Chapter 4 Chapter 4

The War for Independence The War for Independence

Section 1Section 1

The Stirrings of RebellionThe Stirrings of Rebellion

. .

The Colonies Organize to The Colonies Organize to Resist BritainResist Britain

England attempts England attempts to raise income to to raise income to pay for the Seven pay for the Seven Years War debtYears War debt

Stamp ActStamp Act

Stamp ActStamp Act (1765) - Required colonist to (1765) - Required colonist to purchase special stamped paper for purchase special stamped paper for documents, printed items documents, printed items - - George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville persuaded Parliament persuaded Parliament to pass itto pass it- Legal paper, newspaper, almanac, - Legal paper, newspaper, almanac, playing cards, etcplaying cards, etc- Colonist would be tried in the vice-- Colonist would be tried in the vice-admiralty courts (Conviction probable) admiralty courts (Conviction probable)

Colonist united to protest the Stamp Act Colonist united to protest the Stamp Act

Stamp ActStamp Act

Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams helped found helped found Sons Sons of Libertyof Liberty (secret (secret resistance group) resistance group)

- Harassed customs - Harassed customs workers, stamp workers, stamp agents, royal agents, royal governorsgovernors

Stamp ActStamp Act 1765 -1766 - 1765 -1766 -

Colonial assembles Colonial assembles confronted the issueconfronted the issue- Virginia adopted - Virginia adopted resolutions that resolutions that stated that stated that Virginians could Virginians could only be taxed by the only be taxed by the Virginia assembly Virginia assembly - Promoted by - Promoted by Patrick HenryPatrick Henry

Stamp ActStamp Act Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – Nine colonies sent – Nine colonies sent

delegates to New York Citydelegates to New York City- Stated that the colonies can’t be taxed without - Stated that the colonies can’t be taxed without representationrepresentation- 1- 1stst time the colonies had begun to at as one time the colonies had begun to at as one

Colonial merchants boycotted British goods until Colonial merchants boycotted British goods until the Stamp Act was repealedthe Stamp Act was repealed

Parliament repealed Stamp Act Parliament repealed Stamp Act Passes Passes Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act same day (1766) same day (1766)

- Stated that Parliament had the full right to make - Stated that Parliament had the full right to make laws “to bind the colonies and people of laws “to bind the colonies and people of America… in any cases whatsoever.”America… in any cases whatsoever.”

Townshend ActTownshend Act Townshend ActsTownshend Acts (1767) - Taxed glass, paper, lead, and tea (1767) - Taxed glass, paper, lead, and tea

imported to the colonies ( Silver or gold)imported to the colonies ( Silver or gold) Suspended New York’s assembly until they agreed to house Suspended New York’s assembly until they agreed to house

British troops British troops Writs of assistanceWrits of assistance – gave British officers permission to search – gave British officers permission to search

any building for any reasonany building for any reason Educated Americans spoke out against the act protesting Educated Americans spoke out against the act protesting

“taxation without “taxation without Representation” Representation” Colonists enraged; Colonists enraged; Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams organized boycott organized boycott

- Women stopped buying British luxuries; joined spinning bees; - Women stopped buying British luxuries; joined spinning bees; boycott tea boycott tea

June 1768 - Customs agents seized June 1768 - Customs agents seized John Hancock’sJohn Hancock’s ship ship LibertyLiberty for unpaid taxesfor unpaid taxes- Colonists rioted- Colonists rioted- British stationed 2,000 soldiers in Boston “Red Coats”- British stationed 2,000 soldiers in Boston “Red Coats”

Tension Mounts in Tension Mounts in MassachusettsMassachusetts

Presence of soldiers in Boston Presence of soldiers in Boston created hostility in the city created hostility in the city

Soldiers competed with colonists for Soldiers competed with colonists for shipyard jobsshipyard jobs

