Chapter 5(Section 1 & Slavery)

Reviewing the 13 Colonies The New England

Colonies

The Middle Atlantic Colonies

The Southern Colonies

The New England Colonies Founded for Religious Reasons

Made up of mostly people from England

New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut

New England Colony Cold climate, short growing season, and

rocky soil Small farms for families Few slaves; slaves were mostly house

servants Most people lived in small towns where

church was very important Because reading the Bible was so

important public education became a law.

New England Economy Industry was the main economic activity. Because of New England’s many natural

harbors fishing, sea trade and ship building were big businesses

New England is the most urbanized colony in the New World with numerous cities.

The largest city ports include Boston, Providence and Newport.

The Middle Atlantic Colony Founded for religious reasons

Made up of English, Dutch, Swedish, German, Scots-Irish people

New York (Dutch) New Jersey (Variety) Delaware (Swedish) Pennsylvania (English)

The Middle Atlantic Colony Moderate climate, Medium growing

season, and rich soil Small farms for families / large farms for

profit Many slaves work for cash crops (profit) No requirement for public education but

many were educated with private tutors and at churches

Middle Atlantic Economy Agriculture is the main economic activity:

wheat, oats, corn and timber (ships, wagons and barrels)

Industry is the second economic activity: manufacturing timber, mining for iron ore and mineral processing

Urban and rural: most people live in small towns but the few cities that are here are the largest in the New World = New York and Philadelphia

Southern Colonies Founded for economic and defense

reasons. Made up of English, African, Scots-Irish

Virginia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

The Southern Colony Warm climate, Long growing season, and

rich soil Small farms for families / huge plantations

for profit Huge populations of slaves work for cash

crops (profit) Very few children ever received education

– except rich

The Southern Economy Agriculture is the main economic activity Virginia and Maryland = tobacco Georgia and South Carolina = rice and

indigo Most rural colony – Charleston is only port

city

Life in GeorgiaAs a Proprietary Colony The first settlers faced a wilderness full of

unpleasant hot summers, biting bugs and strange plants and animals.

Thousands died, many left for other colonies or Europe, others stayed and prospered.

Georgians developed an agrarian culture (centered around farming) and small communities.

Survival is the aim and hard work is the rule.

People in Georgia Most people were from England, Africa,

Scotland or Ireland; however, many people were from Wales, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland and France.

These people all had different religions but managed to live among each other peacefully for the most part.

Let’s look at 2 certain groups of people:

Africans Come to America The first African in the Americas was Juan

Canaries – a free black crew member on Columbus’s first voyage in 1492.

Africans participated in most Spanish explorations and military expeditions to America.

Some Africans were free, most were slaves.

Slavery Slavery has existed for thousands of years. The

pyramids in Egypt were built by them. Making slaves of enemies captured during battle – often women and children was practices around the world.

African tribes fought each other constantly and would capture slaves during battles. They would often sell these people to Europeans for guns, rum and other goods.

In some situations slaves were freed after a period of time (Spain); in others, they were slaves for life.

Slavery in the American Colonies Read p. 93 Primary

Source Slave Ship Activity

Slavery in Georgia Read p. 94-96 Answer Questions p. 96 #2-5

Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony 1752 Georgia becomes a Royal Colony

Only white males owning at least 50 acres could vote in the Assembly elections.

Members of the assembly had to own at least 500 acres. They approved land grants, made laws, and acted as

judges.

Lower House(elected by the people)

Upper House(Assigned by the Gov.)

Royal Governor(Assigned by the King)

Finally… A Governor that Works John Reynolds (asked to leave) Henry Ellis (asks to leave) Sir James Wright (loved by all – and stays)

Section 2 French & Indian War American Revolution

Georgia’s First Royal Governor and First Government The bicameral (two-chamber – upper and

lower house) legislature was set up to represent the 8 parishes (COUNTIES) of the colony.

A parish was both a church and a British government district from which people were taxed.

A court system was set up and people would go before the Court of Conscience.

