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Chapter 30Chapter 30Factors influencing the development of
behaviourFactors influencing the development of
behaviour
normally begins at 9-15 months
linked to myelination of nerve fibres
sequence of steps is genetically programmed
Maturation-walking
Maturation-walking
develops through stages from birth through to 4+ years
must move through all stages
progress only possible if natural maturation level is reached
maturation provides periods of optimum “potential to learn”
Maturation-speech
Maturation-speech
Maturation-cognitiveabilities
Maturation-cognitiveabilitiesCognitive abilities
involve higher mental skills that involve
perception , intuition, thinking and reasoning
Cognitive abilities involve higher mental
skills that involve perception , intuition,
thinking and reasoning
Cognitive abilitiesCognitive abilitiesobject permanence-object still exists even if not present
egocentric thinking-thinks that environment is an extension of itself
conservation-physical properties remain the same even if shape changes
concrete operations-reversibility,classifying,sequencing
formal operations-abstract ideas+hypothesise
InheritanceInheritanceDevelopment of
behaviour is partly influenced by a person’s genotype. Genes code
for proteins that code for structures e.g.
neurotransmittersthat affect a behaviour.
Development of behaviour is partly
influenced by a person’s genotype. Genes code
for proteins that code for structures e.g.
neurotransmittersthat affect a behaviour.
Huntington’s chorea. Woody Guthrie was the most important American folk artist of the
first half of the 20th century.
Huntington’s chorea. Woody Guthrie was the most important American folk artist of the
first half of the 20th century.
This land is your land
Woody Guthrie was affected by the autosomal dominant allele for Huntington's Disorder and, ultimately, died from this genetic condition. His son, Arlo Guthrie, has a 50% chance of having inherited the dominant allele
from his father.
Woody Guthrie was affected by the autosomal dominant allele for Huntington's Disorder and, ultimately, died from this genetic condition. His son, Arlo Guthrie, has a 50% chance of having inherited the dominant allele
from his father.
This disease affects about 1 in 20,000 people in Britain . Characterised by
premature death of neurones.
This disease affects about 1 in 20,000 people in Britain . Characterised by
premature death of neurones.
PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria
Blood is routinely drawn from newborn infants for testing.Blood is obtained by "heel stick" and collected on a special blotter paper. Routine testing usually includes phenylketonuria, thyroid function, hemoglobin S (sickle cell disease), and may test for other disorders. Newborn screening programs vary from state to state(USA). Testing can be tailored to the local population, determining what routine testing should be done.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare, inherited, metabolic disorder that can result inmental retardation and other neurological problems. People with this disease have difficulty breaking down and using (metabolizing) the amino acid phenylalanine.
IntelligenceIntelligence
Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testing
This colorful assemblage was discovered in a storage area maintained by Kansas Historical Society staff. The mystery item required some curatorial sleuthing, as its purpose was not immediately evident.
The kit includes a total of 11 separate pictures which portray a sequence of events from one day in a boy's life. Each illustration has a pocket for a missing image which completes the story being told by the picture. The missing object often is the focal point for characters in the illustration. For example, the first picture in the sequence shows the featured boy sitting on the edge of an unmade bed, wearing only one shoe, and reaching for an unknown item on the floor
Museum curators first turned to the Internet to uncover the kit's function. A quick search found a site for the Stoelting Company, still operating in Chicago. Staff contacted Dr. David Madsen, the company's vice president for psychological testing, who confirmed suspicions that the kit was an early intelligence quotient (I.Q.) test.
More specifically, Healy Test No. 2 is a "picture context instrument" designed to test cognitive abilities through non-verbal means.
Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testing
tests now aim to be objective and reliable
test items are intended to be culture-free or culture-fair
measurements are expressed as an intelligence quotient (mental age/chronological age x 100)
IQ test results must be interpretated cautiously
Twin Studies
Twin Studies
Just over one in a hundred pregnancies produces twins. About a third of these are identical twins, with identical genes, making them genetic clones. Non-identical twins share around half their genes, so they are no more alike than ordinary brothers and sisters. In twin studies, scientists assume that both sorts of twins usually share the same environment: upbringing, diet and so on. But this is not necessarily the case.
Just over one in a hundred pregnancies produces twins. About a third of these are identical twins, with identical genes, making them genetic clones. Non-identical twins share around half their genes, so they are no more alike than ordinary brothers and sisters. In twin studies, scientists assume that both sorts of twins usually share the same environment: upbringing, diet and so on. But this is not necessarily the case.
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders characterized by disturbances in perception, affect, behavior and communication lasting longer than 6 months (this includes psychotic behavior). The person suffering from schizophrenia has deteriorated occupational, interpersonal and self-supportive abilities.
Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders characterized by disturbances in perception, affect, behavior and communication lasting longer than 6 months (this includes psychotic behavior). The person suffering from schizophrenia has deteriorated occupational, interpersonal and self-supportive abilities.
Inter-relationships between factors
Inter-relationships between factors
behaviour influenced by inherited , maturational and environmental factors
e.g. ability to develop speech is gentically programmed but a person’s environment affects whether they have the opportunity to develop that potential