Boston MassacreBoston Massacre Boston MassacreBoston Massacre (1770)— (1770)—

mob threw stones at soldiers mob threw stones at soldiers in front of the customs house in front of the customs house - British troops fired into a - British troops fired into a crowd of protesterscrowd of protesters- Killed 5 people- Killed 5 people- - Crispus AttucksCrispus Attucks – African- – African-American killed American killed - - Sons of LibertySons of Liberty used it for used it for propaganda propaganda - - John Adams and Josiah John Adams and Josiah QuincyQuincy defended the soldiers defended the soldiers of murder chargesof murder charges– Believed the law should be Believed the law should be

deafdeaf– 4 soldiers found not guilty 4 soldiers found not guilty – 2 soldiers had their thumbs 2 soldiers had their thumbs

branded as punishmentbranded as punishment

Gaspee IncidentGaspee Incident

1772 - Colonists burned customs ship 1772 - Colonists burned customs ship in Rhode Islandin Rhode Island (Gaspee)(Gaspee)

- Suspects were to be tried in Britain - Suspects were to be tried in Britain Massachusetts and Virginia establish Massachusetts and Virginia establish

Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondence

- Purpose was communicate with - Purpose was communicate with other colonies and discuss threats to other colonies and discuss threats to freedom, formed networkfreedom, formed network

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

The Boston Tea The Boston Tea PartyParty

- 1773 Tea Act lets - 1773 Tea Act lets East India Company East India Company avoid tax,avoid tax,

- Enabled East India - Enabled East India Company to undersell Company to undersell colonial merchants colonial merchants and smugglers and smugglers

- Colonist protested - Colonist protested violently violently

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party – –

Colonists disguised as Colonists disguised as Indian dumped 18,000 lbs. Indian dumped 18,000 lbs. tea in harbortea in harbor- Colonist thought England - Colonist thought England would see how strongly would see how strongly colonist opposed taxation colonist opposed taxation without representation without representation

Other colonists didn’t think Other colonists didn’t think destroying property was the destroying property was the best way to settle the best way to settle the dispute dispute - - Ben FranklinBen Franklin offered to offered to pay for the tea if England pay for the tea if England would repeal the tea taxwould repeal the tea tax- England refused- England refused

Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts The Intolerable ActsThe Intolerable Acts - Aimed - Aimed

at punishing the colonist for at punishing the colonist for the Tea Partythe Tea Party- - King George IIIKing George III, British king, , British king, is angered by destruction of is angered by destruction of teatea

1774 - Parliament passed 1774 - Parliament passed Intolerable Acts in response to Intolerable Acts in response to Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party - - General Thomas GageGeneral Thomas Gage placed Boston under martial placed Boston under martial law—rule by military law—rule by military - Closed the port of Boston until - Closed the port of Boston until colonist paid for the teacolonist paid for the tea- Restricted representative - Restricted representative government in Massachusettsgovernment in Massachusetts- Allowed British commanders - Allowed British commanders to house troops in vacant to house troops in vacant private homes and other private homes and other buildings buildings

Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

- Allowed British officials accused of - Allowed British officials accused of crimes to be tried in England rather than crimes to be tried in England rather than the coloniesthe colonies

Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondence angered and united the coloniesangered and united the colonies

- Other colonies sent aid to Massachusetts- Other colonies sent aid to Massachusetts

- - Committee of CorrespondenceCommittee of Correspondence called called for delegates to meet in Philadelphiafor delegates to meet in Philadelphia

Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts September 1774 - September 1774 - First First

Continental CongressContinental Congress met met in Philadelphia in Philadelphia

Defended the colonies right to Defended the colonies right to run their own affairs run their own affairs

Supported protestsSupported protests Voted to ban trade with Voted to ban trade with

England until the Intolerable England until the Intolerable Acts were repealedActs were repealed

Called on each colony to Called on each colony to begin training soldiersbegin training soldiers

11stst step towards step towards independence (colonist didn’t independence (colonist didn’t want independence at this want independence at this time)time)

Agreed to meet again in 7 Agreed to meet again in 7 months if conditions hadn’t months if conditions hadn’t improved improved

Between War and PeaceBetween War and Peace Colonist expected Colonist expected

England to repeal the England to repeal the actsacts

Parliament stood firm Parliament stood firm (sent more troops to the (sent more troops to the colonies)colonies)

( End 1774) some ( End 1774) some colonist began preparing colonist began preparing to fightto fight- - John HancockJohn Hancock headed headed Committee of SafetyCommittee of Safety with power to call out with power to call out the the militiasmilitias- - MinutemenMinutemen – had to – had to be ready on a minutes be ready on a minutes noticenotice

