The Cold WarCommunism vs Capitalism

USSR vs USUs vs Them

Chapter 22 Sec. 1

The Cold War Chapter 22 Sec. 1

Era of confrontation & competition between the Soviet & US from 1946 to 1990.

The roots of the Cold War can be found in the period just before the end of WWII.

TWO Differing Goals: 1. The United State’s Goals- Democracy, free

enterprise & economic growth would lead to peaceful future in post war world.

2. The Soviet Union’s Goals: keep Germany weak economically & militarily, communism was superior to capitalism= spread communism.

Map of Europe AFTER World War II

YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE

OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.

*The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)

FDR (BEFORE HE DIED), STALIN, & CHURCHILL PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CAUSING THE COLD WAR Soviets were setting up communist governments in Europe

as they moved through.1. Poland- two rival governments claimed the right to govern

Poland- one communist the other –non-communist. Agreement- FDR & Churchill agreed to recognize communist

government set up by the Soviets; Stalin agreed to allow free elections later (never happened)

2. Declaration of Liberated Europe- Big three agreed that people in Europe had the right to form governments & democracy.

3. Germany- the Big Three agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by : Britain, France, US, & Soviets.

Berlin also divided into 4 zones Stalin insisted that Germany pay heavy war reparations FDR got Stalin to accept German goods instead of cash

Division of Germany after World War II

POTSDAM CONFERENCE, JULY 1945

CHURCHILL, TRUMAN, AND STALIN

DECIDE HOW TO DEAL WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN

* The Potsdam Conference (July 1945)

FDR died; 1st meeting between President Truman, Stalin, Churchill

War was still raging against Japan at this point

Stalin wants to keep Germany weak; Truman distrustful of Stalin-won’t appease him.

Agreement- 1. Stalin agreed to accept small amount of

industrial equipment from US, British, & French zones instead of cash.

2. Soviets had to pay for part of it with food shipments from the Soviet zone to Western Germany.

3. Truman agreed to accept new German-Polish border

* Truman hinted that the US had developed a new powerful weapon (atomic bomb).

Behind the ‘Iron Curtain” Soviets established communist government

in Romania & did not allow non-communist to serve in government in Poland.

*“Satellite nations”- communist countries of Eastern Europe controlled by USSR.

1946- Winston Churchill gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri– “an iron curtain has fallen across Eastern Europe”.

*“Iron Curtain”- area separating free Europe from communist area of Eastern Europe & Soviet Union.

Churchill giving his “iron curtain”

speech in March of 1946 at Fulton

Missouri

Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK agreement within the framework of the U.N. to resist and deter any disturbances to world peace and that Stalin wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if

the allies stay strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat

"A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victories. . . . From Stettin in the

Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across

the continent.”

UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1945

The Long Telegram *George Kennan

› American Ambassador to USSR *Long Telegram: 5,540 word

explanation of what he believed were Soviet goals

Proposed long term *CONTAINMENT of Communism

*Containment – keeping Communism within its present territory

*Containment will be US policy during the Cold War for 40 years!!

Chapter 22 Sec. 2

IRAN WAS THE SITE OF THE FIRST

DISPUTE OF THE COLD WAR IN 1945-

46

Iran Crisis After WWII- US & USSR jointly occupied

Iran US withdrew– USSR refused to withdraw &

supported a communist government in North Iran (wanted access to oil).

Truman’s Actions:1. Sent strong message to Soviets to

withdraw2. Sent USS Missouri to eastern

MediterraneanResult- Soviet’s withdrew with promise of a

Iranian-Soviet oil company.

BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND

ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM

COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS

FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN GREECE

What plan said the US would be the only influence in the Western Hemisphere?

1. The Roosevelt Corollary

2. The Quadruple Alliance

3. The Monroe Doctrine

4. The Platt Amendment

The Truman Doctrine Truman’s policy on fighting

Soviet aggression around the world

Asked Congress for $400 million to fight communists in Turkey & Greece.

Truman pledged to help people fighting against communism with money & supplies.

“To aid free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”

The Marshall Plan 1947 George Marshall

– Secretary of State European recovery

plan American aid to

rebuild Europe after WWII- US sent billions of dollars to help western Europe recover.

Necessary to fight Communism

GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947

BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN

HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE MARSHALL PLAN

EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL

PLAN

The Berlin Crisis• 1948- US, Britain, France

announce that they will merge their 3 zones & allow Germany to set up a government.

