Chapter 29

Voices of Protest

Native American Protest1961

67 tribes created Declaration of Purposes Criticized termination policies Lobbied for inclusion with war on

poverty Johnson established National Council

on Indian Opportunity 19651968

“Red Power” Younger movement Mocked Columbus Day

American Indian Movement Most militant

Occupied Alcatraz for 19 months Goal to protect way of life Reassertion of Native American

Culture

Hispanic-American Fastest-growing minority

Impatient Cesar Chavez 1965

“La Causa” Non-violence, led agricultural strikes

Chicano/Chicana movementMore militant Boycotts to demand bilingual

classes, more Latino teachers Spread to other minorities

2nd Feminist WaveUrged 1964 Civil Rights Act to

include gender discrimination too1966 NOW (Nat’l Org. of Women)

Betty Freidan, Aileen Hernandez Sought liberal change “Feminine Mystique” 1963

Women wanted careers, identityAnti-Vietnam

Mary King, Casey Hayden 1965 Starts Women’s Liberation Movement

Women’s LiberationGroups spread across nation

Generated publicity Miss American “sheep” 1968 Boston Marathon “The Pill” 1960 (came on market)

Worked for Daycare centers, rape crisis, abortion

counseling Rejected notion of women as passive

August 1970 Largest women’s rights movement

Escalation of War1963

Before JFK’s death, authorized overthrow of Diem in S. Vietnam Increased US forces to 16,000 South Vietnam’s government under

Ngo Dinh Diem unpopular

Johnson’s decision Torn, widened limited war

Ordered air strikes Feb. 1964 Authorized escalation

Gulf of Tonkin Aug. 1964 US “victims” of open aggression

on the high seas Condemned attacks, ordered

more air strikes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Gave President a “blank check” to take all necessary measures to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam

Often called “illegal war” because was not declared by Congress

Operation “Rolling Thunder” 1965 Bombing, air war (B-52s) 1965-1968 = 800 tons of bombs

dropped a DAY Committed more troops

“meat-grinder” strategy War of attrition, alienated peasants

Doves vs. Hawks Opposition to war started at

colleges March 1965 Univ. of Michigan 1966 large-scale protests

Intellectuals, clergy joined Bobbie Kennedy, Dr. Benjamin Spock,

MLK Jr. War’s toll on the poor

College deferments benefitted wealth TV coverage

Eroded support Many left undecided though

A Time of UpheavalYouth Movement

Starts with JFKMore than ½ population of

1960’s under 30 years oldConflict between baby

boomers and youth

A “New” LeftInsurgent majority of

liberal arts majorsWelcomed idealism of civil-

rights movementDetermined not to be “silent”Port Huron Statement 1962

SDS: Students for a Democratic Society Wanted non-violent

movement Turn universities into a

participatory democracy

Protest to ResistanceMario Savio

Home from Freedom SummerUniv. of Cali-Berkley

Banned political activity Started Berkley Free Speech

Movement (FSM) Spread across country New demands

Smaller classes, more minorities

Violent sectsthe Weatherman

Vietnam influence “Make Love, Not War”SDS, Vietnam Vets. Against

the War40,000 students, 100

campuses

A Time of Upheaval

College MassacresKent State- April 30, 1970

Radicals tried to fire-bomb ROTC building

Martial law at University600 students protested

Threw stones at National Guard troops

Opened fire4 dead

Jackson State- May 14, 197010 days laterMississippi state

patrolmen fired into a women’s dorm

Two black students killed

Counter-Culture Hippies and Drugs

Marijuana 60% of college students tried No real “evidence” against it

LSD Timothy Leary, Ken Kesey

Films “Hair” 1967 “Alice’s Restaurant” 1969

Music Jim Morrison “the Doors”, Bob Dylan Jefferson Airplane, Rolling Stones, Beatles

Revolt Surplus military clothing Torn jeans, tie-dyed shirts

Music Revolution 1960’s College Folk

Bob Dylan Beatlemania Woodstock 1969, 800,000 people End of the movement

NY, San Fran Charles Manson Stones concert at Almont Raceway 1970 Beatles disbanded

Sexual Revolution “if it feels good, do it” “the pill” debate

1970 1/3 fetuses aborted Roe v. Wade (1973)

Publications Playboy Gore Vidal’s “Myra Breckenridge” 1969 Films

“Easy Rider” “Midnight Cowboy”

Divorce rate increased Cohabitation increased “open marriages”

Gay Liberation Public June 1969

Raid on a gay bar in NY “gay pride” Supported mainly in cities Change stigmas

American Psychiatric Association Not a “mental disorder”