Between War and PeaceBetween War and Peace

Most colonist thought Most colonist thought a war would be shorta war would be short- Britain would repel - Britain would repel the the Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts and colonist would and colonist would return to being loyal return to being loyal British subjects British subjects

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry was was one of a few people one of a few people who expected a war who expected a war for independence for independence - Gave “Give me - Gave “Give me liberty or give me liberty or give me death” speechdeath” speech

Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Fighting Erupts at Lexington and ConcordConcord

To Concord, By the To Concord, By the Lexington RoadLexington Road

1775 - Civilian militia or 1775 - Civilian militia or minutemen began minutemen began stockpiling firearms in stockpiling firearms in ConcordConcord

Resistance leaders Resistance leaders John John Hancock & Samuel Hancock & Samuel AdamsAdams hid in Lexington hid in Lexington

April 1775 - General Gage April 1775 - General Gage sent 700 redcoats sent to sent 700 redcoats sent to capture leaders, destroy capture leaders, destroy munitions, munitions,

Paul Revere, William Paul Revere, William Dawes & Samuel Dawes & Samuel PrescottPrescott warned leaders & warned leaders & townspeopletownspeople

““the regulars are coming” the regulars are coming”

Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Fighting Erupts at Lexington and ConcordConcord

English met colonist at English met colonist at Lexington and ordered them Lexington and ordered them to lay down their weaponto lay down their weapon

Shots were fired (8 colonist Shots were fired (8 colonist killed)killed)

English marched to Concord English marched to Concord burned the courthouse and burned the courthouse and destroyed some of the destroyed some of the militia’s suppliesmilitia’s supplies

3,000–4,000 minutemen 3,000–4,000 minutemen ambush British in Concord, ambush British in Concord, kill dozenskill dozens

Colonist attacked English as Colonist attacked English as they marched back to Bostonthey marched back to Boston

April 19, 1775 - April 19, 1775 - Revolutionary War began Revolutionary War began with the with the Battle of Battle of Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

Section 2Section 2

Ideas Help Start a RevolutionIdeas Help Start a Revolution

The Colonies Hover Between The Colonies Hover Between Peace and WarPeace and War

Militias started gathering Militias started gathering at Patriot headquarters at Patriot headquarters near Bostonnear Boston

Benedict Arnold and Benedict Arnold and Ethan AllenEthan Allen seized Fort seized Fort TiconderogaTiconderoga- Seized artillery- Seized artillery

May - June 1775 - May - June 1775 - Second Second Continental CongressContinental Congress met in Philadelphia:met in Philadelphia:- Debated independence- Debated independence- Recognized militiamen as - Recognized militiamen as Continental Army Continental Army - Printed paper money to - Printed paper money to pay troopspay troops

The Colonies Hover Between The Colonies Hover Between Peace and WarPeace and War

Appointed Appointed George George WashingtonWashington commander commander - Had to form army - Had to form army without enough without enough money, supplies, or money, supplies, or weaponsweapons- Patriots would - Patriots would chase British chase British cannon balls and cannon balls and reuse themreuse them

The Battle of Bunker HillThe Battle of Bunker Hill June 1775 -British troops June 1775 -British troops

attacked militia north of attacked militia north of Boston, Boston,

Actually fought on Breeds HillActually fought on Breeds Hill English army led by English army led by General General

HoweHowe retake the hill retake the hill- Patriots ran out of gun - Patriots ran out of gun powder powder

Costly win for British Costly win for British - 450 colonist casualties - 450 colonist casualties - Over 1,000 British - Over 1,000 British casualtiescasualties

Colonies saw the battle as a Colonies saw the battle as a victory victory - They held their own against - They held their own against the world’s most powerful the world’s most powerful armyarmy

The Olive Branch PetitionThe Olive Branch Petition Many colonist still hoped Many colonist still hoped

for peacefor peace Wanted Wanted King George IIIKing George III

to settle the dispute to settle the dispute July 1775 - Congress sent July 1775 - Congress sent

Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition to to England restore “harmony”England restore “harmony”- Blamed Parliament for - Blamed Parliament for the warthe war- George III rejected - George III rejected petition, called the petition, called the colonists “Rebels” colonists “Rebels” - Ordered naval blockade - Ordered naval blockade and hired 10,000 German and hired 10,000 German soldiers soldiers “Hessians”“Hessians”

The Patriots Declare The Patriots Declare IndependenceIndependence

Most Americans still wanted to Most Americans still wanted to avoid a full break from Britainavoid a full break from Britain

January 1776 – January 1776 – Thomas PaineThomas Paine wrote wrote Common SenseCommon Sense- Attacked king George III- Attacked king George III- Explained that his own revolt - Explained that his own revolt against the king began with the against the king began with the battle of Lexington and Concord battle of Lexington and Concord - Argued independence would - Argued independence would allow free trade and foreign aid allow free trade and foreign aid - Independence could give equal - Independence could give equal social, economic opportunities social, economic opportunities to allto all

Almost 500,000 copies of Almost 500,000 copies of pamphlet sold pamphlet sold - Convinced many colonists to - Convinced many colonists to begin calling for independencebegin calling for independence

Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence Congress urged each colony to form own governmentCongress urged each colony to form own government Congress appointed committee to prepare formal Congress appointed committee to prepare formal

declaration declaration Virginia lawyer Virginia lawyer Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson chosen to write it chosen to write it Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence - formal statement of - formal statement of

separation Declaring Independenceseparation Declaring Independence- Declaration, based on John Locke’s ideas, lists complaints, - Declaration, based on John Locke’s ideas, lists complaints, rights:rights:- People have natural rights to life, liberty, property- People have natural rights to life, liberty, property- People consent to obey a government that protects rights- People consent to obey a government that protects rights- People can resist or overthrow government- People can resist or overthrow government- “All men are created equal” means free citizens are - “All men are created equal” means free citizens are political equalspolitical equals

July 2, 1776 – Delegates voted unanimously that then July 2, 1776 – Delegates voted unanimously that then American colonies were free American colonies were free

July 4, 1776 delegates adopted declarationJuly 4, 1776 delegates adopted declaration

Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence

Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams – – wrote letter to her wrote letter to her husband John husband John Adams urging him Adams urging him and other and other delegates not delegates not forget women’s forget women’s rights rights

Americans Choose SidesAmericans Choose Sides

Loyalists and PatriotsLoyalists and Patriots LoyalistsLoyalists—opposed independence remained loyal to Crown —opposed independence remained loyal to Crown

for different reasons:for different reasons:– Worked in government, unaware of events, trusted crown to Worked in government, unaware of events, trusted crown to

protect rights protect rights – Most were from New York, New Jersey and Carolinas Most were from New York, New Jersey and Carolinas

PatriotsPatriots - Almost half of population, supported independence: - Almost half of population, supported independence:– Thought independence would mean economic opportunityThought independence would mean economic opportunity– Most were from New England and Virginia Most were from New England and Virginia

Several groups wee forced to choose sides Several groups wee forced to choose sides - Quakers – Supported patriots didn’t believe in fighting - Quakers – Supported patriots didn’t believe in fighting - African Americans on both sides- African Americans on both sides (British promised freedom)(British promised freedom)- Native Americans supported British - Native Americans supported British

(Viewed colonists as a bigger threat to their land)(Viewed colonists as a bigger threat to their land)

Section 3Section 3

Struggling Toward Struggling Toward SaratogaSaratoga

The War Moves to the The War Moves to the Middle StatesMiddle States

March 1776 – British retreated from March 1776 – British retreated from Boston and moved the theater of war Boston and moved the theater of war to the middle colonies to the middle colonies

Defeat in New YorkDefeat in New York British decided to stop rebellion British decided to stop rebellion

by isolating New Englandby isolating New England Summer 1776 - 32,000 British Summer 1776 - 32,000 British

soldiers and Hessians took New soldiers and Hessians took New YorkYork

Led By Led By General William General William HoweHowe and and Admiral Richard Admiral Richard HoweHowe

Many of Washington’s recruits Many of Washington’s recruits were killedwere killed

Retreated to Pennsylvania Retreated to Pennsylvania (Saved army)(Saved army)

