Chapter 5 JBIC

8/11/2019 Chapter 5 JBIC

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5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

5.1 Physical Environmen

5.1.1 Earh

5.1.1.1 Mineral Reso!rces

From the map of mineral deposits of Sri Lanka given in the Figure A3.1 in Appendix A3, it is

clear that the proposed corridors of the project doesnt go through areas ith economical

!uantities of industrial minerals such as graphite or gems. "oever, deposits of minerals used in

the construction industr# ithin the road trace ill $e depleted due to the project. %oreover,

rock re!uired for the road construction ma# $e !uarried from outside the trace. %ineral deposits

outside the project corridor ma# $e used up for the construction of the higha#. "oever, these

minerals are commonl# found in other areas of the region and there is no significant impact is on

the mineral resources due to the construction of the road trace.

5.1.1." Consr!cion Maerials

5.1.1.".1 Roc# an$ Coarse A%%re%ae

&otal !uantit# of rock re!uired from !uarries out side the road trace is '((,3''.(( m3

Furthermore, to produce 1'',(3) m3of fine aggregate at least same amount of rock is needed.

&herefore, extraction of large !uantit# of rock from outside the road trace ill cause significant

impact on the environment.

5.1.1."." &ravel an$ 'ill Maerial

According to the alread# carried out designs, a t#pical em$ankment consists of the la#ers shon

in Figure ).1,from the existing ground surface.

'i%!re 5.1 Ty(ical layers o) roa$ em*an#men

1

Loer em$ankment * compacted to

minimum of +( %aximum -r#

-ensit# %--/

0xisting ground level

Su$$ase la#er *2 4 3(, 56 7 8

9pper em$ankment * )((mm thick,

compacted to minimum of +) of

%--.

6mproved su$grade capping la#er/ *

)(( to 3((mm thick, compacted to

+) %--, 2 4 1)

2ase coarse * 2 4 :(

Asphaltic concrete earing

course and $inder course


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2ased on the t#pical cross section given in Figure ).1, and the high fre!uenc# of the flooding

experienced in the region, it is clear that a large amount of fill material is needed for the

construction of the em$ankment. &he fill material needed ma# $e o$tained from $orro pits of

the area and the excavations done through the higher elevation areas of the road trace.

;ing to excavation of material from the road trace and other $orro pits, the landscape ofthese areas ill $e changed significantl#. &he vegetation cover, hich protects the soil

underneath, ill $e removed and the exposed soil ill $e su$jected to erosion during the rain#

season. &he eroded material ill $e transported to the lo l#ing areas and ill cause other

environmental issues such as< $locking existing atera#s, reducing the #ield of economical

crops such as padd#, tea , pollution of drinking ater sources, and insta$ilit# of the cut slopes.

-uring the dr# season the dust generated from the excavation and filling of soil could create

other environmental issues such as< health pro$lems due to inhaling of dust# air, reducing the

#ield of economical crops such as padd#, tea , pollution of drinking ater sources etc. Such

pro$lems ma# $e aggravated due to spilling of the fill material during transportation.

&he road trace for 5ackage 1, from =ottaa to -odangoda interchange at " 3)>((( re!uires

).3 %illion m3of fill material out of hich onl# 3.? %illion m 3could $e o$tained from the trace

itself. For the 5ackage ?, from the -odangoda interchange to =urudugahahethakma, excess fill

material of a$out (.3') %illion m3ill $e generated and that could $e used for the construction

for 5ackage 1. &herefore, total !uantit# of fill material needed for package 1 is 1.3@ million m 3.

As such, this project activit# ill cause significant impact on the environment due to $orroing

of material.

5.1.1.".+ San$

2ased on the Final -esign eport ?((1/ of the final trace in the A-2 section prepared $#

il$ur Smith Associates 6nc. the total re!uirement of fine aggregate sand/ for 5ackages 1 "

( > ((( to 3) > ((/ B ? " 3) > ((( to 88 > '3?/ are @+3'( m 3and 8'83) m3respectivel#.

&here is a severe environmental pro$lem associated ith all of the major rivers in the C26

section due seaater intrusion. &he situation is orsened $# the extensive sand mining of the

river $eds, especiall# in =alu Danga. -ue to the environmental concerns associated ith sand

mining from rivers, government has enforced certain restrictions on sand mining from rivers. As

a result, there is a shortage of sand for general construction orks ithin estern and Southern

provinces. Additional, use of river sand for a project of this magnitude ill increase the $urden

on the normal consumers of sand ithin the region. &herefore, similar to the A-2 section, use

of crushed rock aggregate as fine aggregate is highl# advisa$le. "oever, the offshore sanddredged to $e used for the olom$o =atuna#ak expressa# can also $e used for the project

activities if a need arises.