The First Real World War“The French & Indian War”

The same year that Georgia got it’s first Royal Governor Great Britain and France went to war over their world empires.

Because many Indians fought on the side of France, British colonist called the war the “French and Indian War” when it was actually between the “French and British”.

Great Britain and France were a good match because Great Britain had the greatest navy in the world and France had the best army and experienced military leaders.

War Erupts!! Read pg. 143 – 144 in the blue book

Treaty of Paris (1763) Land Changes Hands

Impact of French & Indian on Georgia

Georgia did not fight in the war but benefited from it.

Treaty of Paris (1763) set Georgia’s western boundary at Mississippian River.

(Thanks Frenchy!)

Proclamation of 1763 Now Great Britain had a bunch of land here in the New World and a very large debt that had resulted from fighting

in the French and Indian War. The Proclamation of 1763:

1. Created 4 new colonies: Quebec (Canada), Grenada (Caribbean's), East Florida and West Florida.

2. Reserved all land west of the Appalachian Mountains for the Indians

3. Georgia’s southern boundary was extended to the St. Mary’s River

KNOW THIS MAN!!

Meanwhile, back in Georgia… For 10 years - things are

going great! No threat of French or Spanish.

Creeks cede 2 million acres to Georgia.

Under Headright System Georgia gives land away to get people to come to the colony.

Governor James Wright and the two houses work together to promote economic growth in Georgia.

More schools, more literacy and many books and newspapers are being sold.

People called “Crackers” move into Georgia. Crackers are were viewed as “low class” people who broke laws and were poor. They were not welcome in the colony.

A greater number of Georgians who were not wealthy began asking for a voice in the government. This could not be done as long as Georgia belonged to Great Britain.

Many other colonist were finding reason to want to become independent from Great Britain as well.

The Tension Builds The French and Indian War had created

debt, and Great Britain needed money to pay soldiers to protect the colonies – so they began to tax the colonist.

They also begin to pass strict laws and started enforcing old laws.

Paying For The War And The Soldiers The Navigation Act – colonist can only ship

their goods on British ships (Britain's mercantilism policies)

The Sugar Act – tax placed on sugar and molasses imported from the West Indies

The Stamp Act – tax placed on newspapers, legal documents and license

The Townshend Act – tax tea, paper, glass, and coloring for paints.

Resentment & Conflict 1. These taxes were imposed by the British

parliament – WHO THE COLONIST COULDN’T EVEN VOTE FOR!

2. Colonists were supposed to be treated as British citizens – BUT IF ACCUSED OF SMUGGLING – THEIR HOMES COULD BE SEARCHED WITH NO WARRANT!

3. They could be brought before a British military court – AND FOUND GUILTY WITHOUT HAVING A TRIAL!

Anger Among the Colonist Northern colonies were much more angry with Great Britain

than the southern colonies because they were effected more by the taxes. Also, most of the people from the north were actually born here and not in Great Britain (didn’t feel as loyal to the crown) because the northern colonies were older.

In the North – contempt grows as Britain sends in more troops. In 1770, several British soldiers are booed and eggs are thrown at them in the streets of Boston. British soldiers opened fire killing 5 people and wounding 6. It became known as the Boston Massacre – and when other colonist heard about it – people began to rise up in rage.

And another thing… The East India Tea Company began to go

bankrupt and Britain passed a law (The Tea Act 1773) that American colonist could only buy tea from them.

In December, a group of Patriots, The Sons of Liberty, dressed up like Mohawk Indians, boarded 3 British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Bay. The “Boston Tea Party” infuriated the British.

1st Continental Congress Philadelphia 1774 All colonies, except GA gathered to protest

the Intolerable Acts Anti-British colonists in GA were still

bickering over which GA parish would have the most power.

