Chapter 27 : Empire and Expansion

Part 1: Reasons for expansion, Britain and Venezuela, Annexation of Hawaii, and the Spanish American War

The US enters the world stage From the end of the Civil War to the 1880s,

the United States was very isolationist, This changed in 1890s due to:

rising exports , increased manufacturing The want of power, and wealth Missionaries

Josiah Strong Our Country: Its possible future and its present crisis

“Yellow Press” Hearst and Pulitzer

Social Darwinism , White Man’s Burden Alfred Thayer Mahan: The influence of sea power upon

history

US enters the world stage

Results of this call for expansionism Sec of state James G. Blaine pushed his

“Big Sister” policy, which sought better relations with Latin America

Trade Enforce Monroe Doctrine

Venezuela and British Guiana

The Problem with Venezuela

As we enter the world stage we start to get involved in problems between Venezuela and British Guiana.

The Problem with Venezuela

British Guiana and Venezuela had been disputing their border for many years, but when gold was discovered, the situation worsened.

Cleveland, sent a note written by Secretary of State Richard Olney to Britain Ignoring Monroe Doctrine British to US: There is no Monroe Doctrine

After US threats the British decided to allow 3rd party arbitration

Britain got most of what they wanted Resulted in Great Rapprochement and strengthened

relations between the US and Latin America

Hawaii

From the 1820s, when the first U.S. missionaries came, the United States had always liked the Hawaiian Islands. Americans began to regard Hawaii as an extension of its

coastline vast resources of sugar, coffee, and fruit

Treaties signed in 1887 guaranteed commercial trade and U.S. rights to priceless Pearl Harbor King Kalakaua and the Bayonet Constitution

Americans beginning to worry about the increased immigration of Japanese

McKinley Tariff 1890, Liliuokalani wanted to re-write the Hawaiian Constitution (1893) Americans felt that the best way to offset this tax, rewrite was

to annex Hawaii

Hawaii

The revolt was openly assisted by US Marines (Harrison was aware but didn’t officially sanction this)

They succeeded, Hawaii became a republic controlled mostly by American born business men (Sanford B. Dole)

Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, but Grover Cleveland became president, investigated the ousting of Liliuokalani, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he left office. Hawaii was officially annexed under McKinley (1898)

Hawaii

“They took the land/ They took aloha/ Overtook the Queen even though they didn’t know her/ Suppressed ‘ikaika and the kupuna/ Broke the ‘ohana/ But they couldn’t take the mana.” Song from a Hawaiian group released in the late

1990s Ikaika – power Kupuna – elderly/ ancestors Ohana – family Mana – basic needs for life

Spanish – Cuban Tensions

Cuba had long been a colony of Spain almost its entire economy based on sugar

production became dissatisfied with the ruling

Spanish regime Inefficient, corrupt, unwilling to grant event the

slightest bit of autonomy

Spanish – Cuban Tensions

Cuban Nationalists fought the Ten Years' War against the Spaniards from 1868-1878.

The rebellion finally petered out, though the dissatisfaction motivating the fighting did not disappear.

Spanish – Cuban Tensions

1895, the Spanish sent 200,000 troops to Cuba.

Cuban insurrectos responded by wrecking property (hoping to get American attention) sugar mills and sugar fields.

In 1896, the Spanish sent the infamous General Weyler re-concentration camps

harsh and unsanitary conditions, Cuban prisoners died rapidly

Spanish – Cuban Tensions / America Intercedes The Cuban Nationalists thought the US likely to

come to their aid. US invested $50 million in Cuban economy US didn’t like Spain just off the coast

Spanish – Cuban Tensions and Americans call for action Weyler’s atrocities were hyped in the “ yellow

press” - “ You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”

Feb. 9, 1898 – Hearst’s paper intercepted a letter from Spain's minister in Washington, de Lome Basically called McKinley a wuss

Feb. 15, 1898 Shortly after the USS Maine explodes US blames Spain – say it was a mine

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures,You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

US goes to War

McKinley finally answered the cry for war, although he was reluctant.

US passed Teller Amendment to quash foreign cries that America was only out for a land grab. (April 20, 1898) US will not annex Cuba, but allow it to become an

independent state.

US goes to war - Philippines

War is declared on Spain , Fighting begins in the Philippines as well as Cuba April 25, 1898

Why do we fight in the Philippines? Hub of Spain’s pacific fleet T. Roosevelt (Assistant Sec. of Navy) contacts

Dewey and demands that if war is declared an attack begin immediately on Manila Bay

US goes to War - Philippines

Battle of Manila Harbor: On May 1, 1898 On the Spanish side, around 400 sailors died. US wins due to the dilapidated condition of the Spanish

fleet The Maine was avenged.

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

US goes to War – Ground War in Cuba Santiago, Cuba:

July 3, 1898 US Navy gets to Cuba first and sets up blockade US wins Naval battle

San Juan Hill

July 1, 1898, the first major land battle of the war was fought at San Juan Hill.

The Battle of San Juan Hill was famous because the "Rough Riders", walking since many of their horses did not arrive in Cuba, charged up the hill.

The US won

Fighting over in Cuba, on to Puerto Rico

US moved quickly to send forces into Spanish-controlled Puerto Rico,

took the island with minimal conflict. The American forces, under General Nelson A.

Miles, were welcomed by the Puerto Ricans as liberators; freedom wasn’t exactly what we had in mind – at least not yet

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

What to do with the Philippines now? Felt we couldn’t grant the Philippines

independence Not ready for self rule Another country might take them over (Germany) Wanted to “Christianize and civilize” the Filipinos No timetable given for independence Arguments made for the annexation of Philippines in

1898 represent some of the most racist and paternalistic strains in American thought.

Annexation of Philippines

business interests supported annexation of the Philippines a sizeable new market for American manufactured goods following Mahan's theories, the Philippines would provide an

American coaling station and naval base to protect US trade interests and maintain stability throughout Asian waters.

One of the results of the Spanish-American War was that the Mahan's theories of the influence of sea power on history became generally accepted as correct.

Therefore, partially because of the Spanish-American War, the US commanded a stronger Navy for World War I (1914-1918) than it might otherwise have had.

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”