5.1.1.+ Sa*iliy o) he S!* S!r)ace

As pointed out earlier, the length of the trace passing hill# terrain is less in the C26 section

compared to that of the A-2 section. "oever, in the rolling and undulating terrain the $edrock

depth can $e significantl# higher than that of the hill# terrain. &herefore, the thickness of the

over$urden of the $edrock could $e high creating slope sta$ilit# pro$lems. %ost of the slope

sta$ilit# considerations that ere experienced in the A-2 section are applica$le to the C26

section as ell. &herefore, experience gathered from the A-2 section should $e used in findingout the solutions to the slope sta$ilit# pro$lems of the C26 section. Stretches of the trace, here

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side slopes of the cuts should $e made milder than the original design, should $e identified and

accordingl#, arrangements must $e made to make additional land ac!uisitions. Since there are

$oulders on the slopes of the middle portion of the trace, sta$ilit# of the $oulders in the vicinit#

of a rock $lasting sites should $e given due considerations. &herefore, the project ill have a

significant impact on the sta$ilit# of the slopes along the project corridor.

5.1.1., Selemen an$ &ro!n$ S!*si$ence

&he ground treatment methods proposed for the C26 section consists ofhen p" drops $elo '.8E'.: 2ell and

&allis, 1+@'G ocker et al., 1++:/ or less than ) %eagher, ?(((/. Such resultant increased metal

levels ma# to $e toxic to fish and also render the ater not pota$le. %oreover drastic acidit#

scenarios ith lo 0h ma# also result in an excessive loading of sediment a$sor$ed heav#metals $ack to the ater column, eventuall# leading to intense toxicit# pro$lems to the $iota.

Salinization

SaliniHation occurs due to an increase of mineral salts &-S levels/ in the ater. -isposal of

domestic asteaters and industrial asteaters rich in higher levels of mineral salts such as

S;'?E and lE, increased evaporation and evapotranspiration in the river catchments due to

deforestation, and changes in flo regime in the catchments due to h#draulic and irrigation

structures are some of the major causes of saliniHation. 6t is anticipated that those ater $odies

located in the vicinit# of the expanding residential, commercial and industrial sector ould

$ecome rich in anions such as S;'?E

and lE

ith time as a conse!uence of disposal of untreatedseage and other asteaters containing high levels of &-S.

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&he presence of higher levels of anions such as S;'?Eand lEill make the ater unpalata$le for

drinking and ill have direct impacts on the $iotaG e.g. osmotic effects and direct toxicit#. &he

effects of higher &-S levels ould get aggravated during the driest periods hen transpiration

rates are su$stantiall# high. Also the ater $od# at 8S and those slo moving streams ould

$e great risk due to their insufficient ater circulation patterns. Further in the ater $od# at8S elevated S;'

?Elevels ould also induce cultural eutrophication as a conse!uence of anion

e.g. phosphorus/ displacement ;Sullivan et al., ?(('/. Also under anoxic conditions and in

the presence of higher S;'?E levels the proliferation of sulphate reducing $acterial S2/

$iofilms in sediments and a!uatic plant roots ould occur resulting in the production of S?E

highl# toxic to fish communities/ and "?S gas a corrosive, toxic gas ith a characteristic smell

of rotten eggs/. &he presence of high lE ma# increase the $ioavaila$ilit# of some heav# metals

such as 5$ and d Dreger et al., 1++)G FitHgerald et al., ?((3/. ormall# $ioavaila$ilit# of

heav# metals such as %n, Nn and 5$ is knon to maximiHe at electrical conductivities of 'E8

dSMm $ut decreases as salinit# further increases 5arkplan et al., ?((?/. &a$le 5." presents a

summar# of the anticipated operation costs for the C26 section.

