Upload
others
View
8
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
16
Chapter 2
Review of Literature of the selected plants Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Commiphora caudata, Saccharum spontaneum and Garcinia mangostana
2.1 A brief Review on Boswellia species
2.2. A brief Review on Commiphora species
2.3 A brief Review on Saccharum species
2.4 A brief Review on Garcinia species
16
Chapter 2
A Review on the Phytochemical and Biological studies of the selected plants: Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Commiphora caudata, Saccharum spontaneum and Garcinia mangostana In view of the significant medicinal uses of the genus Boswellia, Commiphora,
Saccharum ,Garcinia and their species, the author has considered pertinent to present a
brief review on the phytochemical and biological studies on Boswellia, Commiphora,
Saccharum and Garcinia.
2.1 A brief review on Boswellia species
Boswellia is a genus of trees in Sapindales order, known for their fragrant resin
which has many pharmacological uses particularly as anti-inflammatory. Boswellia
species have long been used in Ayurvedic medicine. The compounds, boswellic acids
which were isolated from the resin showed a promise in the treatment of asthma and
various inflammatory conditions. There were reports that Boswellia incense may even
relieve depression [72-74].
List of Boswellia species available in India
1. Boswellia glabra
2. Boswellia ovalifoliolata
3. Boswellia serrata
Important bioactive molecules were reported from the genus which includes
triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, sterols and fatty acids [75-76]. The
compounds isolated from Indian Boswellia species, so far were listed below.
17
Table 2.1: Phytochemicals isolated from Indian Boswellia species
S.No Boswellia species
Compounds isolated Ref
1. B.ovalifoliolata Ovalifoliolatin A, Ovalifoliolatin B, acerogenin C, 3
α-hydroxyurs-12-ene, and Sitost-4-en-3-one
[77]
2. B. serrata Boswellic acids, α-amyrin, 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-
oxo-heptan-1-ol , β-sitosterol, α-Thujene, α-pinene
[78-99]
Structures of chemical constituents from Boswellia species:
Figure 2.1: Chemical structures of A) Ovalifoliolatin A, B) Ovalifoliolatin B, C) Acerogenin C
Figure 2.2: Chemical structure of β-Boswellic acid
A B C
18
Biological activities:
Some of the biological activities which were reported with Boswellia species are
given in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Some of the biological activities reported with Boswellia species
S.No Boswellia species Biological Activity Reference
1 B.Serrata Anti-Inflammatory, Hypolipidemic,
Anti-arthritic, Anti-neoplastic
[80-84]
2
B. ovalifoliolata Antiulcer , Antiinflammatory,
Antibacterial, Antirheumatic
Antifungal.
[85-87]
3 Boswellia glabra
Hypoglycemic [88]
19
Boswellia ovalifoliolata
Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal.Henry (Burseraceae) is an endemic, endangered and
threatened medicinal tree taxa found on the Eastern Ghats of India. It is commonly
known as Konda sambrani and Adavi guggilam. The leaves, stem bark and gum resin of
the plant are highly medicated and are traditionally used in the treatment of ulcers,
dysentery, inflammation, arthritis, obesity, and diabetes [73].
Boswellia ovalifoliolata
Boswellia ovalifoliolata is a deciduous tree; bark greyish, smooth, exfoliating in
thin flakes; branchlets red coloured, glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5-13, ovate
or elliptic, glabrous, glaucous beneath, entire, obtuse, reddish, sessile. Flowers greenish
white, in much branched panicles. Calyx 5-toothed, Petals 6, imbricate. Stamens 10,
20
Ovary 3-locular; ovules 2 per locule, pendulous; style short, stigma capitate. Drupes
trigonous, seeds winged and compressed [73].
An exhaustive literature survey on the Boswellia species revealed that the genus is
a rich source of flavonoids, triterpenoids, sterols, phenolics, tannins, proteins and fatty
acids. Many of these compounds have been found to possess significant pharmacological
actions such as anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, hypoglycaemic and anticancer
activities.
