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Animal KingdomVertebrates
Chapter 3.8
Mrs. Christman
Scientists classify animals based on cell structure, how cells are organized into tissues, how tissues are organized into organs, and how organs are organized into systems.
What characteristics do scientists use to classify animals?
Vertebrates are animals that have backbones. The backbone helps an animal turn its body.
What are Vertebrates?
Section 30-1
Nonvertebratechordates
FishesAmphibians
ReptilesBirds
Mammals
Invertebrate ancestor
Chordate Cladogram
Fish – Basic Facts
Agnatha (Jawless Fish) – ◦Have mouths of soft tissue with no
true teeth.◦Have no jaws or bones◦Skeletons are made of cartilage (not bone)◦These fish do not have a true backbone, but
they do have a tough nerve cord that runs down their back.
◦They look more like big worms than like fish
◦Lampreys, Hagfish
Groups of Fish
Lamprey
Hayfish
Chondrichthyes – ◦Have jaws◦Skeletons are made of cartilage (not
bone)◦The cartilage running down their
backs is made of a chain of smaller parts called vertebrae
◦Have paired fins◦Sharks, sea rays
Groups of FishSea Ray
Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes (bony fish)–
◦Have bones instead of cartilage
◦Have fins that look like fans with spokes in them
◦Have a movable flap over their gills that allows them to breathe while staying still
◦Unlike sharks, most bony fish have an organ called a swim bladder, or air sac, that allows them to hover at any depth
◦Majority of fish fall in this group
◦Carp, sea horse, perch, etc.
Groups of Fish
Amphibian = “double life” Larvae (babies) live in water; adults live on land
Most larvae are fishlike; adults are terrestrial carnivores
Larvae respire through skin/gills; Adults use lungs
Most adult amphibians have four legs and moist skin that is not covered with scales
Amphibians – Basic Facts
Section 30-3
Adult FrogAdult Frog
Young FrogYoung Frog
Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs
TadpolesTadpoles
Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization. The eggs
hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
The Life Cycle of a Frog
that allow for
are
that providethat allow
are
and have special adaptations such as
larvæ they live in adults they live on
Section 30-3 means
as
Efficientmovement
Breathing air
Support and protection
Bones Lungs Ribs
Amphibians
Water Land
“Double life”
Salamanders – ◦ Long bodies and tails◦ Adults are carnivorous◦ Usually live in moist woods
Frogs and Toads – ◦ Lack tails◦ Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to
water◦ Toads have shorter legs and not as closely
tied to water Caecilians –
◦ Legless animals that burrow in moist soil◦ Have fishlike scales
Groups of Amphibians
Spotted Salamander
Poison Dart Frog
Fire Bellied Toad Caecilian
All reptiles have:◦Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body
water in dry environments◦Leathery eggs◦Breathes through lungs
Cold-blooded
Reptiles – Basic Facts
Nile CrocodileNorth American Alligator
Coral Snake
Lizards and Snakes◦ Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears,
moveable eyelids◦ Highly evolved specialized forms (venom)
Crocodiles and Alligators◦ Long, typically broad snout and squat
appearance◦ All are carnivorous◦ Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their
mouth◦ Live in tropics and subtropics◦ Alligators live in freshwater◦ Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater
Groups of Reptiles
Turtles and Tortoises –◦ All are shelled◦ Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial
Tuatara – ◦ Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands
Groups of Reptiles (con.)
Sea TurtleGalapagos Tortoise Tuatara
Nearly 10,000 modern bird species Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on
legs) Have feathers, two legs used for walking or
perching, and forelimbs modified into wings Feathers separate birds from all other animal
species Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can
generate on body heat Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only
exposed to oxygen rich air Lay eggs
Birds – Basic Facts
Section 31-2
which are that also that power that provide that ensure
have the followingadaptations to flight
Birds
Homologous tofront limbs in other
vertebrates
Providewarmth
Upward anddownward wing
strokes
One-way flowof O2-rich air
O2 distributionto body tissues
Wings FeathersStrong chest
muscles
Efficientrespiratory
system
Efficientcirculatory
system
Purple Finch
Red-Tailed Hawk
Stork
Emu
Basic characteristics◦Hair◦Feed milk to their young◦Have lungs to breathe air◦Warm blooded– can generate own
body heat◦ Give birth to babies
Mammals – Basic Facts