Ta*le 5."0 Anici(ae$ o(eraion coss )or he 2IC secion

Aciviy 'acors a))ecin% im(acs Remar#s

-omestic asteaters

um$er of housing schemes&he degree of expansion of

residential, commercial and industrialsector6nade!uac# of facilities for appropriate sanitation

6mpacts ill $ecome severe ithtime unless mitigator# measures not

takenStagnant ater $odies are moresuscepti$le for pollution. 6n theC26 section 8S and an# slomoving streams are at risk

9r$an runEoffunEoff during rainsate of ur$an and su$Eur$an groth

6mpacts ill $ecome severe ith

time unless mitigator# measures nottaken, especiall# ith reference toenrichment ith suspendedparticulate matter, nutrients andheav# metals

Agricultural activities

ate of expansion in agricultural

activitiesFre!uenc# in the usage of moreinorganic fertiliHers and pesticides

6mpacts ill $e significantespeciall# ith timeStagnant ater $odies are more

suscepti$le for culturaleutrophication pollution. 6n theC26 section 8S and an# slomoving streams are at risk.%oreover $ioaccumulation

scenarios are likel# to increase dueto the use of heav# metal and ;5srich pesticides

-isposal of solid municipalastes and haHardous materials

um$er of housing schemes&he degree of expansion of residential, commercial and industrialsector6nade!uac# of facilities for

appropriate solid aste managementin terms of collection and finaldisposal

6mpacts ill $ecome severe ithtime unless mitigator# measures nottakenStagnant ater $odies are moresuscepti$le for pollution2ioaccumulation scenarios from

contamination ith heav# metals,52s and other organoEchloridesare likel# to increase over time ifmitigator# measures are not

implementedAtmospheric sources um$er of vehicles and traffic flo 6mpacts ill $ecome more

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um$er of industries and rate ofindustrialiHation

significant ith time if mitigator#measures are not taken

Acidification and pollution dueto heav# metals

um$er of vehicles and traffic floum$er of industries and rate ofindustrialiHation

6mpacts ill $ecome moresignificant ith time if mitigator#measures are not taken

SaliniHation

&he degree of expansion of

residential, commercial and industrialsector. 6nade!uac# of facilities forappropriate sanitationum$er of industries and rate ofindustrialiHation

6mpacts ill $ecome more

significant ith time if mitigator#measures are not taken

5.1."., &ro!n$/aer !aliy

5.1.".,.1 Anici(ae$ Consr!cional Im(acs

ith reference to the distance from the project area it has $een identified that groundater at

location 3D is possi$l# at a higher risk during the construction phase in the final trace. 6n the

-A trace groundater at all the sampled locations seems to $e at a higher ater !ualit#

deterioration risk. 6n the com$ined trace groundater !ualit# deterioration seems to $e a

potential significant issue at 1D.

&he main construction activities that could result in groundater !ualit# deterioration includes

spoil disposal activities, pro$lems associated ith construction of $ridges and culverts,

application of eedicides for landscaping pollution and pro$lems associated ith the improper

planning and setting up of housing and services for the persons involved in construction and

resettlement of persons affected $# the project.

-uring construction spoil disposal activities could lead to groundater !ualit# deterioration to acertain extent. %icro$ial degradation of vegetation removed for site clearing produces organic

compounds especiall# and solu$iliHed forms of nutrients such as "'E and ;3E and even

5;'3E especiall# during anaero$ic deca#/ hich could leach out to surface ater$odies and

percolate through the soil to contaminate groundater. &he presence of high ;?E and ;3

E

levels ith levels exceeding ') mgMl/ ould make the ater not pota$le and consumption of

such untreated groundater ould result in nitrate poisoning to infants less than 8 months of

age, a phenomenon knon as methaemoglo$inemia.

onstruction of $ridges and culverts is also knon to cause groundater contamination. &hese

ill $e constructed from mass concrete ith reinforced concrete foundations on c#linders or pile

caps. &hese processes ma# distur$ the natural groundater ta$le and cause ater !ualit#pro$lems donstream. isks of dra don of ater ta$le ill $e higher at ?D in vie of the

fact that a deep cut of : m is planned in this area for the project.

Filling of lo l#ing areas at 1D and 3D could result in flooding during periods of heav#

rains, groundater movement and even ater !ualit# particularl# during floods.

&he use of pesticides and her$icides in soft landscaping and vegetation cover could also result in

groundater contamination. &he pesticides to $e used are generall# classified into to major

groups, namel# organochlorine pesticides ;5s/ and organophosphorus pesticides ;55/.

;5s ma# sometimes $e found in groundater here leaching from turfing material occurs. As

these compounds are h#dropho$ic, $ut solu$le in fats and h#drocar$ons, their occurrence ingroundater ma# lead to solu$iliHation in fluoric acid materials.

