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1850-1914

Western imperialism, with superior arms and technology, established colonies in Asia and Africa.

The Europeans export finished goods to the colonies and import raw materials and cash crops.

Colonial rule provokes native resistance movements.

Western nations race to divide Africa among themselves.

They draw territorial boundaries without regard to Africans’ ethnic, linguistic, and cultural divisions.

Europeans use colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence, economic imperialism, and different patterns of management to control African colonies.

African resistance movements emerge in response.

After the death of Suleiman I, European nations divide the Ottoman Empire.

A combined British-French-Ottoman force defeats the Russians in the Crimean War, and the British seize the Suez canal.

Britain gradually attains control over India, establishing the Raj.

British rule gives rise to nationalist feelings and to resistance movements.

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Western Imperialists, including the United States, claim lands in the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Hawaiian Islands.

Only Siam remains independent.

Wireless Radio? ◦ Invented around

1895

◦ Invented by Italian Guglielmo Marconi

◦ Makes communication to wide areas of the country possible

Westward Expansion? ◦ Also known as

‘Manifest Destiny’

Imperialism?

1850 1914

1850 European trading with Africa well established

1858 Britain establishes direct rule over India

1869 Suez Canal completed

1884-85 Berlin Conference sets rules for Africa colonization

1898 U.S. acquires Philippines, annexes Hawaii

1899 Boer War begins in South Africa

In 1836, Queen Victoria is crowned in England

Empire Building: ◦ The Industrial Revolution gave European nations the

necessary technology to dominate other peoples.

◦ During the 1800s, the European powers competed for parts of Africa, Southeast Asia, India and the Pacific.

◦ Toward the end of the century, the United States established its own colonies in the Pacific.

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Economics: ◦ The Imperialists regarded their colonies as captive

markets as well as sources of raw materials and trade goods.

◦ The colonizers demanded production of cash crops at the expense of the peasants’ own subsistence agriculture.

◦ In tropical areas plantation agriculture increased the need for laborers and spurred immigration.

Power and Authority: ◦ Colonizers were divided on the best method of rule.

◦ Britain and the United States ruled indirectly, using local leaders and institutions where possible.

◦ The French and others ruled the colonies from a central authority.

◦ Often the two methods were blended.

Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Section 1: Imperialists Divide Africa

Objectives:

◦ To describe Africa before European domination

◦ To summarize the motives of European colonizers

◦ To identify the factors allowing the Europeans to control Africa

◦ To identify the three groups that clashed in South Africa

Main Idea: ◦ Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups,

kingdoms and city-states, Europeans established colonial claims.

Why It Matters Now: ◦ African nations continue to feel the effects of

colonial presence of over 100 years ago.

Terms and Names: ◦ Imperialism

◦ Racism

◦ Social Darwinism

◦ Berlin Conference 1884-1885

◦ Shaka

◦ Boer

◦ Great Trek

◦ Boer War

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Problems Discourage Exploration ◦ Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration

Nations Compete for Overseas Empires ◦ Imperialism—seizure of a country or territory by a

stronger country

◦ Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa

The Congo Sparks Interest: ◦ 1860s-David Livingstone, an explorer, disappeared

searching for the source of the Nile

◦ Henry Stanley was hired to find him and in 1871, he did find him in an African village

◦ This meeting made headlines around the world

Dr. David Livingstone:

Analyzing Causes:

◦ Why did the Europeans control such a small portion of Africa in the 1800s?

