Chapter 5 and 6

The Rock Cycle

Rocks• A ______ is a naturally

occurring, _______ __________________ of _____________.

Fig 4.1

Rock Cycle• A process in which rocks are

____________on Earth.• The cycle goes through a series of _________.

– ______________ Rock– ______________ Rock– ______________ Rock

The ________ _________ is a group of changes, this change does not necessarily have to be a ____________ change. _________ rock can change into _____________ rock or into _________________________ rock. _________________ rock can change into _____________________ rock or into ______________ rock.____________________ rock can change into ____________________ or ___________________ rock. Almost all of rock today that we have on earth is made up of all the same stuff as the rocks that _____________ and other __________ life forms walked, crawled, or _____________ overWhile the stuff that ________ are made of has ___________ the same, the __________ themselves, have _______. Over time rocks are _______________ into other rocksMoving _____________ plates are responsible for _______________ and _____________ many types of rocks

When _______________ a rock sample ______________ observe the rock’s color and _________ and determine its mineral _______________.___________: the ______, _________, and pattern of the rock’s _________.___________: the apparent color of the rock, on the inside and the outside.____________ __________: The minerals that make up the different parts of a rock.

_____________ RocksWhat are They?

• Fire Rocks• Formed ____________ by trapped, cooled

___________________• Formed ____________ ground when

______________ erupt and ________ cools

• _____________ is _________ that flows out onto ____________ surface.

What are igneous rocks?• ____________ rocks are rocks that are

formed from the _____________of _____________- or ___________________.

___________ is _____________ material that is located __________ the earth’s surface.

Composition of Magma____________ is often a ____________ mix of

molten rock, gases, and mineral crystals.

• The ____________ found in ___________ are the same ___________ __________ found in ________ crust: ___________ (O), ___________ (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and sodium (Na).

_________ of Igneous Rocks• ____________ igneous rocks are ___________-grained igneous rocks that

__________ ___________ on Earth’s surface. These are the rocks that are formed from ____________.

• ________________________ igneous rocks are ___________-grained igneous rocks that cool ________ beneath Earth’s surface.

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

• _______________________= SMALL CRYSTALS/ FINE GRAINED!!!!!

• Basalt Obsidian

______________Rocks• Where Intrusive Rocks Are Found?

Under Ground

________- Covers _________of Earth’s Crust

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

• ____________________________________= SLOW COOLING, BIGGER CYSTALS AND COARSE.

• Granite

Types of Igneous Rocks

Granite-________Scoria-________

Pumice - _________ Obsidian-________

Examples of Igneous Rocks__________

__________ is a very important Igneous rock. The ________ _______is primarily composed of Basalt. Basalt is an _________igneous rock that contains little___________.

Basalt is __________colored because it has more ____________and __________in it compared to___________.

Hot Spot __________ and spreading ridges have a lot of basalt. Examples are the ___________ _______________ and__________.

GraniteThe most famous igneous rock is_________.

Granite primarily makes up most of the __________ _________. You mostly likely know granite from people’s countertops.

Granite is usually _______colored than _______because it contains a lot of__________.

Granite is an__________ rock.Granite is formed from the __________ of

__________and ___________ crusts.Granite usually contains some form of ________

and______________.

Pumice_________ is another _________igneous rock.

You know _________as the stone that you girls use to smooth your feet.

Pumice had a unique property, it _________in water. The _________why it ________is because pumice is formed as a __________ ______ erupts and _________is ___________from _________into the _____ very rapidly and as is _________is _________there are _________that get __________in the rock and as it cools, the rock obtains a lot of __________in it, making it very-very__________.

Pumice is primarly made from______________.

Obsidian_______ is known as _________ _______, it

is very shiny and very smooth. It is also usually black.

Obsidian is an _______igneous rock, it cools very__________, allowing for _____ _______ growth. It has A LOT of ______in it, that is why it is so shiny and ______like.

________________ RocksHow They are Made

• ___________and _________break down the earth

• Bits of earth settle in lakes and rivers• __________are formed and build up• ___________and _________turn the________ to

rock

• When ____________ become ________ together, they form _________ rocks.

• The _________ of sedimentary rocks begins when ___________ and ___________ produce _______________.