General Howe ordered his General Howe ordered his troops to spend the winter in troops to spend the winter in New YorkNew York

Ordered the Hessians to hold Ordered the Hessians to hold New JerseyNew Jersey

General Howe hoped the winter General Howe hoped the winter would destroy what was left of would destroy what was left of Washington's armyWashington's army

New Jersey VictoriesNew Jersey Victories Continental Army dropped Continental Army dropped

from 20,000 to a few from 20,000 to a few thousand during the winterthousand during the winter

Men’s enlistments were up Men’s enlistments were up on December 31 on December 31

Washington had to gamble Washington had to gamble "victory or death""victory or death"

Battle of TrentonBattle of Trenton (Late (Late December 25, 1776) - December 25, 1776) - George Washington led George Washington led troops across the Delaware troops across the Delaware River and surprised River and surprised attacked the Hessians at attacked the Hessians at TrentonTrenton- Captured or killed over - Captured or killed over 1,000 Hessians and 1,000 Hessians and gathered much needed gathered much needed suppliessupplies

New Jersey VictoriesNew Jersey Victories

Battle of PrincetonBattle of Princeton – defeated the – defeated the British again eight days laterBritish again eight days later

Battles improved moral and attracted Battles improved moral and attracted new recruitsnew recruits

The Fight for The Fight for PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

Gen. William Howe beats Washington Gen. William Howe beats Washington at Brandywine, PA, summer 1777at Brandywine, PA, summer 1777

Howe captured U.S. capital, Howe captured U.S. capital, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

Continental Congress forced to fleeContinental Congress forced to flee

Battle of Saratoga (Turning Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)Point of the War)

British wanted to seize British wanted to seize Hudson River Valley Hudson River Valley and divide the and divide the colonies in twocolonies in two

Plan called for 3 Plan called for 3 armies to meet in armies to meet in Albany New YorkAlbany New York

Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)of the War)

- - John BurgoyneJohn Burgoyne - would lead - would lead a force down from South a force down from South CanadaCanada- - Barry St. LedgerBarry St. Ledger was was supposed to move east supposed to move east from Lake Ontariofrom Lake Ontario- - General HoweGeneral Howe would would lead his army north from lead his army north from New York CityNew York City

Howe decided not to meet Howe decided not to meet the other armies (wanted to the other armies (wanted to stay close to Washington)stay close to Washington)

St. Ledger was defeated by St. Ledger was defeated by Benedict ArnoldBenedict Arnold at Fort at Fort StanwixStanwix

John Burgoyne'sJohn Burgoyne's army army weakened by the rough tripweakened by the rough trip

Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)of the War)

October 1777 October 1777 Burgoyne defeated by Burgoyne defeated by Benedict Arnold and Benedict Arnold and Horatio GatesHoratio Gates at at SaratogaSaratoga- Arnold was jealous - Arnold was jealous that Gates received that Gates received most of the creditmost of the credit- Was one of the - Was one of the reasonsreasons that Arnold that Arnold turned traitorturned traitor

Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)of the War)

Battle of SaratogaBattle of Saratoga considered the considered the turning point of the war turning point of the war - Made France realize that the - Made France realize that the colonies could win the warcolonies could win the war- Had been secretly sending weapons - Had been secretly sending weapons to Americans since 1776to Americans since 1776

February 1778 - French signed treaty February 1778 - French signed treaty recognizing American independence recognizing American independence - Agreed not to make peace until - Agreed not to make peace until Britain recognized U.S. independenceBritain recognized U.S. independence

Winter at Valley ForgeWinter at Valley Forge Valley Forge - Valley Forge - site of site of

Continental Army’s Continental Army’s winter camp (1777–1778)winter camp (1777–1778)

Of 10,000 soldiers, more Of 10,000 soldiers, more than 2,000 die of cold than 2,000 die of cold and hunger (Nearly ¼) and hunger (Nearly ¼)

- Suffered without food, - Suffered without food, clothing, or rumclothing, or rum

Many deserted - Left Many deserted - Left without permissionwithout permission

Army didn't stop training Army didn't stop training

Colonial Life During the Colonial Life During the RevolutionRevolution

Congress sold bonds to investors & foreign Congress sold bonds to investors & foreign governments to finance the war governments to finance the war