21
2.2 A brief review on Commiphora species
Many Commiphora species exude a resin with a pleasant odour and the healing
properties of the resins have been known since ancient times. Over 200 species were
recorded in the genus and occur in Africa, Arabia and India [89]. The resinous
Commiphora exudates from the bark of plants of the genus Commiphora are important in
indigenous medicines, and have a long medicinal application for arthritis, hyperlipidemia,
pain, wounds, coronary artery and gynecological diseases [90-91]. A diverse secondary
metabolites including terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, sugars, lignans, etc. have been
identified in this genus [92-95].
List of Commiphora species available in India
1. Commiphora caudata
2. Commiphora mukul
3. Commiphora myrrha
4. Commiphora opobalsamum
5. Commiphora berryi
The phytochemical studies on Commiphora caudata are scanty and there are
reports of presence of flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, proteins, mucilage, tannins,
terpenoids and carbohydrates from the qualitative chemical tests [106-107]. Important
bioactive molecules were reported from the genus which includes steroids, triterpenoids,
flavonoids, and phenolics [73]. The compounds isolated from Indian Commiphora
species, so far were listed below.
22
Table 2.3: Phytochemicals isolated from Indian Commiphora species
S.No Commiphora species
Compounds isolated Ref
1. C. mukul Guggulsterone Z and E, Guggulosterone I– VI,
Sesanin, Camphorene, Cambrane-A, Myrcene,
Mukulol (allylcembrol), Octadecan-1,2,3,4-
tetrol, eicosan-1,2,3,4-tetrol, Eicosan-1,2,3,4-
tetrol, α-spinasterol, Quercetin, Quercetin-
3-O-β-D-glucuronide, Pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-
glucoside, muscanone
[98-101]
2. C. myrrha β-bourbonene , α-humulene , 9-epi-
caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, curzerene,
β-sesquiphellandrene, cis-β-elemenone, 7-epi-
α-eudesmol, limonene , p-cymene , α-
terpineol, β-bisabolene
[ 102]
3. C.opobalsamum α-bisabolene, α-bergamotene, γ-cadinene, α-
santalene, trans-α-bergamotene, γ-elemene
[103-104]
Figure 2.3: Chemical structures of Z-Guggulsterone and E-guggulsterone
23
Biological activities:
Some of the pharmacological activities which are reported with Commiphora
species are given in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4: Some of the biological activities reported with Commiphora species
S.No Commiphora species
Biological Activity Reference
1 C.mukul Anti-inflammatory, Hypolipidemic,
Anti-Hypothyroidism, Antibacterial,
Antidiabetic, Antiproliferative.
[95]
2 C.berryi Antiulcer, Hepatoprotective,
Antioxidant, Antischistosomal,
Antimicrobial
[105-106]
3 C.opobalsamum Antiulcer, Hypotensive,
Hepatoprotective, Antiproliferative,
Anti-inflammatory
[106]
4 C. myrrha Antitumor, Antimicrobial, Anti-
inflammatory.
[107]
5 C.caudata
Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory,
Hepatoprotective, Antiulcer,
Diuretic, Antibacterial
[108-110]
24
Commiphora Caudata
Commiphora caudata Wight & Arn (Burseraceae) commonly known as hill
mango, konda mamidi and konda ragi is a potential medicinal plant, distributed in India
and Srilanka [107]. It is very common in hill slopes of Tirumala and commonly
cultivated as an avenue tree throughout south India. The leaves and bark have the odour
of mangoes, and the oleo-gum resin obtained from the tree is used as incense [111]. The
stem, bark and leaves are traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatism, ulcers,
diarrhea and spasms [98]. Fruit is a good source of tannins and used as an astringent,
cooling, aphrodiasiac, diuretic and antidiabetic.