◦ African armies and traders kept them out and the rivers were impassable, making it difficult to get inland

Belief in European Superiority: ◦ Race for colonies grows out of national pride

◦ Racism—belief that one race is better than others

◦ Social Darwinism—survival of the fittest is applied to human society

Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa: ◦ Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from

malaria

◦ Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture

◦ Technological inventions like the steam engine, Maxim gun help in the conquest

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The Lure of Wealth ◦ Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest

in colonization

Berlin Conference Divides Africa: ◦ Berlin Conference (1884-1885)—14 countries agree

on rules for division

Countries must claim land and prove ability to control it

◦ By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of European control

Map Activity (20pts): ◦ Copy name of countries from 1914 map of Africa

◦ Copy the key assigning a color to each colonizing country

◦ Color each African country using the key

The Division of Africa

Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies: ◦ Raw materials are the greatest source of wealth in

Africa

◦ Businesses develop cash-crop plantations

Zulus Fight the British: ◦ Shaka—Zulu chief—creates centralized state around

1816 ◦ British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation

in 1887

Boers and British Settle in the Cape: ◦ Boers, or Dutch farmers, take Africans’ land and

establish large farms ◦ Boers clash with British over land and slaves

Move north to escape British and clash with Zulu warriors during the Great Trek

Boer War between British and Boers begins in 1899 ◦ British win, Boers assimilate with British as Boer

republics are united in the Union of South Africa in 1910

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Terms and Names: ◦ Imperialism

◦ Racism

◦ Social Darwinism

◦ Berlin Conference 1884-1885

◦ Shaka

◦ Boer

◦ Great Trek

◦ Boer War

Students will be divided into four groups

Two groups represent Europeans—one group pro Imperialism, one group against it

Two groups represent Africans—one group pro Imperialism, one group against it

Groups will debate pros and cons against each other (European vs. European, African vs. African)

Groups will cite examples from textbook or other external sources.

Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Section 2: Case Study—Nigeria

Objectives:

◦ To explain different forms of colonial control

◦ To explain the patterns of imperialist management

◦ To describe British rule in Nigeria

◦ To summarize African resistance movements

◦ To debate effects of colonialism

Main Idea: ◦ Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire

building that affected both Africa and the rest of the world.

Why It Matters Now: ◦ Many former colonies have political problems today

that are a direct result of colonial rule.

Terms and Names: ◦ Paternalism

◦ Assimilation

◦ Menelik II

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Extending influence: ◦ Europeans want to control all aspects of their

colonies:

Influence political, social lives of people

Shape economies to benefit Europe

Want people to adopt European customs

Forms of Control: ◦ Europeans develop four forms of control of

territory:

Colony—governed by foreign power

Protectorate—governs itself, but under outside control

Sphere of Influence—outside power controls investment, trading

Economic Imperialism—private business interests assert control

Methods of Management: ◦ Europeans use two methods to manage colonies:

Direct Control

Indirect Control

◦ Direct Control: Limited self-rule for governments

Legislative body includes colonial, local officials

◦ Indirect Control: Paternalism—Europeans provide for local people, but grant

no rights

Assimilation—adaptation of local people to ruling culture

Gaining Control: ◦ Britain conquers

southern Nigeria using both diplomacy and force

◦ Conquest of northern Nigeria through the Royal Niger Company

◦ In 1914, Britain claims all of Nigeria as a colony

Managing the Colony: ◦ Nigeria is culturally diverse, with about 250 ethnic

groups

◦ British use indirect rule successfully through the Hausa-Fulani

◦ Yoruba and Igbo chiefs resent limits on their power

Africans Confront Imperialism: ◦ Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans

have superior weapons

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Unsuccessful Movements: ◦ Algeria actively resists

the French for almost 50 years

◦ Samori Toure fights the French in West Africa for 16 years

◦ In German East Africa, people put their faith in spiritual defense

◦ Resistance movements result in about 75,000 deaths; famine kills twice as many

Ethiopia-A Successful Resistance: ◦ Menelik II—Emperor of

Ethiopia in 1889, resists the Europeans

◦ Plays Europeans against each other

◦ Stockpiles arsenal of modern weapons

◦ Defeats Italy, remains independent

Negative Effects: ◦ Africans lose lands and independence, many lose

lives ◦ Traditional African cultures break down ◦ Division of Africa creates social, economic and

political conflicts that continue today

Positive Effects: ◦ Colonialism reduces local infighting ◦ Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools are

created ◦ Technology brings economic growth

Terms and Names: ◦ Paternalism

◦ Assimilation

◦ Menelik II

One objective of 19th-century European imperialism was to ◦ A. preserve native cultures and traditions. ◦ B. expand peace and freedom. ◦ C. protect the environment and conserve wildlife. ◦ D. convert inhabitants of foreign territories to Christianity.