• Make West Berlin part of new Germany

• June 1948- USSR cut all rail, road traffic to West Berlin

The Berlin Airlift

Truman ordered an airlift of supplies to West Berliners

11 months (2 million tons of supplies)

Also sent bombers with atomic weapons to Britain just in case

IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE

Alliances are Made

**NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Mutual defense alliance

*Warsaw Pact Soviet Union’s

response to West Germany joining NATO

An organized military alliance in Eastern Europe

EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST,

REMAINED INDEPENDENT

IN OCTOBER 1947 THE UN AUTHORIZED THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL

WITH BOTH THE US AND USSR VOTING IN FAVOR.

ON MAY 14TH 1948 ISRAEL DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE AND FIVE ARAB STATES

IMMEDIATELY INVADED WITH THE GOAL OF DESTROYING THE NEWLY CREATED JEWISH STATE. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ISRAEL

The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseini stated, “I declare a holy war, my Moslem brothers! Murder

the Jews! Murder them all!"

MUFTI AND HITLER

DURING THE WW II

EgyptSaudi Arabia

Iraq

Jordan

Syria

Turkey

LebanonIsrael

BECAUSE OF THE 1948 ARAB ISRAELI WAR SOME 500,000 ARABS FLED ISRAEL AND MANY REMAIN REFUGEES TODAY HOPING TO RETURN TO

THEIR FORMER HOMES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 800,000 JEWS WERE FORCED TO LEAVE ARAB COUNTRIES DURING THE 1940’S AND 50’S.

MOST OF THESE REFUGEES WERE ABSORBED INTO ISRAEL.

THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ARABS AND ISRAELIS IS

AN ONGOING THEME IN THE

FOREIGN RELATIONS OF

THE US DURING THE COLD WAR AND BEYOND.

Cold War in East Asia

Chinese Revolution› 1949

Communists› Mao Zedong

US sent aid to Nationalist government who were defeated & fled to Taiwan

Shocked America

1949 – Soviets test their first Atomic Bomb

Sino-Soviet Pact› 1950› China & USSR

Changed US policy towards Japan› Encouraged

more rapid recovery

President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb. This new type of nuclear weapon is at least 100 times more powerful than the

atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.

THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE

IN 1953.

The Korean War 1950-1953

38th parallel Communist in the

North Democracy in the

South June 25, 1950--North

Korea invaded South Korea

Test of Containment US got UN to send

multinational force led by US

North Koreans

pushed the South Korean

and U.N. armies all the way to Pusan in the south

Pusan Perimeter

GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR WAS PUT IN OVERALL COMMAND

OF UNITED NATIONS FORCES

Macarthur made a brilliant Invasion at Inchon which pushed

the North Koreans back over the border

China then invaded & pushed the UN army back to the 38th parallel

THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.

Korean War

Truman fired Gen. McArthur- MacArthur wanted to attack China (criticized president openly)

*Limited War› Truman remained committed to a limited

objective of containing communism **Important turning point in Cold War

› Created the need for the US to begin a massive military build up

End of the Korean War

1951- peace negotiations began Armistice signed July 1953 (President

Eisenhower)-hinted use of bomb against China

33,600 US soldiers diedChanges: Led to US military buildup

The Red Scare Fear that Communists were secretly working to

subvert the American government Sept. 1945- Soviet Igor Gouzenko defected to

Canada; carried documents that Soviet spies were trying to infiltrate US & Canada

Subversion› The effort to secretly weaken a society &

overthrow its government J. Edgar Hoover

› FBI DirectorLoyalty Review Program (1947-1951) US Government screened all federal employees

for Communist leanings. 6 million US federal employees screened 14,000 investigated by FBI 2,000 quit their jobs 212 were fired for “questionable" loyalty

Chapter 22 Section 3

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Formed in1938 to investigate Communists & Fascists in the US.

The Committee investigated communists & those who “sympathized” with them.

Richard Nixon - member of the committee (1948-1949)1. Hollywood on Trial- HUAC questioned people in the movie

industry about communist activities. “The Hollywood Ten”- used 5th Amendment to refuse to

testify. Blacklists- people who refused to cooperate were denied

jobs.

2. Alger Hiss (former member of FDR’s staff)- accused of being a communist by (Whittaker Chambers).

Hiss denied being a communist Pumpkin Papers- seemed to prove that Hiss had lied Hiss was found guilty of perjury

Subverts Whittaker Chambers

› Admitted he was a Communist & claimed there were other government officials

Alger Hiss› Government official named by

Chambers› Pumpkin Papers› Convicted of perjury

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg 1950- Government

charged them with spying

NY couple-members of Communist Party

Convicted & put to death (1953)

Divided the country

Project Venona

1946-1995 Cryptographers

cracked the Soviet spy code (1946)

Found many spies in the US

American public didn’t know until 1995

Proved Rosenberg's were guilty

Joseph McCarthy Claimed to have the

names of 205 Communists in the government (State Department)

