CHAPTER 33Descent into the Abyss:

World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

World Civilizations: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Coming of the Great WarII. A World at WarIII. Failed PeaceIV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Coming of the Great War

A. The Long March to WarTriple Entente

Russia, France, Britain

v. Germany

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

 

Italy joins Entente, 1915

 

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Coming of the Great War B. The Outbreak of the War

Gavriel PrincipAssassinates Austrian archduke, 1914

 Austria-Hungary, Germany

Attack Serbia 

Russia mobilizes Germany declares war on Russia, France

 Germany invades Belgium

Britain declares war

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. A World at WarQuick war expected

 A. The War in Europe

Stalemate on Western FrontTrench warfareMassive losses

 B. The War in the East and in Italy

Russians Offensives against Germany

 Italians

War with Austrians stalemated 

World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. A World at War C. The Home Fronts in Europe

Little sympathy at home

Growth in governmentsPropagandaSuppression of criticismLabor groups dissatisfied

Weakens GermanyRussia falls

 Women in work force

 

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. A World at War D. The War Outside Europe

British block supplies to Central PowersUses imperial resources, manpowerIndians deployed in many areas

 French

Use African troops 

JapanFights Germans in China, the Pacific

 Ottomans

Side with GermanyArmenian genocide

 United States

Begins neutralGerman submarines attack American shipping1917, enter war

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. Failed PeaceWoodrow Wilson

 

Peace of Paris

German war guilt

Reparations

Austria-Hungary

Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia

Poland independent

League of Nations

 

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial OrderCampaigns in Africa, Middle East

Britain draws on colonial resourcesIndian production stepped up

Asians, Africans work, serve

ColoniesIndigenous personnel given more opportunity

A. India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj

India, Burma, Indonesia, the PhilippinesNationalist movements

 Worldwide patterns

Leadership of Western-educated eliteCharismatic leadersNonviolence

 India

Indian National Congress, 1885Initially loyal to BritishSpurred by racismBuilds Indian identity

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order 

B. Social Foundations of a Mass MovementCritique of British rule

Economic privilege for BritishIndian army used for British interestsHigh-paid British officialsCash crops push out food production

 C. The Rise of Militant Nationalism

Hindu/Muslim split 

B.G. TilakNationalism above religious concernsBoycotts of British goodsBombay regionsImprisoned

 Hindu communalists

Violent meansTerrorism in Bengal

 Morley-Minto reforms, 1909

More opportunity for Indians 

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

D. The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle

Loyal to British at start of warBut war casualties and costs mountInflation, faminePromises broken

 Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919

Greater Indian participation in government

Rowlatt Act, 1919Civil rights restrictedGandhi protests

 Mohandas K. Ghandi

NonviolenceSatyagraha, or truth force

 

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order E. Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

Egyptian nationalismAhmad Orabi

Rising, 1882

Lord CromerReformsBenefit upper classes

 Journalists predominate

1890s Political parties formHarsh repression

 Dinshawi Incident, 1906

Focuses Egyptian nationalism

British grant constitution, 1913 

The Middle East After World War I

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order F. War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks)Independence by 1923Reforms

Westernizing 

France, BritainPromises to former Ottoman subjects

RenegeOccupy former Turkish lands: mandates

 Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances

Balfour Declaration 

ZionismWorld Zionist Organization

Theodore Herzl 

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order 

G. Revolt in Egypt, 1919Egypt a British protectorate, 1914

Martial law to protect Suez CanalWar drains Egyptian resources

 Egyptians refused to present at Versailles

Wafd PartySa'd ZaghlulBritish agree to independence

From 1922To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

 Early regimes

Little progress 

[1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser]

Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

H. The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in AfricaGeneral loyalty

WarDrains resourcesWestern-educated Africans gain authority

 Pan-African movement

Marcus GarveyW.E.B. Du Bois

 Paris

NégritudeSédar SenghorAimé CésaireLéon Damas