Chapter 29Modernism 1900 to 1945 – Part 1

The Development of Modernist Art1900-1940

Key IdeasKey Ideas• Early modern art flourished at a time of

immense political unrest and social upheavalp p• Modern artists and architects were quick to

embrace new technologies in the creation of h ktheir works

• Avant-garde patrons cultivated cutting-edge ti t ll i th t fl i hartist, allowing them to flourish.

• The Armory Show introduced modern art to America and Gallery 291 exhibited photographs America, and Gallery 291 exhibited photographs besides paintings as works of art.

• Modern art takes on a more international flavor Modern art takes on a more international flavor than ever

VocabularyVocabulary• Abstract: works of art that may have form, but

have little or no attempt at pictorial have little or no attempt at pictorial representation.

• Collage: A composition made by pasting • Collage: A composition made by pasting together different items onto a flat surface.

• Ready-made: A commonplace object selected y p jand exhibited as a work of art.

Fauvism (Wild Beast) -1905 to ( )1908• A movement that debuted in 1905 in the Salon d’Automne in ParisN d f i i L i V ll h h h•Named from an art critic, Louis Vauxcelles, thought the

paintings looked as if they were created by “Wild Beasts”•Inspired by Post-Impressionist like Gauguin and Van p y p gGogh that stressed a painterly surface with broad flat areas of violently contrasting color•brilliant bold colorsbrilliant, bold colors•intense color juxtapositions•rich surface texturesli l li tt•lively linear patterns

Henri Matisse, A Woman with a Hat, 1905Green Stripe, (Madame Matisse)

Conventional compositionViolent contrast of colorEnergetic painterlyEnergetic painterly

brushworkExhibited at the 1905 Salon

d’Automne in ParisMatisse’s wife

The Joy of Life (Le Joie de vivre)

The Open Window

Red Room (Harmony in Red),( y ),Henri Matisse

Th D

Andre Derain

The Dance

London Bridge.

The Turning Road, L'Estaque

www.artlex.com/ArtLex/f/fauvism.htmlartLexwww.geocities.com/.../2933/fauves/fvplayers.htm

Maurice de Vlaminck

Expressionism –p• Inspired by the Fauve movement• Emphasis on expressing inner feelings• Die Bruke (The Bridge) 1905 group of German • Die Bruke (The Bridge) 1905 – group of German

artists in Dresden gathered around Kirchner and saw themselves as a bridge from traditional to modern paintingpainting

• Der Blue Reiter (The Blue Rider) - formed in Munich in 1911. The group named because of the affection for the color blue. They began to forsake y grepresentation art and more toward abstraction. Highly intellectual, and filled with theories of artistic representation.

A ti t lik K di k d h b t ti ▫ Artist like Kandinsky and march saw abstraction as a way of conceiving the natural world

▫ Wassily Kandinsky: credited with painting the 1st

“abstract” painting, 1910abstract painting, 1910

German Expressionism:German Expressionism:Die Brucke (The Bridge)

• dissonance• seeming lack of finesse• harsh colorsharsh colors• aggressively brushed paint• distorted forms

Street, Dresden, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Uncomfortable close encounter with women on a Dresden Street

Colors are nonrepresentational, but symbolic and chosen tosymbolic and chosen to provide a jarring impact

E i lit f h ifi d f i l f t d i diExpressive quality of horrified facial features and grim surroundingsTitled perspective moves things closer to the picture plane

Saint Mary of Egypt among Sinners, Emil Nolde

Last Supper

Dance Around the Golden Calf

Masken II www.avire.ca/.../interpretation.htmlwww.groningermuseum.nl/index.php?id=795Gardner’s Art Through the Ages

German Expressionism:Der Blaue Reiter(Blue Rider)( )

• Captured feelings in visual form• expression of innermost feelings by orchestrating

color form line and spacecolor, form, line and space• elicits intense response from viewer

Vassily KandinskySmall Worlds III

Improvisation 28Improvisation 13.

