Big Questions 1. How are molecules of biological systems
constructed? 2. What functions do these molecules have in relation
to biological systems? 3. How do these molecules interact in living
systems?
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Questions 1. How are macromolecule polymers assembled from
monomers? How are they broken down? 2. How can you tell a
biological molecule is a carbohydrate? 3. Explain the relationship
between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 4. Why
are starch and glycogen useful as energy storage molecules, while
cellulose is useful for structure and support? Why isnt cellulose
easily broken down? 5. How do herbivores solve the problem of
cellulose digestion? 6. How can you tell a biological molecule is a
lipid? 7. Chemically, what is the difference between a saturated
fat and an unsaturated fat? How does this difference affect the
properties of the molecules? 8. How are triglycerides,
phospholipids, and steroids similar? How do they differ?
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Fig. 5-5 (b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
GlucoseFructose Sucrose MaltoseGlucose (a) Dehydration reaction in
the synthesis of maltose 14 glycosidic linkage 12 glycosidic
linkage
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Fig. 5-6 (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide Starch Glycogen
Amylose Chloroplast (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide Amylopectin
Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 m 1 m
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Fig. 5-8 Glucose monomer Cellulose molecules Microfibril
Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall 0.5 m 10 m Cell
walls
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Fig. 5-10 The structure of the chitin monomer. Chitin forms the
exoskeleton of arthropods. Chitin is used to make a strong and
flexible surgical thread.
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Peptidoglycan Cell wall
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Fig. 5-11 Fatty acid (palmitic acid) Glycerol (a) Dehydration
reaction in the synthesis of a fat Ester linkage (b) Fat molecule
(triacylglycerol)
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Fig. 5-12 Structural formula of a saturated fat molecule
Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (a) Saturated fat Structural
formula of an unsaturated fat molecule Oleic acid, an unsaturated
fatty acid (b) Unsaturated fat cis double bond causes bending
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Fig. 5-13ab (b) Space-filling model(a) Structural formula Fatty
acids Choline Phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic
head
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Fig. 5-15
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Questions 1. Why are proteins the most complex biological
molecules? 2. Draw the structure of a general amino acid. Label the
carboxyl group, the amino group, and the variable (R) group. 3.
Draw the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids. 4.
How does the structure of the R group affect the properties of a
particular amino acid? 5. Define each of the following levels of
protein structure and explain the bonds that contribute to them:
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary 6. How can the structure of a
protein be changed (denatured)? 7. Draw a nucleotide. Label the
phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. 8. Explain the three major
structural differences between RNA and DNA.
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Table 5-1
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Fig. 5-UN1 Amino group Carboxyl group carbon
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Fig. 5-21b Amino acid subunits + H 3 N Amino end Carboxyl end
125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 20 25 15 10 5 1
Fig. 5-21f Polypeptide backbone Hydrophobic interactions and
van der Waals interactions Disulfide bridge Ionic bond Hydrogen
bond
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Fig. 5-21g Polypeptide chain Chains Heme Iron Chains Collagen
Hemoglobin
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Fig. 5-26-3 mRNA Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus DNA NUCLEUS
mRNA CYTOPLASM Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore
Ribosome Amino acids Polypeptide Synthesis of protein 1 2 3
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Fig. 5-27 5 end Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Phosphate group
Sugar (pentose) (b) Nucleotide (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
3 end 3C3C 3C3C 5C5C 5C5C Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines Cytosine
(C) Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines Adenine
(A)Guanine (G) Sugars Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) (c)
Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27c-2 Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA) Sugars (c)
Nucleoside components: sugars
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Fig. 5-28 Sugar-phosphate backbones 3' end 5' end Base pair
(joined by hydrogen bonding) Old strands New strands Nucleotide
about to be added to a new strand