It’s On… After the Intolerable Acts were passed a Continental

Congress, with delegates from all colonies except Georgia, met in Philadelphia and agreed to boycott all

British goods. People openly loyal to Britain were tarred and feathered. Finally, on April 19th, 1775, the

Massachusetts “middlemen” and British troops battled at Lexington and Concord. It was later described as the “shot heard around the world”. News of the battles

spread quickly through the colonies. Colonial assemblies voted to raise militias and the war for American

Independence began. Watch Countdown to Independence

Did Georgian’s Care? Georgia was much younger than the other

American colonies and didn’t have the history of self-government. Many people on the coast had also gotten wealthy trading with the British. Under Sir James Wright Georgians had grown wealthy and prospered. In the backcountry Georgians were more likely to want independence - however as events began to turn – even on the coast support for the “mother country” began to wane.

http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/wars/Revolution/actsofwar.html

Georgia Divided(Georgia divides into the…)

Whigs (later Patriots)- Anti-British Georgians

The Liberty Boys(A.K.A. The Liberty Brawlers)

Part of the Sons of Liberty group in Boston, these

Georgians met in taverns and came to represent the

spirit of the Revolution.

Tories (later Loyalists)- Supporters of Britain

The Second Continental Congress

On May 10, 1775, the members of the Second Continental Congress met at the State House in Philadelphia. There were several new delegates including: John Hancock from Massachusetts, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, and Benjamin Franklin from Pennsylvania. The Second Continental Congress meeting started with the battle of Lexington and Concord fresh in their memories. The New England militia were still encamped outside of Boston trying to drive the British out of Boston. The Second Continental Congress established the militia as the Continental Army to represent the thirteen states. They also elected George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.

Georgia Makes Other Colonies Mad Georgia was absent for the first few days but on

May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall of Midway arrived in an unofficial capacity. The other colonies were furious with Georgia because it did not seem very supportive. Some members of Congress wanted to punish the youngest colony. Shortly there after, in July, Georgia decided to join the fight for Independence. The Liberty Boys imprisoned the Sir James Wright – a month later allowing him to escape to a waiting British battle ship.

War Begins The Revolutionary War officially began

with the battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts.

Declaration of Independence

On July 4th, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. The names of

three Georgians, Lyman Hall, George Walton, and Button

Gwinnett – appeared on the left side of the document right below the famous John Hancock signature.

Following ideas: 1. All men are created equal. 2. Everyone is born with certain rights

that gov’t can’t take away – life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

3. Government gets it power from the people.

The people can do away with a government they no longer approve of.

It proclaimed “These united colonies are … Free Independent states.”

Georgians Suit Up or Leave Some Georgians still did not agree with

the revolution and returned to Great Britain. The rest of Georgia joined the fight assembling militias and sending food and ammunition to the Continental Army. Patriots fired canons and staged a mock funeral for King George III.

The Constitution of 1777

Georgia’s First Constitution1. Did away with parishes and named

Georgia’s first 8 counties: Burke, Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn,

Richmond, Wilkes and Liberty.2. Created a “Unicameral” legislature with

all powers, who selected the governor.3. Governor can only hold office for 1 year.

Battle of Kettle Creek Early in 1779, Kettle Creek – Wilkes,

County – Lt. Elijah Clarke led a force of Georgia patriots in an attack against British loyalists. Aided by South Carolina, the patriots scattered the Tories, killing the commander.

This battle is said to have ended the British domination of Georgia.

Siege of Savannah

During the fall of 1779, patriots aided by France, which had joined the American side – tried desperately to retake Savannah. An American army and a French fleet laid siege to the city for 3 weeks. After a fierce bombardment, the Americans attempted to take the city by storm. In a daring calvary charge, Count Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who had come to America to help the patriots, was killed. The attack failed. 1000 men were killed.

Articles of the Confederation

The first constitution of the United States

Let’s look at the famous Georgians…

Button Gwinnett Dr. Lyman Hall Georgia Walton

Elijah Clarke Nancy Hart

Austin Dabney

Button Gwinnett Button Gwinnett is now famous as one of the

three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence. His signature, because it is rare, is

one of the most valuable in the world. But Gwinnett lived in Georgia for over ten years before rising to prominence. Born in 1735,

Gwinnett became involved in politics and would die in a famous duel with his adversary, Colonel

M’Intosh.