• ___________are pieces of________ material that have been __________on Earth’s surface by________,________,__________, gravity, or ___________precipitation.

Formation of __________ Rocks• Much of Earth’s __________is covered with____________.

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks• ___________= _______ moves ________. Layers

of sediment build up. ______ from the upper ______ pushes down on ______ and is ________ in to rock.

• _________= Large ________, pressure cannot make them stick together. So _______ sediments are _________ together.

• __________ rocks often form as layers. Thus, why would older layers be on the _________ of the rock?

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• _______ Rock= Made from _____-_______ rocks. These fragments can either be ________ or _________- together.

• The ______ and ________ of sediments determine the name for that rock.

• SANDSTONE

____________________• _________would be considered a _________

sedimentary rock.• Sandstone has _________grains, so the sand

sediments are _________together.• These rocks contain a lot of ______and

_________. • Sandstone tends to be___________.

Shale• ________is another example of a

__________sedimentary rock. • However, the __________that make shale are

much ________ than__________. The __________that make up shale tends to be_______, _________and________-. Thus shale forms from_________-, not cementation.

• Shale can help _________ locate________ reserves. These are called_________ ______________.

__________________________• Conglomerate rocks are_____________________. They

are made up of large _____________________ sediments like sand and pebbles. The sediment is so large that pressure alone cannot hold the rock together; it is also cemented together with dissolved minerals.

• It forms in many different environments and settings where the energy of _______________________ enough to move large grains. Usually rivers, floods or glaciers do the moving of this type of sediment.

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS• ___________ Sedimentary=These rocks are

formed from ________ _________________. • The ______________that are left behind after

a ___________ __________________. • Those sediments will then form into

sedimentary rocks. ____________ is a good example.

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• ____________Sedimentary Rocks=Rocks that form from __________ remains. These are the remains from once living organisms. Can be both _________ and _________ remains.

COAL• ________ is a _________ ________ created from the

remains of plants that lived and died about _____ to _____ million years ago when parts of the earth were covered with huge _______ forests. Coal is classified as a ______________ energy source because it takes _________ of years to form.

What is Coal?

• Coal:– A sedimentary rock _______________________– Mineralized _______________________material

deposited over a long period of time (although miniscule geologically)

– altered chemical composition – Formed by increased T and P – Partial decay resulting from restricted

access to oxygen

________________________?

• Peat ≠ coal, but is the _______________stage in coal formation

• A dark colored, brown to black,____________

substance formed from partial ____________ of marsh vegetation by moisture and bacteria

_______________of Coal formation• ____________________________ peat lands

• Upper delta and alluvial plain swamps• ________________________________• Bogs• Limnic environments

Coal FormationCoal Formation• Sediment burial, subsidence of peat

bogs– Completely cuts off contact with

atmospheric ______________________________________

– Overburden: compaction and subsidence

– Increase pressure, temperature

The Standar

d Geologic Time Scale

____________ Period (354 – 290 Ma)

Mississippian Pennsylvanian(354-323 Ma) (323-290 Ma)

locations of significant deposition of organic matter in what is now North America

____________________Limestone• The accumulation of ________or shell

___________in___________, a sedimentary rock, provides geologists with a record of the ___________of the animals that used to live in the ancient oceans. ____________that contains large shell or coral fragments is called______________.

Types of Sedimentary Rocks______________

Shale

____________

ConglomerateHalite- Chemical

Limestone_________ is a tricky sedimentary rock. It is

primarily made from ________ _____________. It can be formed from______ living

___________, like shells and such, thus this type of limestone would be classified as an ______ _________ ______.

It can be _______ when water_______, or the _________ _________ out of _______ and ______, with other minerals form limestone, thus it would be classified as a _________ _________ rock.

LimestoneLimestone is the rock that is most ________

rock in the state of__________. The reason why is because the state of Florida was __________for the majority of its life, a lot of ___________built up the state in addition to ___________ ___________out of water.

Remember that limestone is made primarily from __________ ___________, thus it is a.___________ This really important to a lot of _____________the features in the state of____________.

Florida Keys And The South Florida• As land masses go, all of__________ is a mere child,

having___________ from the sea as recently as 20 to 30 million years ago.

• For _________its_________ base lay beneath the warm waters of the _______ _________ __________.

