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CHAPTER 4

THE RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM

“This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed My

favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your

religion.”

Surah Al-Maidah verse 3OFF

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WHAT IS THE MEANING OF ISLAM?

Peace and it had existed from the time of JAHILIAHJAHILIAH.

The crescent and star is a symbol widely used by the Muslims today.

The crescent symbolises ‘light’ and the star symbolises ‘guidance’.

Together they represent Islam as giving light and comfort to the Muslims.

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FOUNDER OF ISLAM

He was Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

The religion was spread by Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) and his followers during the seventh century a.D.

The religion was founded amidst a lot of lawlessness and crime.

As such the religion was brought in to invite All mankind to obey Allah and to do good deeds.

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ARABIA, THE LAND WHERE ISLAM BEGAN

Arabia occupies a large piece of land between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.

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Most of the land in Arabia is desert land.

There are places where water can be found allowing trees and crops to grow.

These places are called oases.

From earlier times, towns in Arabia sprang up around oases. Arabian town between the

desert and an oasis

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PEOPLE OF ARABIANOMADS

BEDOUINS

A CAMEL TRAIN TRADERS

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THE PEOPLE OF ARABIA

During the sixth /seventh century, Arabia’s population was made up of two main groups:

People who lived in towns and villages

People who were desert nomads - Bedouins

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INFLUENCES ON ARABIA

Arabia was influenced by civilisations and cultures of its surrounding countries.

Traders from these countries often crossed Arabia.

Jewish and Christian ideas spread into Arabia along the trade routes.

People from the neighbouring countries came to settle in many of the oases towns.

Thus the Arab people were influenced by external forces.

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THE BEDOUINS

The Bedouins moved from place to place and lived in tents.

They kept animals such as goats, sheep, camels and horses.

The Bedouin tribes often raided towns and villages and attacked travellers crossing the desert.

For protection, travellers often banded together and carried their goods on camels.

They were organised into tribes, each with its own leaders.

The leaders were known as sheikhs.

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MAP OF THE LOCATION OF ARABIA IN RELATION TO ITS NEIGHBOURS

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THE HOLY CITY OF MEKAH1. Began as an oasis town.

3. Developed into an important trading centre.

2. A religious centre.

4. Tribesmen were descendants of prophet Ibrahim (On Him be bliss and peace).

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6th Century people had different religions.

KaabahMost important

Place of worship.

Built by Prophet Ibrahim(On him be bliss and peace).

A black stone worshipped by people. Statues and idols of

false gods found.

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THE KAABAH

The Kaabah is the Qibla for Muslims.

Although Muslims face Kaabah during prayers they do not worship the Kaabah.

Muslims worship and bow to none but Allah.

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EARLY LIFE OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PEACE BE UPON HIM)

Born in 571 A.D..

Father was a descendant of Prophet Ibrahim (On him be bliss and peace).

Father died before he was born.

At six years old, Mother passed away.

Grandfather Abdul Mutalib and uncle Abu Talib brought him up.

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As a child, he followed his uncle Abu Talib to Syria to trade.

When he was a grown man, he became a trader.

He travelled to Syria to sell goods for a merchant called Saiditina Siti Khadijah.

When he was 25 years old, he married her.

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THE BIRTHAND

SPREAD OFISLAM

The birth ofIslam in theHoly City of Mekah ProphetMuhammad received first message from Allah from Angel Jibril.

The Prophetbegan preaching aboutIslam urging people to worshipthe one truegod Allah.

Prophet Muhammad and his followers fled to Yathrib in 622. The name Yathrib was changed to the Holy City of Medinah.

Prophet Muhammadcontinued to spread Islamand established the Islamic state.

ProphetMuhammad led an army to capture the Holy City of Mekah in 630.He died in 632.

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The Five The Five Pillars Pillars

of Islamof Islam(Rukun(RukunIslam)Islam)

1. The Declaration of Faith(Syahadah)

“There is no God but Allah, and Muhammed is his Prophet.”

2. Prayer (Solat)

3. Almsgiving (Zakat)

4. Fasting during Ramadan

5. The Haj

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The Six Principles of IslamThe Six Principles of Islam

1. Belief in Allah2. Belief in the Angels

(malaikat)

3. Belief in the Prophets4. Belief in the Holy

Books of Allah

5. Belief in Predestination

(Qada and Qadar)

6. Belief in the Hereafter

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RASHIDIN CALIPHSEXPANSION OF ISLAM

Sayyidina Abu Bakar632-634

Sayyidina Umar634- 644

Sayyidina Uthman644-656

Sayyidina Ali656-661

After the deathof Prophet Muhammad, the Islamic State was ruled by a series of Caliphs (kings and leaders).

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THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM IN THE 7TH CENTURY

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EXPANSION OF ISLAM

Some of the Caliphs expanded the Islamic State into Africa, Europe and much of Asia in the seventh and eight centuries.

Thus the Islamic Empire was created.

Though the Islamic state continued to spread, by the ninth century, the Islamic Empire began to break up.

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THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM IN THE 7TH AND 8TH CENTURIES

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THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY

The dynasty declined in the 8th century.

The main reason for the decline was the appointment of members of their family rather than choosing men of talent.

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THE ABBASID DYNASTY ( 750 – 1258 )

ABU-AL-ABBAS( 750 – 754 )

AL-MANSUR( 754 – 775 )

HARUN-AL RASHID

( 786 – 809 )

Set up capital at Baghdad

Denotes the empire not an just an Arab

Empire but a Muslim Empire.

With his death, theEmpire began to decline.Replaced by the Fatimid Family in 973 and later the Monguls in 1258

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THE BREAK UP OF THE ABBASID EMPIRE

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THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE MUSLIM EMPIRE

Translation works and a Common Language

Arabic Literature a wide

variety of ideas and stories from various parts of the empire

Arabic medicine especially in the study of eye diseases and infectious diseases

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Astronomy – Muslims learnt about the stars and

planets and were also good navigators. Also used astronomy to calculate the start of each month and to work out the time for prayers

The invention of the compass

An astrolabeTo measure theposition of the stars and planets

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Architecture –Stone and marble walls mosques were built and

these were richly decorated.

Mathematics- Arabs used the Hindu system of numerals. Added the number zero – new developments in mathematics Great Muslim mathematician – Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi ( 780 – 850 )

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Art – geometric designs - calligraphy with stylised writing of Arabic script

Other areas of Study – in the fields of chemistry known as alchemy,botany, zoology and geography