Commiphora caudata
25
Commiphora caudata is a deciduous tree with mango like aroma; bark greyish,
smooth, papery; branchlets glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 3-7, broadly ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous, glossy above, entire, and caudate. Flowers are polygamous, cream
to reddish, axillary paniculate dichasial cymes. Calyx 4-lobed, campanulate. Petals 4,
reflexed. Stamens 8, free. Ovary bilocular, Ovules 2 per locule, axile; stigma 2 lobed.
Drupes globose, green, fleshy; seed solitary, black with 4 radiating wings [112].
An exhaustive literature survey on the Commiphora species revealed that the
genus is a rich source of steroidal compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, etc.
Many of these compounds have been used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, rheumatic
disorders, obesity and ischaemic heart diseases.
26
2.3 A brief review on Saccharum species
The genus “Saccharum” includes about 150 species under the family “Poaceae”.
The genus includes tall perennial reedlike grasses originally of southeastern Asia, chiefly
herbaceous and some woody plants including cereals and bamboo. The important species
of the genus Saccharum officinarum, commonly known as sugarcane is a tall tropical
Southeast Asian grass having stout fibrous jointed stalks and the sap is a chief source of
sugar. Saccharum bengalense and Saccharum munja are tough Asiatic grasses whose
culms are used for making ropes and baskets.
List of Saccharum species available in India
1. Saccharum munja
2. Saccharum arundinaceum
3. Saccharum officinarum
4. Saccharum spontaneum
5. Saccharum sara
6. Saccharum bengalense
The phytochemical studies on Saccharum spontaneum are scanty and there are
reports of presence of terpenoids ,flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, quinones,
saponins and carbohydrates from the qualitative chemical tests [113]. Important bioactive
molecules were reported from the genus and the compounds isolated from Indian
Saccharum species, so far were listed below.
27
Table 2.5: Phytochemicals isolated from Saccharum species
S.No Saccharum species
Compounds isolated Ref
1. S. officinarum
Policosanol ,Apigenin ,Luteolin ,Tricin
,Caffeic acid ,Hydroxycinnamic acids, Sinapic
acid, 5-O-methylapigenin, 3’,4’,5,7-
tetrahydroxy-3, 6-dimethoxy flavone , Tricin-
7-(2”-rhamnosyl)-ߙ-galactouronide, Orientin-
7,3’-dimethyl ether, swertisin, schaftoside,
isoschaftoside , Tricin-7-glucoside ,Sucrose,
Glucose, Aconitic acid
[114-
117]
2. S. munja Glucose, Rhamnose, Xylose, galactose,
Furfural,apigenin, luteolin
[ 118 ]
Figure 2.4: Flavonoids isolated from saccharum species
Figure 2.5: Policosanol
28
Biological activities:
Some of the biological activities which were reported with Saccharum species are
given in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6: Some of the biological activities reported with Saccharum spontaneum
S.No Commiphora species
Biological Activity Reference
1 S. officinarum Hypocholesterolemic, Anti-diabetic,
immunostimulatory, Antioxidant,
[119-120]
2 S. spontaneum
Antidiarrhoel , CNS depressant,
Antiurolithiatic
[121]
29
Saccharum spontaneum
Saccharum spontaneum (Poaceae) commonly known as Wild sugarcane, Kasa,
Adavi cheruku and Rellu gaddi is widely found throughout India along the streams and
moist places. This occurs throughout India along the sides of the river and is widely
distributed in Andhra Pradesh and Vellore district of Tamilnadu. Scientific information
on their pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacology are very scant. It is a popular
folk medicine and considered as valuable medicinal herb in traditional systems of
medicine in India. The rural people in Vellore district of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh
use fresh juice of the stem of Saccharum spontaneum plant for the treatment of mental
illness and mental disturbances. The whole plant is used to treat mental diseases,
abdominal disorders, dyspnoea, anaemia, obesity, diuretic, lithotriptic, purgative, tonic,
aphrodisiac, gynecological troubles, respiratory troubles etc [122-124].
