Chapter 4: Motivation

• Individual motivation involves three aspects:– Direction of decisions– Persistence– Intensity

Type of Motivation

• Extrinsic v. Intrinsic• What is the debate regarding Behaviorism?• What did the Western Electric Studies show

regarding this debate?• Atkinson believed that people either have an

intrinsic desire to achieve (n Ach) or a desire to avoid failure. How do you feel about this? Are failure avoiders ever successful?

• What do you think about the Gender issue “Fear of Success?”

Differences

• Individual difference and diversity are to be understood by administrators: both for motivational and assessment purposes.

• Howard Gardner’s concept of Multiple Intelligences is important in understanding diversity.

“People are always motivated; in fact, they are never unmotivated.” --Arthur Combs

• Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs supports thisconcept. He indicates that we are all motivated based the most basic need that needs to be satisfied at a particular time.

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Porter’s Revision of Maslow

Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Herzberg’s Motivators and Dissasitisfiers

From: Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. NY: John Wiley.

Implementing Herzberg’s Theory:Job Enrichment (Vertical Loading)