Upload
cameron-booker
View
217
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 4 Sections 2-5
Human Geography
Demographics
• Birthrateo Number of live births
per thousand populationo What counts as a live
birth?
Demographics
• Fertility Rateo The average number of
children a child-bearing woman would have in her lifetime at the current rate for her country
o A fertility rate of 2.1 is necessary for replacement population
o South Korea is 1.24
Demographics
• Mortality Rateo The number of deaths
per thousand people
Demographics
• Infant Mortality Rateo Number of deaths of
infants under age one per thousand live births
o Often used to measure health and well-being of a nation
o In US, black rate is twice that of whites
o Why does US rank at #32 in the world?
Demographics
• Rate of Natural Increaseo Rate at which a population is growingo Birthrate minus death rate = rate of natural increase
Demographics
• Population Pyramido Graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a
population
Demographics
• Demographic Transitiono Populations change as countries go from pre-industrial to
industrialized economieso When countries are fully industrialized, populations shrink
Population Distribution
• Habitable Landso 2/3 of world’s population lives between 20’ North
and 60’ North latitude
• Urban-Rural MixoMore than half of world’s population lives in rural
areas but cities growing
Population Distribution
• Migrationo Movement of population from one location to anothero Push Factoro Pull Factor
Population Distribution
• Population Densityo Average number of people who live in a measurable area
(square mile)
• Carry Capacityo The number of organisms a piece of land can support
Political Geography
• State – an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control over its internal and external affairs (often called a country)
Political Geography
• Types of Governmento Democracy – citizens
hold political power directly or through elected representatives
o Monarchy – Rule by a king or queen who may or may not share power (limited or constitutional monarchy)
Political Geographyo Dictatorship – an
individual or group holds complete political power
o Communism – a government and economic system where nearly all power and means of production are held by the government in the name of the people
Geographic Characteristics
• Size – does not always determine power
• Shape o Compacto Elongatedo Fragmentedo Protrudedo Perforated
• Location, location, location!o Landlocked versus access
to sea
Geographic Characteristics
• Boundarieso Natural – a boundary
based on a physical feature such as rivers or mountain chains
o Artificial – a line based on a latitude or longitude line
o Sometimes artificial boundaries divide groups of people
Urban Geography
• Cities – centers of business and culture
• Suburbs – political units touching the borders of the central city
• Exurbs – smaller cities/towns with open land between them and large cities
Urban Geography
• Metropolitan Area – a functional area formed by a city, its suburbs, and exurbs
• Megalopolis – formed when several metropolitan areas grow together
Urban Geography
• Urbanization – the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result
• Why do cities grow where they do?
Urban Geography
• Land Use Patterns (aka Zoning)o Residential - includes
single-family homes and apartment buildings
o Industrial – areas reserved for manufacturing goods
o Commercial – used for private businesses and the buying/selling of retail products
Urban Geography
• Central Business District (CBD)o Core of the cityo Contains
businesses, stores, and sometimes high-end housing
o Land is very expensive causing high buildings
Economic Geography
• Economyo The production and
exchange of goods and services among a group of people
o Economies operate on a local, regional, national, or international level
Economic Geography
• Economic Systemso Traditional Economy –
goods and services are traded w/out exchanging money (barter)
o Command Economy – production of goods and services is determined by a central government which usually owns the means of production. Production does not necessarily reflect consumer demand. Aka a planned economy
Economic Geographyo Market Economy –
production of goods and services is determined by the demand of consumers. Aka a demand economy or capitalism
o Mixed Economy – a combination of command and market economies provides goods and services so that all people will benefit
Economic Geography
• Levels of Economic Activityo Primary – gathering raw
materials for immediate use or use in the making of a final product
o Secondary – adding value to materials by changing their form such as manufacturing cars
Economic Geographyo Tertiary – providing business or professional services such
as salespeople, teachers, doctors, etco Quaternary – information, management, and research
services by highly-trained individuals
Economic Geography
• Natural Resourceso Renewable – can be
replaced through natural processes (trees, etc)
o Non-Renewable – cannot be replaced once they have been removed from ground (metals, oil, etc)
o Inexhaustible – used for producing power; result of solar/planetary processes
Economic Geography
• Infrastructure – basic support systems needed to keep an economy going including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems
Economic Geography
• Measuring Economic Developmento Per Capita Income –
average amount of money earned by each person
o Gross National Product (GNP) – total value of all goods and services produced by a country
o Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – …produced within a country