Saccharum spontaneum
30
Saccharum spontaneum is a perennial, tall, densely futed herb with a creeping
rhizome; culms stout, solid; nodes waxy. Leaf blades linear, flat or convolute, base
narrowed, margins scaberulous, acuminate, midrib prominent, coriaceous, glabrous;
sheaths glabrous; ligules membranous with fringe of hairs. Panicle silky white; branches
subverticillate; joints woolly. Spikelets linear, callus with silky hairs. Sessile spikelets:
linear-lanceolate. Glumes equal, lanceolate, acuminate; Stamens 3, Pedicelled spikelet:
linear-lanceolate [125].
An exhaustive literature survey on the Saccharum species revealed that the genus
is a rich source of carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, etc. Many
of these compounds have been found to possess significant therapeutic uses such as
diuretic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoel, antiestrogenic and hypocholesterolemic etc.
31
2.4 A brief review on Garcinia species
Garcinia is a plant genus of the family Clusiaceae native to Asia, Australia,
tropical and southern Africa. The number of species is highly disputed, with various
sources recognizing between 50 to 300. Commonly, the plants in this genus are called
saptrees, mangosteens (which may also refer specifically to the purple mangosteen, G.
mangostana), garcinias or, ambiguously, "monkey fruit" [126].
The Garcinia species available in India were listed below.
1. Garcinia cambogia
2. Garcinia cowa
3. Garcinia hanburyi
4. Garcinia indica
5. Garcinia mangostana
6. Garcinia morella
7. Garcinia pedunculata
8. Garcinia xanthochymus
Phytochemical studies:
The major bioactive secondary metabolites of G. mangostana are xanthone
derivatives [127], which occur commonly in only a few higher plant families, fungi and
lichens. Pharmacological activities of xanthones have aroused great interest to this class
of substances. The major constituents from the xanthone fraction of G. mangostana were
found to be α -mangostin and β-mangostin [128]. More than 60 other xanthones were
isolated from different plant parts of G. mangostana including -mangostin, 3-
isomangostin, 8-deoxygartanin, demethyl- calabaxanthone, garcinone D, and
32
mangostinone [128, 146]. Important bioactive molecules were reported from the genus
which includes Xanthones, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols. The
compounds isolated from Indian Garcinia species, so far were listed below.
Table 2.7(a): Phytochemicals isolated from Garcinia species
S.No Garcinia species Compounds isolated Ref
1. G. cambogia
Cambogin, Camboginol, Hydroxycitric acid,
Garcinol, Isogarcinol, Cyanidin -3-
sambubioside
[129]
2. G. cowa Cowanin, Cowanol, Norcowanin, Scowanin,
Cowaxanthone, Rubraxanthone.
[106]
3 G. hanburyi α -Garcinolic acids, β-Garcinolic acid,
Gambogic acids
[106]
4 G. indica Garcinol, Isogarcinol, ( − )-Hydroxycitric acid,
Cyanidin-3-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-sambubio-
Side
[106]
5 G. morella Morellin ,Neomorellin, β-guttiferin, α-
guttiferin , Morelloflavone, Isomorellin
[117-
118]
6 G. pedunculata Pedunculol, Garcinol, Cambogin,
benzophenone
[118]
7 G.xanthochymus Xanthochymol, Isoxanthymol [118]
The secondary metabolites isolated from G. mangostana and their structures have
been included in Table 2.7(b).
