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Chapter 3Chapter 3
CellsCells
Cells and TissuesCells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain lifesustain life
Cells are the building blocks of all living Cells are the building blocks of all living thingsthings
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and functionin structure and function
Anatomy of the CellAnatomy of the Cell
Cells are not all the sameCells are not all the same
All cells share general structuresAll cells share general structures
Cells are organized into three main Cells are organized into three main regionsregions– NucleusNucleus– CytoplasmCytoplasm– Plasma membranePlasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
The NucleusThe Nucleus
Control center of the Control center of the cellcell– Contains genetic Contains genetic
material (DNA)material (DNA)
Three regionsThree regions– Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane– NucleolusNucleolus– ChromatinChromatin
Figure 3.1b
Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
Barrier of nucleusBarrier of nucleus
Consists of a double phospholipid Consists of a double phospholipid membranemembrane
Contain nuclear pores that allow for Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the exchange of material with the rest of the cellcell
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Figure 3.2
Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane SpecializationsSpecializations
MicrovilliMicrovilli– Finger-like Finger-like
projections that projections that increase surface increase surface area for absorptionarea for absorption
Figure 3.3
Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane SpecializationsSpecializations
Membrane junctionsMembrane junctions– Tight junctionsTight junctions– DesmosomesDesmosomes– Gap junctionsGap junctions
Figure 3.3
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Barrier for cell contentsBarrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layerDouble phospholipid layer– Hydrophilic headsHydrophilic heads– Hydrophobic tailsHydrophobic tails
Also contains protein, cholesterol, and Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteinsglycoproteins
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATIONPRESS
TO PLAY
NucleoliNucleoli
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoliNucleus contains one or more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome productionSites of ribosome production– Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm
through nuclear poresthrough nuclear pores
ChromatinChromatin
Composed of DNA and proteinComposed of DNA and protein
Scattered throughout the nucleusScattered throughout the nucleus
Chromatin condenses to form Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divideschromosomes when the cell divides
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Material outside the nucleus and inside the Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membraneplasma membrane– CytosolCytosol
Fluid that suspends other elementsFluid that suspends other elements
– OrganellesOrganellesMetabolic machinery of the cellMetabolic machinery of the cell
– InclusionsInclusionsNon-functioning unitsNon-functioning units
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
RibosomesRibosomes– Made of protein and RNAMade of protein and RNA– Sites of protein synthesisSites of protein synthesis– Found at two locationsFound at two locations
Free in the cytoplasmFree in the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulumAttached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)– Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substancesFluid-filled tubules for carrying substances– Two types of ERTwo types of ER
Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumRough Endoplasmic Reticulum– Studded with ribosomesStudded with ribosomes– Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formedSite where building materials of cellular membrane are formed
Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth Endoplasmic Reticulum– Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat
metabolism, and detoxification of drugsmetabolism, and detoxification of drugs
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus– Modifies and packages proteinsModifies and packages proteins– Produces different types of packagesProduces different types of packages
Secretory vesiclesSecretory vesicles
Cell membrane componentsCell membrane components
LysosomesLysosomes
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Figure 3.6
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
LysosomesLysosomes– Contain enzymes that digest nonusable Contain enzymes that digest nonusable
materials within the cellmaterials within the cell
PeroxisomesPeroxisomes– Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymesMembranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substancesDetoxify harmful substancesBreak down free radicals Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)(highly reactive chemicals)
– Replicate by pinching in halfReplicate by pinching in half
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
MitochondriaMitochondria– ““Powerhouses” of the cellPowerhouses” of the cell– Change shape continuouslyChange shape continuously– Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to
break down foodbreak down food– Provides ATP for cellular energyProvides ATP for cellular energy
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton– Network of protein structures that extend Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasmthroughout the cytoplasm– Provides the cell with an internal frameworkProvides the cell with an internal framework
Figure 3.7a
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton– Three different typesThree different types
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments
Intermediate Intermediate filamentsfilaments
MicrotubulesMicrotubules
Figure 3.7b–d
Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles
CentriolesCentrioles– Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubulesRod-shaped bodies made of microtubules– Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell
divisiondivision
Cellular ProjectionsCellular Projections
Not found in all cellsNot found in all cells
Used for movementUsed for movement– Cilia moves materials across the cell surfaceCilia moves materials across the cell surface– Flagellum propels the cellFlagellum propels the cell
Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Figure 3.8a–b
Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Figure 3.8c
Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Figure 3.8d–e
Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Figure 3.8f–g
Check PointCheck Point
Name the 4 elements that make up the bulk of Name the 4 elements that make up the bulk of living matter, and list 3 trace elements.living matter, and list 3 trace elements.
Define organelle and cell.Define organelle and cell.
List the structures of the nucleus, and explain List the structures of the nucleus, and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli.the function of chromatin and nucleoli.
Identify the organelles of the cell describe the Identify the organelles of the cell describe the major function of each.major function of each.