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6mproper planning and setting up of housing and services for the persons involved in

construction and resettlement of persons affected $# the project leading to poor sanitar#

conditions, could also lead to pollution of groundater ith reference to organic matter 2;-/,

nutrients, faecal matter, and higher lE levels noting that human excreta in general has a

chloride content of 8 g per person per da#/ %etcalf and 0dd#, 1++)/. &he presence of faecalcoliforms could lead to diseases if such contaminated groundater is consumed ithout an#

treatment.

6t should $e noted that groundater pollution scenarios ould $ecome more significant during

the dr# eather periods. 6n other ords since the evapotranspiration is higher during the driest

periods it is anticipated that the groundater ould get highl# concentrated ith pollutants such

as heav# metals, &, lEand &5 due to seage disposal and pesticides used for soft landscaping

purposes, etc. %oreover groundater in the areas having the highest h#draulic gradient ould

$e more suscepti$le for possi$le contamination.

5.1.".,.1 Anici(ae$ O(eraional Im(acs

-uring the operational phase unEplanned and planned roadEside development activities ma#

cause degradation of groundater !ualit# unless precautions are taken. &he activities mentioned

in Surface ater Jualit# ill have similar impacts on the groundater !ualit#, ith the

exception of increased tur$idit#.

5.1.+ Air

5.1.+.1 Air !aliy

5.1.+.1.1 Anici(ae$ Consr!cional Im(acs

ehicles involved in the constructional phase have to travel on unpaved road. &his could lead to

dust generation. Such scenarios are significant hen operating at high speeds under dr# eather

and gust# ind conditions. Similarl# excavation orks and exploitation ru$$leM coarse

aggregates ma# cause dust pro$lems. %eteorological conditions, fineness of the material and the

rate at hich the materials are exploited are some of the triggering factors for increased dust

pollution scenarios. &he finer materials $efore $eing deposited either on vegetation or in

residence in the form of a thin film ma# $e carried aa# to considera$le distances.

6mproper handling and transferring of materials into vehicles for external or internal transportand improper storage or cover of material could also lead to significant dust emissions. ut and

fill operations using heav# construction e!uipment are other crucial activities hich can lead to

significant dust emission rates. 5roduction of asphalt and concrete in large !uantities ma# also

cause emission of various materials such as cement particles, gaseous pollutants and un$urnt or

partiall# $urnt petroleum products h#drocar$ons/. %ost of these pollutants ma# come don

ith rains and impact ater $odies and other ecos#stems through runEoff.

9se of pesticides for turfing vegetation could contri$ute to air pollution ith reference to

aerosols. Spra#ing of pesticides in ind# da#s could result in elevated levels of haHardous

materials into the atmosphere.

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5.1.+.1." Anici(ae$ O(eraional Im(acs

-uring the operational phase, air pollutants caused $# transport ill $e expected to $e present in

the atmosphere, nota$l# primar# pollutants such as ;x, ; and "and derived or secondar#

pollutants formed from chemical reactions in the atmosphere such as photochemical oxidants/.

-irect emissions are mainl# found to come from exhaust pipes, engines, fuel tanks andcar$uretors, etc.

6n this stud# the model descri$ed in the AOppendix refer &a$les A1.?(EA1.?) in Appendix A1/

as used in order to predict the impacts on air !ualit#. ith this model am$ient values resulting

from the predicted vehicular fleet ere calculated up to ?(?) and ere compared ith values

permitted for am$ient air !ualit# standards stipulated in Sri Lanka &a$le A1.?) in Appendix

A1/.

From the results of this model, it is clear that the 1Ehour average values reported for each

pollutant tended to increase ith the time period due to increasing traffic flo. "oever the

values seemed to $e not exceeding the stipulated 1Ehour average standards given in &a$le )',though onl# at =ahathudua to Delanigama area the S5% levels ill $e slightl# high in the #ear

?(?).

5.1.+." Noise an$ Vi*raion

5.1.+.".1 Anici(ae$ Consr!cional Im(acs

onstruction processes connected ith extraction, handling and material transportation ma#

cause increased noise levels. &he exploitation of rock hich involves $lasting operations is

likel# to produce ver# high noise levels hich could result in having adverse impacts on near$#

communities, though the effects ma# $e sporadic and temporar# in nature. 6n addition, potential

vi$rations and shocks arising from $lasting activities could result in severe damages to near$#

properties such as archaeological, religious and culturall# important sites.