• Slowly it __________ ___________, building ____________deposits that would eventually rise above the surface.

• The Florida ________lie on a thick layer of limestone. The rock is covered by an ancient ________ _____________.

Florida Keys

• So over many year dead _________animals( especially corals) with _________________ __________skeletons fell to the bottom of the ocean and was built up over time for form fossil _____________.

• In addition _____ _______has dropped and exposed this___________, and poof- Florida Keys and the rest of Florida.

__________ and________________

• ___________is a rock made up largely of _____________ ___________and is readily dissolved by rainwater.

• Water __________through the rock picks up the __________ ____________and the evaporation of the laden drops of water leaves a deposit that, over a great period of time, creates the beautiful stalagmites and stalactites.

What Is The Difference?

• Stalagmite - Stalactite = Ground and Ceiling • Stalactites drop from the ceiling and

Stalagmites rise up from the ground.

__________________ _________It is hypothesized that the ___________of the ________started about ____million years ago when the area was under a warm _______ ______.While the area was covered in the______, _______ _________was readily being ___________by marine _____________.Over the course of many______, the ___________ __________the surface and the ____________started to get eroded by________ _________ in the rainwater and_________, forming the __________ and the famous _________ features.

Marianna CavernsOn the floor of the cave, are the____________, these

are also ____________ ____________structures formed from calcium carbonate being ______________out from the_________.

_________ _________are small, thin,_______, pipe deposits of ______that form around the water (containing dissolved___________ _________) dripping from the_________, as the water_________ from the ceiling, it will leave the _______ _________behind. Over time, the hollow _______fills up with __________ ______and becomes more stable and a__________ is created.

When a __________and a ___________meet each other in the middle, a ______________is created

______________

• ___________ are common where the rock below the land surface is_____________.

• As the rock____________, spaces and ___________develop underground.

• Sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays intact for a while until the underground spaces just get too big.

• If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces then a sudden ____________of the land surface can occur.

Sinkholes• The most ___________from sinkholes tends to

occur in__________, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, __________and Pennsylvania.

• ___________HAS MORE SINKHOLES than any other state in the nation.

• Sinkholes provide a primary pathway for rainwater to replenish subsurface______________; they are an important part of the __________ system that supplies _______of Florida's drinking water.

______ ___________ State Park• Falling Waters State Park is right here in

____________Florida. First, this state park houses the_________ ____________ in the state.

• The _______ from the fall goes directly into an_____________ _____________.

• The waterfall is in a_______________.• You can walk to the ________and into the sinkhole, you

can see that there is____ water that piles up at the bottom of the waterfall, it all goes______________.

Falling Waters State Park

• There is a _________path that takes you around________ sinkholes, some are rather deep and lead to the ___________cave _____________ down below.

___________RocksWhat are They?

• Rocks that have____________• They were once

_________or____________• ____________and _________changed the

rocks

Causes of Metamorphism• Metamorphic rock forms when high

_____________and ___________combine to alter the______________, mineralogy, or chemical composition of a rock without ______________it.

• The high temperatures ultimately are derived from Earth’s _________ _______________.

• The high _____________can be generated in two ways:

– From___________ pressure caused by the ____________of _______________rock

– From the _____________ forces generated as rocks are deformed during ___________building

Metamorphic Textures• Metamorphic rocks are classified

into___________ textural groups: __________and________________.

Metamorphic Rocks

– ____________metamorphic rocks are characterized by __________ ___________and __________of minerals.

– High pressure during metamorphism causes minerals with______ or ___________crystals to form with their long axes ___________ to the pressure.

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

• _____________-Foliated Metamorphic Rock

• __________= Rocks that have ___________________. These rocks do not have a sheet like structure.

• No matter how much_________ is applied, the grains will not__________.

Metamorphic Textures

Under Pressure

• Metamorphism

Summary Of Metamorphic Rocks

• Below is a summary of the major characteristics of metamorphic rocks.

• Classified by ________and_____________• Rarely has fossils • May react with acid • May have alternate bands of light and dark minerals • May be composed of only one mineral, ex.

________&____________-

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

Schist Gneiss

Metamorphic Rock Pictures

Granite, Gneiss, Shale, Slate, Sandstone, and Quartzite are good examples of metamorphic rocks.