Composition VIII

•Movement toward•Movement toward abstraction; representational objects suggested rather than depicted•Title derived from musical compositions•Strongly articulated use of black linesblack lines•Colors seem to shade around line forms

Fate of the Animals, Franz MarcFate of the Animals, Franz Marc

The Lamb

The TigerThe Tiger

Foxes

Woman with Dead Child, Kathe Kollwitz

Seated Youth, Wilhelm Lehmbruck

C biCubism• Born in the studio of Pablo Picasso, who in 1907 revealed

the first cubist painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignonthe first cubist painting, Les Demoiselles d Avignon• characterized by the reduction and fragmentation of

natural forms into abstract, often geometric structures ll d d t f di t l usually rendered as a set of discrete planes.

• Analytical Cubism: 1907-1912 ▫ highly experimental, showing jagged edges and sharp

l if d limultifaceted lines• Synthetic Cubism: 1912▫ Initially inspired by collages and found objects and featured

flattened forms• Curvilinear Cubism: 1930▫ More flowing rounded responses to the flattened and firm g p

edges of Synthetic

Primitivism & Cubism

•Breaking up of nature into geometric figures and planes•Leading artists: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braq e•Leading artists: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque • Primitivism = influenced by African Art• Cubism Characteristics:

•Distortion•Flattened space•FragmentationFragmentation•Restricted palette•Grid/scaffold – black lines

Cubism: Definition

• “The art of painting original arrangements composed of elements taken from conceived composed of elements taken from conceived rather than perceived reality.”▫ --Guillaume Apollinaire, The Beginnings of Guillaume Apollinaire, The Beginnings of

Cubism, 1912

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, Pablo Picasso

Mbuya Mask

•1st Cubist work, influence by late Cezanne, and African masks•Represents five prostitutes in a bordello on Avignon Street in Barcelona, each posing for a customerposing for a customer•Poses are not traditionally alluring but awkward, expressionless, and uninviting •No real depth

•Three on left more conservatively painted, two on right more radical; reflects a dichotomy in Picasso•Multiple views expressed at the same time

Influenced byAfrican masks

Gertrude Stein

Pablo Picasso

http://www.public.asu.edu/~usman/images/images-Africa/Ifebronze-mask.jpgwww.cartage.org.lb/.../AfricanTribalArt2.htm

Analytic CubismAnalytic Cubism

•separating and analyzing various forms•separating and analyzing various forms.•extreme flattening of space, as well as violent shattering of the subject and use of multiple perspectives painted

Georges Braque

The Portugese

Champs de Mars or The Red Tower

Robert Delaunay

Homage to Bleriot

The City of Paris

Sun, Tower, Aeroplane Eifel Tower

www.artinthepicture.com/paintings/view.php?nr=374www.paletaworld.org/artist.asp?id=2616

S th ti C biSynthetic Cubism•more ornamental and the colors used played anmore ornamental and the colors used played an important role•glued objects such as paper and cloth to canvas ( ll )(collage)

Pablo Picasso

Still Life with Chair-Caning,

b o c sso

"Still Life with bowl and Fruit"bowl and Fruit

Glass and Bottle of Suze (1912)

Georges Braque

Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe and Glass

Gl C fGlass, Carafe and Newspapers

Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

•Painted for the Spanish pavilion of the 1937 Parisian World’s Fair•A reaction to the Fascist bombing of the militarily insignificant town of Guernica in northern Spain during the Spanish Civil Warnorthern Spain during the Spanish Civil War•Done in black and white to imitate news photos•Picasso usually not a symbolic painter but many symbols

•Pieta on left with stigmata on child’s hands•Bull symbolized brutality and darkness; but could also symbolize Spain herself•Fallen warrior at bottom left holds a broken sword, perhaps meant to evoke a fallen war memorial•Woman with torch is an allegory of Liberty•Woman with torch is an allegory of Liberty

