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Chapter 3 Critically reviewing the literature. Reasons for reviewing the literature. To conduct a ‘preliminary’ search of existing material that would have been discussed for the proposal To organise valuable ideas and findings To identify other research that may be in progress - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Slide 3.1
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Chapter 3Critically reviewing the literature
Slide 3.2
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Reasons for reviewing the literature
• To conduct a ‘preliminary’ search of existing material that would have been discussed for the proposal
• To organise valuable ideas and findings
• To identify other research that may be in progress
• To generate research ideas
• To develop a critical perspective subject of this chapter
Slide 3.3
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The literature review process
Source: Saunders et al. (2003)Figure 3.1 The literature review process
Slide 3.4
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The Critical Review (1)
Approaches used
Deductive -
Use the literature to help you identify theories and ideas that you will test using data. The conclusions reached are certain, inevitable, inescapable
Inductive -
Explores the data to develop theories which are then tested against the literature. The conclusions reached are probable, reasonable, plausible, believable
Slide 3.5
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The Critical Review (1)
ExamplesDeductive –•All men are mortal. (General and no specific to one man)
•Socrates is a man
•(Therefore,) Socrates is mortal ( specific)
Inductive - •This ice is cold. (Specific, based on a direct observation.)
•All ice is cold. (General, can be applied to any ice)
•3 + 5 = 8 Three and five are odd numbers while eight is an even number. Therefore, an odd number added to another odd number will result in an even number.
Slide 3.6
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The Critical Review (1)
Approaches used
Deductive -
Develop Theory
Formulate
Hypothesis Collect &
analyze data
Accept/Reject Hypothesis
Slide 3.7
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The Critical Review (1)
Approaches used
Inductive -
Observation
Pattern
Tentative Hypothesis
Theory
Slide 3.8
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The Critical Review (2)
Key purposes
• To further refine research questions and objectives
• To discover recommendations for further research
• To avoid repeating work already undertaken
• To provide insights into strategies and techniques appropriate to your research objectives
Based on Gall et al. (2006)
Slide 3.9
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Adopting a critical perspective (1)
Skills for effective reading
• Previewing
• Annotating
• Summarising
• Comparing and contrasting
Harvard College Library (2006)
Slide 3.10
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Adopting a critical perspective (2)
The most important skills are
• The capacity to evaluate what you read
• The capacity to relate what you read to other information
Wallace and Wray (2006)
Slide 3.11
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Adopting a critical perspective (3)
Questions to ask yourself
Why am I reading this? (helps to focus on your subject)
What is the author trying to do in writing this?(helps deciding how valuable for your purpose)
How convincing is this?
What use can I make of this reading?
Adapted from Wallace and Wray (2006)
Slide 3.12
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Content of the critical review
You will need to
• Include key academic theories
• Demonstrate current knowledge of the area
• Use clear referencing for the reader to find the
original cited publications ( Harvard Ref)
• Acknowledge the research of others
Slide 3.13
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Is your literature review critical?
Checklists Box 3.2 and Box 3.3
Complete the checklists to evaluate your literature review
Saunders et al. (2009)
Slide 3.14
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Structure of the literature review
Three common structures
• A single chapter
• A series of chapters
• Throughout the report
Slide 3.15
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The key to a critical literature review
• Demonstrate that you have read, understood and evaluated your material
• Link the different ideas to form a cohesive and coherent argument
• Make clear connections to your research objectives and the subsequent empirical material
Saunders et al. (2009)
Slide 3.16
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Categories of Literature Sources
• Primary (published and unpublished)
• Secondary
• Tertiary
Detailed in Tables 3.1 and 3.2 Saunders et al. (2009)
Slide 3.17
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Literature sources availableLiterature sources available
Saunders et al. (2009)Figure 3.2 Literature sources available
Slide 3.18
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The literature search strategy (1)
Write down
• parameters of your search
• key words and search terms to be used
• databases and search engines to be used
• criteria for selection of relevant and useful studies
And
Discuss these with a tutor (if possible)
Slide 3.19
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The literature search strategy (2)
• Define the research parametersLanguage (English), subject area (Accountancy), business sector (manufacturing), geographic area( Europe), Publication period( last 10 years),
Literature type(journals, books)
• Generate key words• These are the basic terms that describe your research questions/objectives
and will be used to search tertiary literature
• Discuss your research
• Brainstorm ideas
• Construct Relevance trees - use computer software
Slide 3.20
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Conducting a literature search (1)
Approaches can include
• Searching tertiary literature sources
• Obtaining relevant literature
• Scanning and browsing secondary literature
• Searching using the Internet
Slide 3.21
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Conducting a literature search (2)
Searching using tertiary literature
• Ensure key words match controlled index language
• Search appropriate printed and database sources
• Note precise details used – including search strings
• Note the FULL reference of each search found
Slide 3.22
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Conducting a literature search (3)
• Printed sources
• Databases – use of Boolean logic and free text searching (Table 3.3)
• Scanning and browsing
• Searching the Internet (Tables 3.4 and 3.5)
Saunders et al. (2009)
Slide 3.23
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Conducting a literature search (4)Searching the Internet
Saunders et al. (2003)
Figure 3.3 Searching the Internet
Slide 3.24
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Conducting a literature search (5)Searching the Internet
Saunders et al. (2003)
Figure 3.3 Searching the Internet (Continued)
Slide 3.25
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Evaluating the literature
• Define the scope of your review
• Assess relevance and value
• Assess sufficiency
Slide 3.26
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Recording the literature
Make notes for each item you read
Record –
• Biographic details
• Brief summary of content
• Supplementary information
Sharp et al. (2002)
Slide 3.27
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Recording the literature
• Bibliographic details (Table 3.6)
• Brief summary
• Supplementary information (Table 3.7)
Saunders et al. (2009)
Slide 3.28
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Plagiarism
Four common forms
• Stealing material from another source
• Submitting material written by another
• Copying material without quotation marks
• Paraphrasing material without documentation
Adapted from Park (2003), cited in Easterby-Smith et al. (2008)
Slide 3.29
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Summary: Chapter 3
The critical literature review
• Sets the research in context
• Leads the reader into later sections of the report
• Begins at a general level and narrows to specific topics
Slide 3.30
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Summary: Chapter 3
A literature search requires
• Three main categories of sources• Clearly defined research questions and
objectives• Defined parameters• Use of techniques – ( brainstorming and
relevance trees)