicals thought they would control him, but he agreed thought they would control him, but he agreed with Lincoln and even came up with his own with Lincoln and even came up with his own plan for reconstruction using Lincoln’s ideasplan for reconstruction using Lincoln’s ideas

The Baleful Black CodesThe Baleful Black Codes

Started in 1865Started in 1865 Established to keep Established to keep

blacks in submissionblacks in submission Blacks who attacked

labor contractors would face penalties and fines

Blacks could be punished for idleness; would be subjected to work in a chain gang

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

December, 1865- December, 1865- reintegrationreintegration occurred, many occurred, many Confederates and Democrats of the South Confederates and Democrats of the South showed up to the dismay of many Republicansshowed up to the dismay of many Republicans

Republicans didn’t want to lose the Republicans didn’t want to lose the legislations they passedlegislations they passed

South is stronger politically because blacks South is stronger politically because blacks now count for one person instead of 3/5now count for one person instead of 3/5

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

Feared that the North and South Democrats Feared that the North and South Democrats would join and institute their Black Codes would join and institute their Black Codes throughout the nationthroughout the nation

December 6, 1865- Johnson claims the South December 6, 1865- Johnson claims the South has satisfied all conditions and pronounces the has satisfied all conditions and pronounces the Union restoredUnion restored

Johnson Clashes with CongressJohnson Clashes with Congress

Johnson repeatedly vetoed Republican-passed bills, like a bill to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Bill

As Republicans gain control of Congress, they began to override his vetoes by a 2/3 majority

Blacks still not given the right to vote, but Radical Republicans agreed that all states had to ratify the amendment to remain in the Union.

Republican Principles and ProgramsRepublican Principles and Programs

Radicals want to keep the South out of the Radicals want to keep the South out of the Union as long as possible and change its Union as long as possible and change its economyeconomy

Moderates wanted quicker reconstructionModerates wanted quicker reconstruction Compromise would become between the twoCompromise would become between the two

Reconstruction by SwordReconstruction by Sword

The Reconstruction Act, March 2, 1867, divided the The Reconstruction Act, March 2, 1867, divided the South into five military zonesSouth into five military zones

Laid down guidelines for the readmission of statesLaid down guidelines for the readmission of states The 15The 15thth Amendment gave the blacks the right to vote Amendment gave the blacks the right to vote

in 1869in 1869 Ex Parte Milligan- a case in which the Supreme Court Ex Parte Milligan- a case in which the Supreme Court

ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians if ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians if there were no civil courtsthere were no civil courts

Charles Sumner & Thaddeus StevensCharles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens Senate HouseSenate House

5 Military Districts5 Military Districts

The Civil WarThe Civil War AmendmentsAmendments

1313thth Amendment- Slavery, or work done Amendment- Slavery, or work done involuntarily, except when punished, is involuntarily, except when punished, is prohibited in the U.S. or any part controlled by prohibited in the U.S. or any part controlled by itit

1414thth Amendment- All people born in the U.S. Amendment- All people born in the U.S. are citizens at the place of their birthare citizens at the place of their birth

1515thth Amendment- A citizen’s right to vote will Amendment- A citizen’s right to vote will not be denied or taken away due to race, color, not be denied or taken away due to race, color, or previous slave statusor previous slave status

No Women VotersNo Women Voters

1313thth, 14, 14thth, and 15, and 15thth Amendments did not give Amendments did not give women women suffragesuffrage

Women advocates like Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women advocates like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony campaigned against the and Susan B. Anthony campaigned against the 1414thth and 15 and 15thth Amendments Amendments

Women didn’t get what they wantedWomen didn’t get what they wanted

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. AnthonyB. Anthony

The Realities of Radical The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the SouthReconstruction in the South

Blacks began to organize politically- created Blacks began to organize politically- created the Union Leaguethe Union League

Black men began serving in CongressBlack men began serving in Congress Southerners hated seeing their former slaves Southerners hated seeing their former slaves

hold higher positions than theyhold higher positions than they Showed malice towards “Showed malice towards “scalawagsscalawags” and ” and

““carpetbaggerscarpetbaggers”” There was contempt for both groups in the There was contempt for both groups in the

SouthSouth

ScalawagsScalawags and and CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

Black ReconstructionBlack Reconstruction

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan

Started in Tennessee in 1866Started in Tennessee in 1866 Also known as the “Invisible Empire of the Also known as the “Invisible Empire of the

South”South” Dedicated to scaring blacks into not voting or Dedicated to scaring blacks into not voting or

seeking employmentseeking employment

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan

Johnson Walks the Johnson Walks the Impeachment PlankImpeachment Plank

Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act in Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act in 18671867

Claims the President must be allowed by the Claims the President must be allowed by the Senate to remove his appointees if they have Senate to remove his appointees if they have been approved by the Senatebeen approved by the Senate

They did this to keep Edwin M. Stanton, who They did this to keep Edwin M. Stanton, who was a Republican spy, in officewas a Republican spy, in office

Johnson released Stanton of duty in 1868Johnson released Stanton of duty in 1868 Republicans impeached him after he let him goRepublicans impeached him after he let him go

Edwin M. StantonEdwin M. Stanton

A Non-Guilty Verdict for JohnsonA Non-Guilty Verdict for Johnson

Johnson advised not to testify by his lawyersJohnson advised not to testify by his lawyers They claimed the Tenure of Office was They claimed the Tenure of Office was

unconstitutional unconstitutional May 16, 1868, Johnson was acquitted of May 16, 1868, Johnson was acquitted of

charges by one vote (7 out of 6 votes)charges by one vote (7 out of 6 votes) Radicals were enraged by the acquittal, but Radicals were enraged by the acquittal, but

other politicians feared setting the other politicians feared setting the precedentprecedent of of removing the president of office by removing the president of office by impeachmentimpeachment

The Purchase of Alaska The Purchase of Alaska

Secretary William H. Seward bought Alaska Secretary William H. Seward bought Alaska from Russia in 1867from Russia in 1867

Bought it for $7.2 million Bought it for $7.2 million Most people laughed at him and called it Most people laughed at him and called it

“Seward’s Folly” “Seward’s Folly” Not until later when gold and oil were Not until later when gold and oil were

discovered was the purchase of Alaska discovered was the purchase of Alaska considered to be a bargainconsidered to be a bargain

The Purchase of AlaskaThe Purchase of Alaska

The Heritage of ReconstructionThe Heritage of Reconstruction

Many Southerners regarded reconstruction as Many Southerners regarded reconstruction as worse than the Civil War worse than the Civil War

It destroyed their system of societyIt destroyed their system of society The Republicans failed to improve the The Republicans failed to improve the

conditions of the South conditions of the South Conditions for blacks would remain difficult Conditions for blacks would remain difficult

for at least another century until the Civil for at least another century until the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s & 60’sRights Movement in the 1950’s & 60’s