Printed paper money (Continentals) Printed paper money (Continentals) - Caused inflation (rising prices)- Caused inflation (rising prices)

Few U.S. munitions factories Few U.S. munitions factories - Forced to smuggle arms through British naval - Forced to smuggle arms through British naval blockade blockade

Some officials engaged in profiteering,Some officials engaged in profiteering,- Sold scarce goods for profit - Sold scarce goods for profit

1781 - 1781 - Robert MorrisRobert Morris appointed as Superintendent of appointed as Superintendent of Finance Finance - He and his associate - He and his associate Haym SalomonHaym Salomon used own credit used own credit to raise money,to raise money,- September 8, 1781 – Paid army in specie (gold or - September 8, 1781 – Paid army in specie (gold or silver)silver)

Civilians at WarCivilians at War Women managed homes& Women managed homes&

businesses while husbands businesses while husbands fought fought

Many women went with troops Many women went with troops to wash, cook, mend clothingto wash, cook, mend clothing- A few joined the men on the - A few joined the men on the battlefieldbattlefield- - Mary HaysMary Hays - earned - earned nickname nickname “Molly Pitcher”“Molly Pitcher” for serving water to soldiers in for serving water to soldiers in battlebattle

Thousands of African-Thousands of African-American slaves escaped to American slaves escaped to cities and frontier cities and frontier

About 5,000 African About 5,000 African Americans served in Americans served in Continental ArmyContinental Army

Most Native Americans stayed Most Native Americans stayed out of the conflictout of the conflict

Section 4Section 4

Winning the WarWinning the War

European Allies Shift the European Allies Shift the BalanceBalance

Training the Continental Training the Continental ArmyArmy

February 1778, Prussian February 1778, Prussian captain Friedrich von captain Friedrich von Steuben went to Valley Steuben went to Valley ForgeForge- Trained colonists in - Trained colonists in fighting skills and field fighting skills and field maneuvers of regular armymaneuvers of regular army- Standing at attention, - Standing at attention, firing and reloading quickly firing and reloading quickly and wielding bayonetsand wielding bayonets- Turned the Continental - Turned the Continental army into an effective army into an effective force force

European Allies Shift the European Allies Shift the BalanceBalance

Marquis de Marquis de Lafayette – 20-year-Lafayette – 20-year-old idealistic old idealistic aristocrat, joined aristocrat, joined Washington at Washington at Valley Forge Valley Forge

- 1779 - Lobbied for - 1779 - Lobbied for French troops, 1779French troops, 1779

- Led a command in - Led a command in last years of warlast years of war

The British Move SouthThe British Move South British changed strategies after defeat at British changed strategies after defeat at

Saratoga Saratoga - Hoped to rally loyalist support and reclaim - Hoped to rally loyalist support and reclaim former colonies former colonies

- Then move northward - Then move northward Early British Success in the SouthEarly British Success in the South 1778 -British took Savannah; royal1778 -British took Savannah; royal

- 1779 – Royal governor reinstated in Georgia- 1779 – Royal governor reinstated in Georgia 1780 - British armies captured Charles Town1780 - British armies captured Charles Town

- Greatest British victory of war - Greatest British victory of war - Captured 5,500 American soldiers - Captured 5,500 American soldiers

The British Move SouthThe British Move South British were led by Gen. British were led by Gen.

Henry Clinton replaced Henry Clinton replaced (Gen Howe) and Gen (Gen Howe) and Gen Charles Cornwallis Charles Cornwallis - Clinton returned to New - Clinton returned to New York and left Cornwallis in York and left Cornwallis in charge to conquer the charge to conquer the Carolinas Carolinas

Cornwallis smashed Cornwallis smashed through South Carolinathrough South Carolina

African Americans escaped African Americans escaped Patriot owners& joined Patriot owners& joined British to win freedomBritish to win freedom- 50,000 African- - 50,000 African- Americans helped the Americans helped the British (Promised freedom)British (Promised freedom)

British Losses in 1781British Losses in 1781 1780 - Nathanial Greene 1780 - Nathanial Greene

replaced General Gates as replaced General Gates as commander of the colonies commander of the colonies southern armysouthern army