0!uipment involved in cut and fill operations are knon to generate excessive noise. Similarl#

e!uipment used in clearing sites are also generate significant noise levels.

Asphalt and concrete plants ma# also $e cause excessive noise and vi$ration. &herefore such

plants should $e located in poorl# or sparsel# populated areas to minimiHe impacts on an#

near$# human settlement.

According to present noise legislation, maximum permissi$le noise levels at $oundaries of the

land in hich the construction activities are undertaken are stipulated as @) d2A/ and )( d2A/

during da#time defined as 8.(( am * @.(( pm/ and night time from @.(( pm * 8.(( am on the

folloing da#/, respectivel#. &a$le ).3 gives the identified noise levels of various construction

e!uipment and machiner# at a distance of @ m.

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Ta*le 5.+0 Noise levels o) consr!cion e3!i(men

E3!i(menNoise level a 4

m in $2A6ro $ar 11)

ompressor 1(+

5ile drivers drop hammer t#pe/ 11(

&ruck, scraper or grader +'

5neumatic drill :)

ranes mova$le and derrick/ :)

0xcavator 11?

Loader 11?

oller vi$rator 1(:

5oke vi$rator 113

Sound reduced jack hammers and lock drills :?

&herefore in vie of the values given in &a$le ).3, the noise levels generated from the

machiner# involved in construction orks could drasticall# distur$ near$# communities since

the noise levels generated tend to exceed the permissi$le da# time limit of @) d2A/ stipulated

for construction activities.

onstant exposure to ver# high noise levels can often cause hearing deficiencies and machine

operators ho are directl# involved in such activities are at high risk. &a$le ).' shos the

exposure levels and time limits adopted in the 9nited =ingdom and the# can $e used as guides

in Sri Lanka.

Ta*le 5.,a60 E7(os!re levels an$ ime limi in 89

Levels Dose ime limis

+( : hr

+3 ' hr

1(( ': min

11( '.: min

1?( ?:.: min

13( ?.:: min

6n the e!ual energ# $asis, an increase of 3 d2 in exposure level ma# $e permitted for each

halving of the exposure duration. "oever, increases in level cannot $e sustained indefinitel#,

hen the level is increased over a short time period a$ove 13( d2, hearing loss ma# $ecomespontaneousl#. 5roper com$ination of e!uipment is therefore crucial to minimiHe the risks of

hearing disorders.

5.1.+."." Anici(ae$ O(eraional Im(acs

6n this stud# the model developed $# Federal "igha# Association of 9SA F"A/ as used to

predict noise levels ith reference to average speeds of :( kmMh, 1(( kmMh and 1?( kmMh refer

to &a$le A1.?8 in Appendix A1/. ith this model the possi$le noise levels generated $# higha#

traffic ere calculated up to ?(?) &a$le A1.?@ in Appendix A1/ and results ere compared ith

maximum alloa$le noise levels generated $# higha# traffic &a$le ).'/.

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Ta*le 5.,*6 0 The ma7im!m allo/a*le noise levels %enerae$ *y hi%h/ay ra))ic

:o!rly A ; -ei%he$ So!n$ Levels ; $2A616

Acive Cae%ory Le3 h6 Descri(ion

A )@ exterior/

Lands on hich serenit# and !uiet are ofextraordinar# significance and serve an

important pu$lic need and here thepreservation of those !ualities is essentialif the area is to continue to serve itsintended purpose

2 8@ exterior/

5icnic areas, recreation areas,pla#grounds, active sports area, parks,

residences, motels, hotels, schools,churches, li$raries and hospitals

@? exterior/-eveloped lands, properties or activitiesnot included in A or 2

- E 9ndeveloped lands

0 )? interior/

esidences, motels, hotels, schools,

churches, li$raries, hospitals and

auditoriums)

10ither L1(h/ or Le! h/ $ut not $oth/ ma# $e used on a project

2asicall# the results from the model revealed that noise level generation increases ith the time

period mainl# due to the increase in vehicular fleet hence peak values ill $e higher in the #ear

?(?). &he results also manifested that the predicted noise levels reported for each time period is

higher than the stipulated limit of 8@ d2A/ $# the F"A and hence ould have a significant

distur$ing effect on schools, religious sites and other areas or $uildings listed under ategor# 2

&a$les ).' and A1.?@ in Appendix A1/. 6t should $e noted that the C26 section comprises such

sites namel#, + government schools, 1+ 2uddhist temples and 1 mos!ue.