33
Table 2.7(b): Chemical constituents isolated from G. mangostana
S.No Chemical name Structure Reference
1 XANTHONES
α- Mangostin
[130]
2 β- Mangostin
[132-133]
3 - Mangostin
[134]
4 1,3,6,7-Tetrahydroxy Xanthone
[136]
5 11-Hydroxy-1-isomngostin
[135]
6 1-Isomangostin
[131]
34
S.No Chemical name Structure Reference
7 8-Deoxygartanin
[136]
8 8-Hydroxy cudraxanthone
[136]
9 BR-Xanthone
[137]
10 Calabaxanthone
[137]
11 Mangosharin
[138]
12 Mangostanin
[139]
13 Mangostanol
[139]
14 Mangostenol
[133]
35
S.No Chemical name Structure Reference
15 Mangostenone A
[140]
16 Mangostenone B
[140]
17 Mangostenone C
[141]
18 Mangostenone D
[141]
19 Mangostenone E
[141]
20 Mangostinone
[147]
21 Smeathxanthone A
[147]
36
Biological activities:
Extracts and pure compounds derived from G. mangostana, mainly individual
xanthones, were reported to have a great variety of pharmacological activities. Some of
the biological activities which are reported with Garcinia mangostana and other species
of Garcinia were given in Table 2.8.
Table 2.8: Some of the biological activities reported with Garcinia species
S.No Garcinia species Biological Activity Reference
1 G. cambogia Hypolipidemic, Antidiarrhoeal [119]
2 G. cowa Antimicrobial [118]
3 G. hanburyi Catharatic [118]
4 G. indica Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-
ulcerogenic, Cardioprotective,
Anticancer, Chemopreventive,
antioxidant, anti-obesity
[142]
5 G. morella
Cathartic, Anthelmintic,
Antibacterial, Antiprotozoal
[143-144]
6 G. pedunculata Antiscorbutic, astringent,
cardiotonic, antiulcer
[145]
7 G. xanthochymus Anthelmintic, Cardiotonic. [146]
8 G.mangostana Anti-fungal, Anti-bacterial,
Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory,
Antiulcer, Antidepressant,
Cardiotonic.
[148-157]
37
Garcinia mangostana
Garcinia mangostana Linn (Clusiaceae), commonly known as Mangosteen and
Mangustan has a long history of use as a medicinal plant mostly in south Asia. It is a
tropical evergreen fruit tree from India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Srilanka and
Thailand. The fruit, Fruit rind, leaves and bark of the plant are used medicinally.
Mangosteen is a popular health food supplement [163]. Different parts of G. mangostana,
mostly fruit hull, bark and roots have been used for hundreds of years in Southeast Asia
as a medicine for a great variety of medical conditions. It is used as antimicrobial, anti-
inflammatory, antiulcer, febrifuge and in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery.
Garcinia mangostana
Garcinia mangostana is an erect slow growing tree that has a pyramidal crown.
Leaves are opposite, short-stalked, ovate- oblong or elliptic, cuneate base, acute apex,
entire margin, dark green and glossy above and yellowish-green beneath. The flowers
38
form clusters of 3-9 at the branch tips. There are four sepals and four ovate, thick, fleshy
petals. The petals colour is green with red spots on the outside, yellowish-green inside.
The fruit rind is 6-10 mm thick, red in cross-section, purplish-white on the inside. The
rind contains bitter yellow latex and a purple, staining juice. The fruit may be seedless or
have 1-5 fully developed seeds with ovoid-oblong shape. The mangosteen fruit is dark
purple or reddish, with white soft and juicy edible pulp with a slightly acid and sweet
flavor and a pleasant aroma. Mangosteen is known as the “queen of fruits” because it is
one of the best tasting tropical fruits.
An exhaustive literature survey on the Garcinia species revealed that the genus is
a rich source of xanthones which were found to possess significant therapeutic uses such
as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, cardioprotective, etc.
Based on the traditional uses reported in the literature and the phytoconstituents
earlier isolated, the author has selected four plant species Boswellia ovalifoliolata,
Commiphora caudata, Saccharum spontaneum and Garcinia mangostana. The selected
plant materials were further extracted with alcohol and subjected to physico-chemical and
preliminary phytochemical evaluation.