•Horse in panic tramples on everything and everyone•Wounded figures on right rush in, seeking shelter•Figures in perspective on bottom recall the dead figures in Uccello's Battle of San Romano

Maquette for Guitar

Pablo Picasso

Bather Jacques Lipchitz

Guitar Player in A h iArmchair,

Seated Man with Clarinet

SculptureHead

Woman Combing Her Hair

Woman

AleksandrArchipenko

Combing Her Hair

Julio Gon aleGonzalez

Purism

•Le Corbusier was one of the most important modernist architects but he was also a painter. He founded a movement that was opposed to Synthetic Cubism on the grounds it was decorative art and out of touch with the machine age.•Purists maintained machinery’s clean functional lines andPurists maintained machinery s clean functional lines and the pure forms of its parts should direct artist’ experiments in design, painting, and architecture.•Uses machinery’s lines forms combined with Cubism•Uses machinery’s lines, forms combined with Cubism analysis of form

Table and Fruit, Fernand Leger

The City

Woman with a Cat,

www.artlex.com/ArtLex/c/cubism.html

The Wedding, 1911

FuturismFuturism

•Just before WWI a group of Italian artist came together to•Just before WWI, a group of Italian artist came together to celebrate the scientific and technological progress of the modern world. The glory of the machine and a fascination with speed - political movement•Outgrowth of Cubism•Sought to capture motion & the “beauty of speed”, (relate toSought to capture motion & the beauty of speed , (relate to pictures like Muybridge’s that showed movement)•Championed by Poet Filippo Marinetti in the “The Futurist Manifesto”Manifesto” •simultaneity of views

Dynamism of a Dog on a LeashGiacomo Balla

The Hand of the Violinist,

Speed of a Motorcycle

•The Futurists’ interest in motion and the Cubists dissection of

Flight of the Swallows

form•Achieved the effect of motion by repeating shapes such as the dog’s legs and tail and swinging line of the leash

Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

•Affected by the atmosphere around it as it strides pridefully forward•Provides the illusion of movement•Abstract forms fly around the armless figurearmless figure•Has a curious resemblance to the Nike of Samothrace, the ancient sculptor suggested motion only th h t d it t d dthrough posture and agitated drapery

www.artinthepicture.com/.../view.php?nr=2319

Armored Train

Gino Severini

Red Cross Train Passing a Village

Dada a nonsense word that means “hobby horse”

•Western Europe: artistic, literary movement from 1916 to 1923•Disillusioned by the useless slaughter of WWI, they rejected conventional methods of representation and conventionalconventional methods of representation and conventional manner in which they were exhibited. It was an “anti-art” movement, political anarchy, irrational, intuitiveOil and can as ere abandoned•Oil and canvas were abandoned.

•The Dadaists accepted “ready-mades” as an art form and did many of their works on glass•state of mind, not identifiable style•element of absurdity, whimsical, humor•disdain for convention or traditiondisdain for convention or tradition•nothing taken seriously

Collage Arranged According to theAccording to the Laws of Chance

Jean (Hans) Arp

I hi ll A•In this collage, Arp dropped torn paper and then glued them where they fell. •His reliance on chance in composing this work was part of the Dada movement

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, second version,1 950Bicycle Wheel Ready-made

•Ready-made sculpture, actually a found object that deemed to be a work of artof art•Entered in an unjuried show, but the work was refused•Signed by the “artist” R. Mutt, a pun on the Mutt and Jeff comic strip and Mott Iron Works•Title Fountain a pun; fountains spout liquid a urinal is meant to collect itliquid, a urinal is meant to collect it

The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors

Marcel Duchampce uc p•Playful and serious examination of humans as machinesmachines•The bride is a motor fueled by “love gasoline”•The bachelors appear as

if d l fi i thuniformed male figures in the lower half of the composition•During the transportation of an exhibition in 1927, the ,glass broke. Duchamp painstaking pieced together the glass fragments. He declared the work completeddeclared the work completed “by chance.”