1975 US Civil Service Commission ended ban on employment

Beatles:1960s Beatles: 1970

1968: Politics of Upheaval

Tet Offensive in VietnamJan 1968

Lunar New Year attacked launched by North Vietcong

N. Vietnamese attack 100+ villages and US embassy

Media ReactionEven though U.S. recovered

territory, negative public reaction

Tet demoralized American public

LBJ loss of support

Shaken PresidentEugene McCarthy gaining

steamRobert Kennedy joins raceSupported by working-class

ethnic whites, poor, and minorities

LBJ not seeking re-election

Assassinations and TurmoilApril 4, 1968: MLK Jr.June 5, 1968: Robert KennedyAfter Primary win in C.A.Killed by young Arab

nationalist angry over Israel

1968: Politics of Upheaval

GOP Nominee Richard NixonPromised to end war

honorablyVoice of Americans

Anti-protests

Other nomineesGeorge Wallace

Self-nominated candidate of American Independent PartyAnti-segregation

Eugene McCarthyDemocrat

1968 Democratic ConventionThreat of “yippies”“The whole world is

watching”Chicago police brutality

Conservative resurgenceNixon capitalized on

ChicagoOnly real threat

Independent George Wallace Represented the South

1968 Election ends Liberal Era

Nixon and World PoliticsVietnamization

When Nixon takes office, 500,000 troops in Vietnam

Nixon Doctrine 1969 US role “helpful partner” not

military protector in 3rd world Support with money, not

troops Called Nixon Doctrine

Gradual withdrawVietnam a MESS

Morale, drugs, murder My Lai massacre 1968

Vietnamization More S. Vietnamese troops 1972 down to 30,000 US troops

Kissinger sent to negotiate

Nixon’s WarSecret B-52 bombings on

Cambodia Widened Indochina War

America’s longest war ends1972 “peace at hand”

Snag with demands Christmas bombing of Hanoi

Paris Accords Jan 1973 Ended hostilities Left situation unresolved

Results 58,000 dead 300,000 wounded $150 billion Psychological effects

“Put Vietnam behind us” US could care less about Indochina

Détente1970 “three-dimensional”

game 1972- China

Formal recognition 1972- Moscow

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Politics Middle East

6 day war 1967PLOOctober 1973Egypt/Syria attacked IsraelUS sends supplies to IsraelResults in oil embargo

Dramatized US reliance on foreign energy sources

Alaska drilling increased

Kissinger's Shuttle DiplomacyMiddle EastAiding anti-democratic

governments and white supremacist regimes against communism

Chile 1970US involvementRecognizes dictator 1973

Nixon’s Domestic Agenda July 21, 1969

“The Eagle has landed” Apollo 11 Nation’s hopes restored

New FederalismWanted to slow down growth of

New Society programs

Accomplishments Wage and price controls Affirmative action policies Vote for 18 year-olds OSHA EPA

Despite not having a GOP majority in EITHER house of Congress

Critics Government too intrusive

Family Assistance Plan 1969 Race-conscious employment regulations

Economy $25 billion deficit in 1969

Inflation at 5% Cut gov’t spending Fed raised interest rates Resulted in recession

= Stagflation Different approaches

Early 1971- Keynesian approach Mid-1971- “Freeze” approach

90 day wage and price freeze 1973- voluntary restraints

Inflation up 9%, 12% in 1974 OPEC

Law and Order Used full gov’t resources to

restrain militants Huston Plan 1970

Against anti-war movement Wire-tapping “The plumbers”

Election 1972 Southern Strategy

Court whites upset with racial equality Opposed extension of Voting Rights

Act Hindered Fair Housing Act

Slow desegregation Supreme court nominations

More conservative Nominated Chief Justice Warren

Berger Shift to the right

Election Re-election certain

Democrats divided Wallace shot May 1972

Democratic Nominee George McGovern

CREEP Results

Nixon Wins Less people vote

Watergate, June 1972 Arrest of individuals caught wire-

tapping Democratic party center Paid $400,000 to quiet before

election “Deep Throat”

Bob Woodward/ Carl Bernstein Feb. 1973

Senate investigation No solid proof of ordering activities Guilty of trying to cover it up

Firings/resignations televised

Disgrace VP Agnew charged with tax evasion

Oct. 1973 House minority leader Gerald R. Ford

becomes VP March ’74

Nixon tapes subpoenaed July unedited tapes appear Indicted on 3 articles of Impeachment Aug 9, 1974 1st president to resign

ConclusionPublic distrust of politicians and disillusionment of

government for decades to come