%oreover the results also revealed that the predicted noise levels ould significantl# affect lands

on hich serenit# and !uiet are of extraordinar# significance i.e. ategor# A areas such as

forest patches and etlands that ould serve as ha$itats for $irds and other fauna/ since the

predicted levels for each time had exceeded the stipulated limit of )@ d2 A/ &a$les ).'a/, $/

and &a$le A1.?@ in Appendix A1/.

&herefore a drastic noise level reduction should $e practiced $# means of noise $arriers and if

necessar# together ith acoustic insulation of $uildings. Alternatel# concrete or an# other t#pe

of $arrier s#stems ould $e crucial in places here there is no possi$ilit# of having an earthen

$eam due to lack of space. 6ntensive noise reduction programmes ill $e necessar# in areas

here lands on hich serenit# and !uiet are of significance.

6n addition to traffic noise, pneumatic construction e!uipment used for maintenance ork ma#

generate excessive noise levels, though the affects could $e temporar#.

5lanned and unEplanned development activities especiall# industries ma# cause higher noise

levels. "oever the present noise standard addresses the alloa$le limits for industries and

therefore the# ma# $e used to control excessive noise levels.

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5.1.+.".+ Im(acs on vi*raion

6nterim standard on vi$ration control has $een introduced in Sri Lanka though it could not $e

implemented at present. evertheless this standard could $e used as a guideline particularl#

during ne construction. &he interim standard addresses areas such asG

i$ration for the operation of machiner#, construction activities and vehicle

movements traffic &a$le A1.?: in Appendix A1/

i$ration for $lasting activities &a$le A1.?+ in Appendix A1/

i$ration for the inconvenience of the occupants in $uilding &a$le A1.3( in

Appendix A1/.

&a$les A1.?:, A1.?+ and A1.3( in Appendix A1 are $ased on different t#pes of $uildings, hich

are categoriHed in &a$le A1.31 in Appendix A1.&hese guideline values should $e applied for an# significant case here there is a likelihood of

$uilding $eing su$ject to vi$ration $oth during construction and operational phases.

5.1., Processes

5.1.,.1 'loo$s< :y$rolo%y an$ Draina%e Paerns

5.1.,.1.1 Rain)all

5roposed construction ork in the C26 section of the higha# has no impact on the monsoonal

rain as it ould not affect the monsoonal moisture inflo or outflo and ind direction.

5.1.,.1." -in$

5roposed road trace of the C26 section ill not have significant impact on the ind speed and

direction.

5.1.,.1.+ Climae

5roposed higha# ill not have a impact to the climatic conditions of the trace area. 2ut due to

site clearing, cut and fill can cause some micro climatic changes to the surface ater flos in the

streams and to the groundater levels in the area.

5.1.,.1., Sream )lo/ an$ )loo$in%

6t is expected that proposed project ill affect the surface flo hich is passing through the

proposed trace due to the o$struction of flo paths. &his can create local flooding unless

ade!uate culverts are provided. &he trace length that is going over padd# lands are a$out 3+ of

the total trace length of the C26 section. &he a$ove trace lengths ere identified $# measuring

the length on the 1


17/40

&he major rivers crossing the trace are given in the. &he proposed road trace can cause $lockage

of flood ater creating a significant impact on flooding.

5.1.,.1.5 To(o%ra(hy an$ $raina%e

&he lengths of final design trace on retention areas hich are clearl# identifia$le as padd# ormarsh on the 1


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' ) 1.(( 1(( ( (.(( one Severe %oderate one

) 8 (.3? 3? 1 (.?( Lo "igh %oderate Significant

8 @ (.?1 ?1 ? (.(( one %oderate Lo Significant

@ : (.@+ @+ 3 (.(( one Severe %oderate Significant

: + (.(( ( ( (.(( one one one

+ 1( (.)3 )3 ? (.1( Lo Severe %oderate Significant

1( 11 (.?1 ?1 ? 1.3( "igh %oderate "igh Significant

11 1? 1.(( 1(( 1 (.(( one Severe %oderate Significant

1? 13 (.18 18 ( (.(( one %oderate Lo one

13 1' (.11 11 ( (.(( one %oderate Lo one

1' 1) (.@+ @+ ? 1.1) "igh Severe Severe Significant

1) 18 (.)3 )3 ( (.(( one "igh Lo one

18 1@ 1.(( 1(( 1 (.1( Lo Severe %oderate Significant

1@ 1: (.83 83 ( (.(( one Severe %oderate one

1: 1+ (.11 11 ( (.3( Lo %oderate Lo one

1+ ?( (.18 18 1 (.(( one %oderate Lo Significant

?( ?1 (.?1 ?1 1 (.1( Lo %oderate Lo Significant

?1 ?? (.11 11 ? 1.') "igh %oderate "igh Significant?? ?3 (.() ) 1 (.?( Lo Lo Lo Significant