Dr. Lyman Hall When Lyman Hall signed the Declaration of

Independence, he was 52 years old--twice as old as George Walton and over a decade older than Button Gwinnett. But Hall's passion in promoting American rights belied his age, for he was one of the earliest instigators for liberty.

Born in Wallingford, Connecticut, on April 12, 1724, Lyman Hall came from old Puritan stock that had lived there for several generations. He first studied theology at Yale and served briefly as pastor of a Congregational church. His main interest turned to medicine, however, which he actively practiced by the time he moved to South Carolina in 1756 or 1757. In 1760 he was granted land in Georgia in St. John's Parish, near Midway, where he established a rice plantation, Hall=s Knoll, and built a home in the adjacent port of Sunbury. Two years later he returned to South Carolina and practiced medicine in Pon Pon, but had returned to Georgia by 1774, actively promoting American independence.

George Walton One of three Georgians to

sign the Declaration of Independence, George Walton served in numerous capacities for the state of Georgia after the American Revolution, including governor of Georgia in 1779.

Elijah Clarke Elijah Clarke was born and grew up in South Carolina,

probably of Scottish-Irish parents. He eventually migrated to Wilkes County, Georgia and joined the militia shortly before the American Revolution broke out. He began the war serving with Andrew Pickens. He saw action in various skirmishes and small battles at Alligator Creek, Kettle Creek, Green Spring, Cedar Springs and Musgrove's Mill.

In September 1780, Colonel Clarke is part of a failed attempted to retake Augusta, Georgia, an event which reignites Loyalist vengence in Georgia. He then saw action with Thomas Sumter against Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton at Blackstocks. In April 1781, Clarke and Andrew Pickens began a successful siege of Augusta, which ended in June. After the war, he remained in the militia and fought Indians in 1781.

Clarke was given a plantation, later defeating Indians again and retired a Brigadier General. He next began service with the French minister to the US in a scheme to gain control of West Florida. 1794, he set up the short lived Transoconee Republic. Later on, he was rumored to be involved with new schemes over West Florida and the Yazoo Land Fraud, but in spite of all his dubious postwar pursuits, he died in 1799 still a revered hero.

Nancy Hart Little is known about the early life of

Nancy Morgan, but she is believed to have been born in North Carolina. She and her husband, Benjamin Hart, moved first to South Carolina around 1771, and then to Georgia where they settled on the Broad River, near Elberton. During the Revolutionary War the spying and other exploits of Nancy Hart, a fierce patriot, earned her a reputation for combativeness that the neighboring Cherokees named her “Wahatchee,” or “War Woman.” The most famous episode involved varying accounts about a group of Tories who invaded her home. She served food and liquor to catch them off guard, then killed one, wounded another and held the rest at gunpoint until her husband and neighbors arrived. Nancy Hart also lived in Brunswick and Clarke County. In 1853 the newly formed Hart County was named for her. It is the only county in Georgia named for a woman.

Family lore states that a total eclipse of the sun occurred during Nancy Hart’s funeral in Kentucky

Austin Dabney Private Austin Dabney was born in the late 1770’s in Wake

County, North Carolina as a slave. He moved with his master Richard Aycock to Wilkes County.  Dabney was sent to the army in his master’s place. He served as an artilleryman in the battle of Kettle Creek. He fought in the revolutionary war in Georgia. Austin Dabney got shot through his thigh with a musket ball and was saved by a white man named Giles Harris. After the war he worked for Harris’s family. He used his own money to send Harris’s son to college. He stopped his master from making him a slave. Austin Dabney got an award for revolutionary war. Austin Dabney couldn’t attend the lottery because he was black. He awarded 112 acres of land in Walton County, Georgia. He died between March and September of 1830 in Zebulon, Georgia.   