1781, Cornwallis fought 1781, Cornwallis fought Daniel Morgan, Nathaniel Daniel Morgan, Nathaniel Greene in CarolinasGreene in Carolinas

Weakened Cornwallis Weakened Cornwallis moved to Virginiamoved to Virginia- Got reinforcements- Got reinforcements- Camped at Yorktown - Camped at Yorktown

(Located on a peninsula (Located on a peninsula between the James and between the James and York Rivers)York Rivers)

The British Surrender at YorktownThe British Surrender at Yorktown

Victory at YorktownVictory at Yorktown 1780 - French army 1780 - French army

landed in Newport, landed in Newport, Rhode Island Rhode Island

Lafayette’s plan: Lafayette’s plan: French, Americans French, Americans attack British attack British at Yorktown at Yorktown

French navy defeats French navy defeats British, blockades British, blockades Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

The British Surrender at The British Surrender at YorktownYorktown

Washington trapped Washington trapped General Cornwallis at General Cornwallis at YorktownYorktown

Americans and French Americans and French siege Yorktown, siege Yorktown,

shell British for three shell British for three weeksweeks

French navy helped by French navy helped by keeping the English keeping the English navy awaynavy away

Cornwallis surrenders Cornwallis surrenders October 1781October 1781

Seeking PeaceSeeking Peace

1782 - peace talks 1782 - peace talks included United included United States, Britain, States, Britain, France, SpainFrance, Spain

American American negotiators were negotiators were John Adams, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay John Jay

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (September 1783)(September 1783)

Confirms U.S. Confirms U.S. independenceindependence

Set U.S. boundaries Set U.S. boundaries (Exact location (Exact location

of Boundaries were of Boundaries were disputed for years)disputed for years)- Bordered Canada to - Bordered Canada to the Norththe North- Bordered Spanish - Bordered Spanish Florida to the SouthFlorida to the South- Extended West to - Extended West to the Mississippi Riverthe Mississippi River

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (September 1783)(September 1783)

Ignored Native American rightsIgnored Native American rights Promised repayment of debts Promised repayment of debts No date was set for British No date was set for British

evacuation of forts in U.S.evacuation of forts in U.S. England would return any slaves they England would return any slaves they

had captured (didn’t do it) had captured (didn’t do it) Congress would recommend that any Congress would recommend that any

land taken from loyalist be returned land taken from loyalist be returned (didn’t do it)(didn’t do it)

The War Became a Symbol The War Became a Symbol of Libertyof Liberty

The Impact on American SocietyThe Impact on American Society- War stimulated egalitarianism—belief in - War stimulated egalitarianism—belief in equality of all peopleequality of all people- Equality for white men; women do not - Equality for white men; women do not gain legal or political rights gain legal or political rights

African Americans still enslaved; those African Americans still enslaved; those free face discrimination free face discrimination

Planters in upper South debate morality of Planters in upper South debate morality of slavery; some free slaves slavery; some free slaves

Native Americans continue to be forced off Native Americans continue to be forced off their lands by settlerstheir lands by settlers

The Challenge of Creating a The Challenge of Creating a GovernmentGovernment

U.S. attempted to create government U.S. attempted to create government by the people, not by a kingby the people, not by a king

Why the Americans WonWhy the Americans Won

Better Leadership – Washington was an Better Leadership – Washington was an excellent leader , many English leaders excellent leader , many English leaders obtained jobs through connections not obtained jobs through connections not abilityability

Foreign Aid – France and Spain helped Foreign Aid – France and Spain helped coloniescolonies

Knowledge of Land – England couldn’t gain Knowledge of Land – England couldn’t gain control of the interior control of the interior

Motivation – Colonist were fighting for Motivation – Colonist were fighting for their land and dream of libertytheir land and dream of liberty

Cost of WarCost of War

Americans lost 25,000Americans lost 25,000 English lost 10,000 English lost 10,000

Fate of LoyalistFate of Loyalist

Between 80,000 Between 80,000 and 100,000 and 100,000 Loyalist left the Loyalist left the U.S. U.S.

Many went to Many went to Canada therefore Canada therefore changing its history changing its history and cultureand culture