Charged Secretary of State Dean Acheson & Army Chief of Staff George Marshall

*McCarthyism-tactic of damaging reputations using vague unfounded charges

McCarthyism

(1950)McCarran Internal Security Act› Made it illegal to

conspire or perform any act with a person contributing to a totalitarian government

› Required all Communist organizations & party members to register with the Attorney General

1954-Army-McCarthy Hearings› Televised hearings › McCarthy seen

bullying witnesses in the Army

› *Caused his support to fade

Senate voted censure of McCarthy

Living with the Bomb

Duck & Cover› Protection from the

blast Fallout shelters

› Built in backyards to protect from fallout

Fallout› Radiation left over

after a blast Cold War Nightmares

› Movies Enjoyed a time of

prosperity

Fallout Shelters

Dwight D. Eisenhower1953 – 1961

Pledged to end Korean War

Chapter 23Section 4

Election of 1952 Truman will not run again: Foreign Policy

not working, USSR had the bomb, China fallen to communism, US troops in Korea.

Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson Republicans nominated Dwight D.

Eisenhower

*Eisenhower promised to go to Korea to force an end to the war if elected.• Dec. 1953-

armistice signed

‘More Bang for the Buck’ Believed key to

winning Cold war was a strong economy

Conventional war cost too much – using atomic weapons gave the US ‘more bang for the buck’

*Massive Retaliation› The best way to prevent

a conventional war was to threaten with nuclear weapons

Brinkmanship

Critics of Eisenhower’s Massive Retaliation called his willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side down= “brinkmanship”

Secretary of State John Dulles- major player in US policy in 1950’s.

IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS

TOOK A MORE POSITIVE TURN.

NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION

AFTER STALIN’S DEATH. HE DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF

STALIN IN A FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO REFORM THE

USSR. ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” THERE

WERE SEVERAL SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED AT A UN SPEECH THAT “WE (USSR)

WILL BURY YOU (US)”

Nikita Khrushchev becomes leader of

USSR

**The Domino Theory

1947- President Truman started sending money to French forces in Vietnam trying to prevent their colony from take over by Communists.

Eisenhower continued this policy “Domino Theory”- Eisenhower’s belief

that if one Asian nation fell to communism others would fall as well.

Containment – 1950s Taiwan

› China attacks Taiwan› US warns of nuclear

weapons› China backs down› Containment works

Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

Egyptian troops seized Suez Canal—Britain & France sent troops

USSR supported Egypt British & French

withdraw

Central Intelligence Agency Created to use covert

operations to combat & contain Communism

Developing Nations were key› Iran – CIA started a riot &

returned the Shah of Iran to power

› Guatemala- CIA trained opponents of communist president ousted him. United Fruit Company

OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE RACE BEGAN WHEN RUSSIA LAUNCHED SPUTNIK, THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS WERE THE FIRST INTO

SPACE

Sputnik

*Sputnik--First artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in 1957› Alarmed Americans› Americans falling

behind in missile technology

B-52 Bomber – able to fly across continents

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)› Could deliver bombs

without aircraft

National Aeronautics & Space Administration› NASA› Coordinate research

in rocket science & space exploration

National Defense Education Act (NDEA)› Education in science,

math & foreign languages

In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were nuclear bomb carrying

missiles with ranges of over five thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear destruction.

FIRST US ATLAS ICBM

USSR WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH

AN ICBM

The U.S. did not get an object into orbit until January of 1958 after

several embarrassing failures. The space race was on.

OCTOBER 23, 1956 THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY ROSE UP AGAINST THEIR USSR COMMUNIST IMPOSED GOVERNMENT. FOR A SHORT TIME IT

APPEARED THAT THE REVOLT MIGHT SUCCEED BUT ON NOVEMBER 4TH SOVIET TANK ARMIES INVADED AND CRUSHED THE REVOLT. A SIMILAR

1952 REVOLT IN POLAND WAS ALSO DEFEATED BY RUSSIAN TANKS.

ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE Pro-US GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS

FLEE TO THE U.S.

FIDEL CASTRO

The Paris Summit (1960)

1959- Soviet leader Khrushchev visited the US

Eisenhower & Khrushchev agreed to meet again in Paris 1960.

The Soviets shot down an American spy plane before the summit began

At first, Eisenhower denied US involvement. Khrushchev broke up the summit

A US U-2 RECONNAISSANCE (SPY) PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE SOVIET UNION

U-2 Plane was piloted by Garry Powers

MAY 1960: THE U-2 INCIDENT

Military Industrial Complex Eisenhower’s

warning in his farewell speech

Do not let the build up of military industry affect democracy