The Treaty of Paris (1783)

Treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War on September 3, 1783. It was signed in Paris by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Under the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the independent nation of the United States of America. Britain agreed to remove all of its troops from the new nation. The treaty also set

new borders for the United States, including all land from the Great Lakes on the north to Florida on the south, and

from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. The United States agreed to allow British troops still in

America to leave and also agreed to pay all existing debts owed to Great Britain. The United States also

agreed not to persecute loyalists still in America and allow those that left America to return.

The Articles of the Confederation is Not Working 1) Under the Articles there was only a unicameral legislature so

that there was no separation of powers. 2) The central government under the Articles was too weak since

the majority of the power rested with the states. 3) Congress, under the Articles, did not have the power to tax

which meant that they could never put their finances in order. 4) In order to change or amend the Articles, unanimous approval

of the states was required which essentially meant that changes to the Articles were impossible. 5) For any major laws to pass they had to be approved by 9 or the 13 states which proved difficult to do so that even the normal business of running a government was difficult. 6) Under the Articles, Congress did not have the power to regulate commerce which will cause competition between states as well as diplomatic issues

So the states reconvene.

The Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention of May 1787 was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where delegates from 12 of the 13 states were present. The state of Rhode Island refused to send a delegate because it was afraid of losing its states' rights. The delegates worked for 4 months behind closed doors of the State House to draft a new document known later as the "Constitution."

In Philadelphia, more than fifty delegates from twelve of the original thirteen colonies met to begin writing the Constitution of the United States.

These delegates were selected by their states. They were educated, patriotic, and experienced men, ranging from the ages of 40 to 81. Benjamin Franklin was the oldest delegate. Some men were landowners and some were lawyers or judges. All delegates held at least one public office. This group is sometimes called the "Founding Fathers." There were no women or minorities.

The Constitution The Federal Convention convened in the State House

(Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation. Because the delegations from only two states were at first present, the members adjourned from day to

day until a quorum of seven states was obtained on May 25. Through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that,

rather than amend the existing Articles, the Convention would draft an entirely new frame of government. All through the

summer, in closed sessions, the delegates debated, and redrafted the articles of the new Constitution. Among the chief points at

issue were how much power to allow the central government, how many representatives in Congress to allow each state, and how

these representatives should be elected--directly by the people or by the state legislators. The work of many minds, the Constitution

stands as a model of cooperative statesmanship and the art of compromise.

Constitution Facts The U. S Constitution was written in the same Pennsylvania State

House where the Declaration of Independence was signed and where George Washington received his commission as Commander of the Continental Army. Now called Independence Hall, the building still stands today on Independence Mall in Philadelphia, directly across from the National Constitution Center.

Written in 1787, the Constitution was signed on September 17th. But it wasn't until 1788 that it was ratified by the necessary nine states.

The U.S. Constitution was prepared in secret, behind locked doors that were guarded by sentries.

Some of the original framers and many delegates in the state ratifying conventions were very troubled that the original Constitution lacked a description of individual rights. In 1791, Americans added a list of rights to the Constitution. The first ten amendments became known as The Bill of Rights.

More Facts… Of the 55 delegates attending the Constitutional Convention, 39 signed

and 3 delegates dissented. Two of America's "founding fathers" didn't sign the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson was representing his country in France and John Adams was doing the same in Great Britain.

Of all the written national constitutions in the world, the U.S. Constitution is the oldest and shortest.

The original Constitution is on display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, it was moved to Fort Knox for safekeeping.

More than 11,000 amendments have been introduced in Congress. Thirty three have gone to the states to be ratified and twenty seven have received the necessary approval from the states to actually become amendments to the Constitution.

http://www.constitutionfacts.com/

Abraham Baldwin After writing the charter for the

University of Georgia, Abraham Baldwin served as the college's first president from 1786 to 1801. In 1787 he was chosen as one of four Georgia delegates to the Constitutional Convention. During his long political career, Baldwin also served in the Georgia General Assembly, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the U.S. Senate.

William Few In 1787 William Few Jr.

represented Georgia at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Subsequently, Few was a signer of the U.S. Constitution.