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CHAPTER. 11. Prisons and Jails. Prisons Today. Approximately 1,500 state prisons 84 federal prisons 470 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population On January 1, 2002, state and federal prisons held 1,406,031 inmates. Slightly more than 6.6% of those imprisoned were women. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prisons and Jails
CHAPTER
11
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prisons Today
Approximately• 1,500 state prisons• 84 federal prisons• 470 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population On January 1, 2002, state and federal prisons held 1,406,031 inmates. Slightly more than 6.6% of those imprisoned were women.
Numbers and Types of Prisons
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prison Population of the United States
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prisons Today
• Whites - 941 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their late 20s.
• Blacks - 7,901 incarcerated per 100,000 black males in their
late 20s.
Race
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prison Population and Capacity in the U.S.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prisons Today
State Level• 49% sentenced for violent crime.• 20% sentenced for property crime.• 21% sentenced for drug crime.
Federal Level • 61% sentenced for drug law
violations.
Types of Crimes
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prisons Today
• low level of formal education
• socially disadvantaged background
• lack of significant vocational skills
• (most) served time in a juvenile facility
Inmates
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
StatePrison Systems
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Security Levels• maximum
• medium
• minimum
Prisons Today
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Maximum• high fences/walls of concrete• barriers between living area and outer perimeter
—electric perimeters—laser motion detectors—electronic and pneumatic locking
systems—metal detectors—X-ray machines—television surveillance
Prisons Today
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Maximum
• thick walls• secure cells• gun towers• armed guards• radio communication between staff
Prisons Today
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Medium
Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners more freedom. In them prisoners can usually:
• associate with other prisoners• go to the prison yard• use exercise room/equipment• visit the library• take showers and use bathroom facilities
with less supervision
Prisons Today
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Medium
• While individual cells predominate, dormitory style housing is sometimes used.
• Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows.
• These facilities tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large
stone walls.
Prisons Today
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Medium
“Count”
The process of counting inmates during the course of a day. Times are random, and all business stops until the count is verified.
Prisons Today
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Rates of Imprisonment in the United States
Source: Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Prisoners in 2001 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002).
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Minimum
• Housing tends to be dormitory style, and prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility.
• Work is done under general supervision only.• Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not
exist.• Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes
unlocked.• “Counts” are usually not taken.• Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their
own clothes.
Prisons Today
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The FederalPrison System
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
1895 - Leavenworth, Kansas - First non-military federal prison opens.1906 - Second federal prison opens in Atlanta.1927 - Alderson, West Virginia - First federal prison for women.1933 - Springfield, Missouri - Medical Center for federal prisoners.1934 - Alcatraz begins operations.
History
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Correctional Facilities
Source: U.S. Department of Justice
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Security Levels
• administrative maximum (ADMAX)• high security • medium security• low security• minimum security• administrative facility
Federal Prison System
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
• ADMAX mean ultra-maximum security.• Only federal ADMAX prison is in
Florence, Colorado.• The 575 bed facility opened in 1995.
Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
• Dangerous prisoners are confined to cells 23 hours per day & not allowed to
associate with one another.
• Only toughest 1% of federal prison population is confined there.
• ADMAX holds mob bosses, spies, terroristsmurderers, escape artists, etc.
Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
• armed perimeter patrols• intense electronic surveillance• designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances• holds 10% of federal prison population• 8 facilities• Examples: Atlanta, GA
Lewisburg, PATerre Haute, INLeavenworth, KS
High Security (U.S. Penitentiaries)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
• double chain link fence• electronic monitoring of grounds• 23% of federal prison population• 26 facilities• examples: Terminal Island, CA
Lompoc, CASeagoville, TX
Medium Security (Federal Correctional Institutions)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
• surrounded by double chain link
fence• vehicle patrols of perimeter• holds 28% of federal prison population• 17 facilities
Low Security
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
• essentially honor-type camps• barrack style housing• no fences• holds 35% of federal prison population• 55 facilities• examples: Elgin Air Force Base, FL
Maxwell Air Force Base, AL
Minimum Security (Federal Prison Camps)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Federal Prison System
• institutions with special missions
• most are Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs)
• generally located in large cities, close to federal courthouses
• hold inmates awaiting trial
• 5 Medical Centers for Federal Prisoners (MCFP)
Administrative Facility
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• original purpose - Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.
• current use - Jails hold those convicted of misdemeanors and some
felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.
Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Jails
• 631,240 men are held in jails.• 69,000 women are held in jails.• 7,613 juveniles are held in jails.• 58% are pre-trial detainees or
involved in some phase of the trial process.
• 22% have been charged with a drug offense.
Statistics - 2002
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Jails
• 3,365 jails in the U.S.
• 207,600 correctional officers
• 2.9/1 inmate/staff ratio
• $14,500 average cost to keep a person in jail for a year
Profile
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Jails
• 20,000,000 people are admitted annually to jail.
• most jails are designed to house 50 prisoners or less.• 6% of all jails hold over 50% of all
prisoners.• Largest “mega-jails” are in Los Angeles,
NYC, Chicago, Arizona, and Harris County, Texas.
Profile
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Causes of Jail Deaths in the U.S.
Source: U.S. Department of Justice
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Current Issues for Prisons
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• Women comprise only 11% of the country’s jail population.
• They face a number of special problems, including:
Women and Jail
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• 4% of female inmates are pregnant when they come to jail
• not all jails fully separate men and women
• substance abuse is high
Women and Jail
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• Women make up 22% of the correctional force in jails across the nation.
• But many jails have no female correctional personnel on staff.
Women and Jail
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• end of 1980s - Jails were overcrowded.
• Court ordered caps put on population.
• 2000 - Jail capacity increased, and occupancy was at 92% of rated capacity.
Growth of Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• new jail management strategy - direct supervision
• system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas
• open environment
• “new generation” jails
Growth of Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• adding critical programs for inmates
• increasing jail industries
• use of citizen volunteers
• jail “boot camps”
Future of Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
States use private prisons to:
• reduce overcrowding
• lower operating expenses
• avoid lawsuits
Private Prisons