?3 ?' (.@+ @+ 1 ?.+( Severe Severe Severe Significant

?' ?) (.)3 )3 1 (.@: %oderate "igh "igh Significant

?) ?8 (.@+ @+ 1 (.(( one Severe %oderate Significant

?8 ?@ (.@' @' ? (.?( Lo Severe %oderate Significant

?@ ?: (.3@ 3@ 3 (.3' Lo "igh %oderate Significant

?: ?+ (.?1 ?1 1 (.1@ Lo %oderate Lo Significant

?+ 3( (.(( ( ( (.(( one one one one

3( 31 (.?8 ?8 1 (.8( %oderate %oderate %oderate Significant

31 3? (.11 11 ? (.'( Lo %oderate Lo Significant

3? 33 (.'@ '@ ? (.(( one "igh Lo Significant

33 3' (.18 18 ( (.(( one %oderate Lo one

3' 3) (.3? 3? 3 (.+? %oderate "igh "igh Significant

3) 38 (.() ) ( (.(( one Lo one one

38 3@ (.() ) 1 (.(( one Lo one Significant

3@ 3: (.(( ( ? (.(( one one one Significant

3: 3+ (.11 11 1 (.(( one %oderate Lo Significant

3+ '( (.?1 ?1 ? (.(@ Lo %oderate Lo Significant

'( '1 (.?1 ?1 3 (.+( %oderate %oderate %oderate Significant

'1 '? (.'@ '@ ? (.3( Lo "igh %oderate Significant

'? '3 (.(( ( 1 (.)' %oderate one Lo Significant

'3 '' (.'@ '@ 1 (.8? %oderate "igh "igh Significant

'' ') (.)3 )3 ( (.(( one "igh Lo one') '8 (.'? '? 1 (.?( Lo "igh %oderate Significant

'8 '@ (.3@ 3@ 1 (.3( Lo "igh %oderate Significant

'@ ': (.3@ 3@ 1 (.33 Lo "igh %oderate Significant

': '+ (.(( ( 1 (.(( one one one Significant

'+ )( (.(( ( 1 (.(( one one one Significant

)( )1 (.)3 )3 ? 1.)@ "igh "igh "igh Significant

)1 )? (.@+ @+ ( 1.(( "igh Severe Severe one

)? )3 (.'? '? ? (.1? Lo "igh %oderate Significant

)3 )' (.3@ 3@ ( (.:) %oderate "igh "igh one

)' )) (.?8 ?8 1 1.(8 "igh %oderate "igh Significant

)) )8 (.11 11 ( (.(( Lo %oderate Lo one

)8 )@ (.)3 )3 ? 1.+? "igh "igh "igh Significant)@ ): (.11 11 1 (.38 Lo %oderate %oderate Significant

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): )+ (.3@ 3@ 1 1.)3 "igh "igh "igh Significant

)+ 8( (.)3 )3 ( (.(( one "igh Lo one

8( 81 (.@+ @+ ? 1.'3 "igh Severe Severe Significant

81 8? (.)3 )3 1 (.)+ %oderate "igh "igh Significant

8? 83 (.() ) ? (.@8 %oderate Lo Lo Significant

83 8' (.?8 ?8 1 (.1( Lo %oderate Lo Significant

8' 8) (.(( ( 1 (.(( one one one Significant

8) 88 (.?8 ?8 1 (.(( one %oderate Lo Significant

88 8@ (.18 18 1 (.+( %oderate %oderate %oderate Significant

5.1.,." Soil Erosion? Silaion an$ Se$imenaion R!no))

5.1.,.".1 Soil Erosion Di))erences 2e/een Com*ine$ Trace an$ he 'inal Trace

hen the erosion trigger factors for om$ined &race and the Final &race such as spatial

rainfall, soil t#pes, vegetative cover are considered on a macro scale there are no significantdifference $eteen these parameters $ecause the deviation on a macro scale is marginal and the

deviated segments ill not fall into areas ith different properties ith respect to the a$ove

erosion trigger parameters. &herefore a significant $aseline difference in erosion and

sedimentation or siltation cannot $e identified. "oever erosion is prominent during

construction and the details are given $elo.

