Chapter 28 Review:Chapter 28 Review:““The Confident Years: 1953-1964”The Confident Years: 1953-1964”

Directions: Complete the section of the timeline that you

have been assigned by brainstorming information about it: (5 min.)

Date and page number from book.Significance (include details about the event

as well as it’s impact on the United States during the Cold War).

As each group comes up to explain their event, complete the timeline handout as they explain the details.

Iran and Guatemala 1953 - 1954

IranIran 1953 Iran nationalized British and

American oil companies there, US supported the “Shah” in a coup to overthrow the government.

GuatemalaGuatemala 1954 US C.I.A. installed a pro-American government when

communists threatened United Fruit Company and after the gov’t accepted weapons from the Communist bloc.

Directions:1. Iran and Guatemala2. Vietnam War3. Suez Crisis4. Sputnik5. Castro overthrows Batista6. U-2 Incident7. Bay of Pigs8. JFK and Khrushchev meet in Vienna9. The Berlin Wall10. The Alliance For Progress11. Cuban Missile Crisis12. Limited Test Ban Treaty

Vietnam 1954

• U.S. had been giving aid to Ngo Diem of South Vietnam against Communist Ho Chi Minh of North Vietnam since 1954.• Geneva Accords est. division.• U.S. encouraged Diem to form a permanent South Vietnam, had popularity in cities but was opposed in rural areas by communist Vietcong. • 1961-63 JFK sends 16k troops, looks other way when Diem is assassinated… Another “Proxy War”?* U.S. reinforced this with the creation of S.E.A.T.O. in 1954.

The Suez Crisis 1956

EgyptEgypt• France, Britain and Israel attack Egypt when Egyptian President Nasser seized the Suez Canal • US forces a cease fire in an effort to prevent war.• To also give the US a more favorable view in the Middle East (Eisenhower Doctrine).

1957 - Sputnik I1957 - Sputnik I

The Russians have beaten The Russians have beaten America in space—they have America in space—they have

the the technological edge!technological edge!

• US concern was due to the fact that the Soviets could also use this technology to launch an atomic or Hydrogen bomb against the US.• Also viewed as a psychological loss for America • More money was earmarked for math and science in schools in order to close the gap. (October Sky).

Castro overthrows Batista1959

Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by rebel leader Fidel Castro in 1959.

Castro appeared to be pro-American at first, until he began accepting money from the Soviet Union, and eventually declaring Cuba a Communist state with strong ties to the USSR US concern stemmed from a strong Soviet ally

so close to American soil. Set the stage for the Bay of Pigs Invasion and

later, the Cuban Missile Crisis.

U-2 Incident May, 1960

Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

IKE announced that US had “lost” a weather plane, Khrushchev held press conference about the incident.

Damaged US/Soviet trust..

Bay of Pigs Incident April, 1961 (“Operation Mongoose”)

• 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows1959 Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista and forms Fulgencio Batista and forms ties with the U.S.S.R.ties with the U.S.S.R.• 1961 U.S. supports Cuban 1961 U.S. supports Cuban exiles with C.I.A. to land and exiles with C.I.A. to land and overthrow Castro in Cuba = Itoverthrow Castro in Cuba = It FAILED.FAILED.• 6/1961 – Incident makes JFK6/1961 – Incident makes JFK appear weak to Khrushchev appear weak to Khrushchev at Summit Conference.at Summit Conference.

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

JFK appears this way due to the terrible failure of the Bay of Pigs incident.

Will have long reaching effects as JFK tries to negotiate future treaties with the Soviets.

JFK and Khrushchev JFK and Khrushchev Meet in ViennaMeet in Vienna

June, 1961

Berlin Wall August, 1961 Soviets feel the need to stop the flow of people escaping to West Berlin from East Berlin. Khrushchev feels that JFK will not act to prevent the wall from going up. An example of what Churchill was warning the West about in his Iron Curtain Speech.

Alliance for Progress-1961 Program of economic aid to Latin America. Effort to prevent other nations from falling to

Communism.

Venezuelan President Rómulo Betancourt and U.S. President John F. Kennedy at La Morita, Venezuela, during an official meeting for the Alliance for Progress in 1961

• October 15, 1962 U.S. reconnaissance photos showed missile sites in Cuba!• Defense Secretary McNamara suggested a “quarantine” to block missile delivery.• Soviets backed down in exchange for U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.• JFK won back some of his “lost” prestige as a Cold War president.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Limited Test Ban Treaty July, 1963

• “Limited Test Ban Treaty” 7/1963 JFK’s greatest achievement.• Treaty outlawed nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water.• Soviets though refused onsite inspections.• France and China, the other nuclear powers refused to sign.• Important since it was a step in the right direction of limiting nuclear arms testing.

Five Paragraph AP Style Five Paragraph AP Style Essay:Essay:

Introductory paragraph Three body paragraphs – each body paragraph

needs a minimum of four well explained, described examples. UNDERLINE examples.

Conclusion Prompt: “Discuss how the period from 1953-

1964 appeared to be a paradox for the U.S., both as a confident era, but also an insecure one”.

Brainstorm three categories of proof and some examples to support them.