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Chapter 4The Organization of Life
Section 1
Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Ecosystem: All of the organisms living in an area together PLUS their physical environment Biotic factors – All the living things in an ecosystem
Fish, coral, shrimp, seaweed, fish poop Abiotic factors - All the nonliving things in an
ecosystem Water, sand, sunlight, temperature
Coral Reef Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
• Levels of Organization:• Organism – an individual
living thing• Species – can mate and
produce offspring that are fertile
• Population – All members of the same species
• Community – a group of various species that live in the same area and interact (only BIOTIC)
• Ecosystem – (biotic AND abiotic)
• Biosphere – all ecosystems of the Earth
• Habitat – Where an organism lives• Includes biotic and abiotic
factors the organism needs to survive
Section 2
Evolution
Environment can affect an individual speciesCharles Darwin was the first to notice this.
Organisms with certain traits are better able to survive their environment For Example: A lion with sharp claws can kill prey better than one with dull claws
Darwin called this Natural Selection The survival and reproduction of organisms with particular traits
Evolution
• Adaptations – inherited traits that increase an organism’s chance of survival• Future generations
of our lions will have sharper claws this is an adaptation
• Darwin’s finches are a famous example of adaptations
Evolution
Artificial Selection – humans select specific characteristics for organisms Dog breeders –labradoodles Farmers – certain flowers, fruits
and vegetables Seedless Watermelon “Cry free” onions
Evolution
Resistance – the ability of an organism to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it
Section 3
Diversity of Living Things
Organisms are classified into 6 kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are
similar Single cell Microscopic Cell walls Reproduce by dividing in half ONLY Kingdoms without nucleus
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are differentArchaebacteria live in extreme environments
Hot springs or ocean sulfur ventsEubacteria is what we know as bacteria
Diversity of Living Things
Fungi Cell wall Nucleus Absorb food through their
body surfacesProtists
Mostly single celled Nucleus Most live in water Examples – amoebas,
diatoms
Diversity of Living Things
Plants Multicellular Cell Walls Make Own Food
Gymnosperms – Woody plants that produce seeds NOT in fruit Example: Pine trees
Angiosperms – flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit Cotton, grasses, flowers, fruit
Diversity of Living Things
Animals Multicellular Cannot make own food
Invertebrates – animals that lack a backbone Ocean animals such as oysters and mollusks (live in
shells) Octupus Insects – have a hard skeleton but no backbone
Vertebrates – animals with a backbone Most live on land (except fish) Mammals – special type of vertebrate
• Warm blooded, fur, and feed young milk
What are you?