5.1.,."." Soil Erosion D!rin% Consr!cion

6t is o$served that su$stantial construction ork is has not $een started on the Final &race and it

is onl# pertinent to address the short term construction impacts and the long term operationalimpacts. &he folloing impacts could $e expected in soil erosion, siltation B sedimentation run

off.

hange of the runoff pattern on the cleared road trace as the vegetal cover has $een

denuded and the underl#ing soil exposed. &his is onl# a short term impact of lo

magnitude.

2ecause of the reason given a$ove the rate of erosion ill increased considera$l# and the

eroded soils drift to adjacent padd# areas.

9ndesira$le stripped soils such as peat# soils are piled adjacent to the road trace and

$ecause of the intense rain these soils gets ashed off to the adjacent lo l#ing padd#

areas.

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Although the etland around 5anape is going to $e reclaimed and changed ith all the impacts

discussed herein, suggestion to deviate it to the present trace ill produce less impact hen

compared to the com$ined trace hich as proposed to traverse across the 2olgoda lake

etland complex.

eclamation of this etland ill affect the local ater ta$le as this is an area ith stagnantfreshater that ma# pla# the role of groundater recharge.

5."." 'a!na

5.".".1 Terresrial 'a!na an$ Am(hi*ians

&errestrial fauna are affected mainl# through loss of ha$itats, particularl# those that are

important as pollinators and $iological pest controllers such as insects. "a$itats of the endemic

mammalAxis porosnusill not $e affected $# the deviated road trace, hoever road kills of this

rare species ma# take place as the cinnomon plantations have $een fragmented $# the major

trace com$ined trace/.

5ollinators ill lose ha$itats and thus their role ill $e hampered resulting local declines in crop

harvests, particularl# fruits.

5."."." A3!aic 'a!na

ith the proposed activities of the road construction, ha$itats for a!uatic fauna, particularl# fish

ill $e largel# lost permanentl#. 5anape etlands support otters, a protected animal in Sri

Lanka. emoval of vegetation, reclamation and noise created $# the traffic ill make this site

unfavoura$le for them and ma# leave the area ith time as this etland is connected to 2olgoda

lake etland complex and =alu ganga.

5.".".+ Avi)a!na

5anape etland at the deviation is a site that migrator# $irds visit due to its sheltered localit#

and relativel# lo distur$ance. ith reclaiming part of it for the road and due to su$se!uent

introduction of traffic, this ill $ecome unsuita$le as a $ird ha$itat and it ill affect migrant $ird

populations, leading to declining diversit# among them.

learing vegetation ill reduce the ha$itats, food and shelter for the avifauna and this ill lead

to decline in their population siHes. 2irds are seed dispersal agents and lo num$ers of $irds inthe area ma# affect natural seed dispersal and in turn ill negativel# affect terrestrial plant

diversit#.

5.+ Social Environmen

5.+.1 Lan$ 8se As(ecs

5.+.1.1 Lan$ 8se Paern

According to the information availa$le -As offices in 2andaragama and -odangoda a$out

18: ha of padd# lands and 31( ha of other lands ith different land use pattern had negative

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impacts. &hese lands have $een alread# ac!uired $# the -A for development activities of the

proposed road project. &he land use pattern of these affected and alread# ac!uired land included Oher In)rasr!c!re 'aciliies

&he impacts on other infrastructure facilities ere assessed $ased on agenc# and communit#

stakeholder vies. &he experiences of the stakeholders and also hat the# perceive as future

anticipated impacts, various project interventions so far implemented and also to $e

implemented in near future ere considered in discussions ith stakeholders.

6mpact on ater domestic ater suppl# s#stems and also natural ater $odies/ from the

communities point of vie

earl# +( of the affected householders had domestic ells in their home

gardens. &hese ere affected.

&here ma# $e tendenc# to get natural streams and drainage canals $locked during

construction period. &his ma# lead to get the loland areas flooded. ater in

some natural streams ma# get polluted due to land filling and other project

interventions during construction phase.

&here ma# $e tendenc# to create pro$lems to the drinking ater ells in the

lands located adjacent to the ; area. loering the ater levels and pollution

of ater etc/

&here ma# $e tendenc# to $lock the existing pipe ater s#stems esta$lished along

roads.

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&he impact on telephone and electricit# distri$ution lines

Documents

Chapter 5 JBIC