The majority of people in Canada speak English as their first language,

but in the Canadian province of Quebec, most people speak French as their first language. This is one reason many people in Quebec have felt that Quebec should separate from Canada and become an independent country. Supporters of this idea have believed that ◦ A. regions once defined should never be changed. ◦ B. political boundaries should reflect the cultural characteristics of regions. ◦ C. economic boundaries are defined by the physical resources of a region. ◦ D. physical characteristics are more important than cultural characteristics in defining

regions.

Explain your answers

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Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Section 3: Muslim Lands Fall to Imperialist Demands

1. To summarize the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

2. To describe the Crimean War and the division of the Ottoman Empire.

Main Idea: ◦ European nations expanded their empires by

seizing territories from Muslim states.

Why It Matters Now: ◦ Political events in this vital resource area are still

influenced by actions of the imperialistic period.

Terms and Names: ◦ Geopolitics

◦ Crimean War

◦ Suez Canal

Map Activity: ◦ Label and color map of Ottoman Empire

Reforms Fail: ◦ After Suleiman I dies in 1566, the empire starts to

decline.

◦ Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology

◦ Selim III tries to modernize army an is overthrown

◦ Ottoman subjects in Greece and Serbia gain independence

◦ Europeans see Ottoman weakness as an opportunity to take Ottoman lands

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Geopolitics: ◦ Geopolitics—taking land for its strategic location

and products

◦ Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands

Russia and the Crimean War: ◦ Crimean War-Russia

attacks Ottomans in 1853 to gain warm-water port

◦ Ottomans aided by British and French to stop Russians

◦ First war covered by war correspondents

◦ First was to use women as army nurses Florence Nightingale

◦ Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak and still lose land

The Great Game: ◦ War waged between Russia and Britain over India

◦ Battles are fought in Afghanistan until British withdrawal in 1881

Military and Economic Reforms: ◦ Muhammad Ali breaks

away from Ottoman control and rules Egypt

◦ Also gains control of Syria and Arabia

◦ Begins a series of reforms in military and economy

◦ Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops

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The Suez Canal: ◦ 1869- Egypt builds the Suez Canal under the

direction of Ali’s grandson, Isma’il

Connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean

Saves 2 weeks of travel

◦ Financed by French, built by Egyptians

◦ Modernization efforts create huge debt

◦ British take over financial control of canal, and occupy Egypt in 1882

The Exploitation of Persia: ◦ Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian

Ocean

Persia loses land to Russians in 1813 and 1828

◦ Britain wants Afghanistan as buffer between India and Russia

◦ In 1908, oil is discovered in Persia, British interest increases

◦ Persia concedes to Western businesses like the Anglo-Persian Oil Company

Becomes British Petroleum in 1954

Battle Over Tobacco: ◦ 1891-Persian ruler tries to sell rights to Persian

tobacco to British company

◦ This outrages many and leads to tobacco boycotts and riots

Clerics support people because they simply dislike Western influence

◦ In 1907, Russia and Britain seize a weak Persia and divide it amongst them—create spheres of influence

What effect do you think increased taxes on tobacco in the US would have on the international market for tobacco?

Terms and Names: ◦ Geopolitics

◦ Crimean War

◦ Suez Canal

Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Section 4: British Imperialism in India

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1. To summarize the British takeover of India

2. To identify positive and negative features of British colonialism in India

3. To describe early nationalist movements in India

Read aloud ‘Telescoping the Times’, Chapter 11, Section 4—British Imperialism in India

Cornell Notes p.357-358: ◦ Main-British Expand Control Over India

Sub-East India Company Dominates

“Jewel in the Crown” Produces Trade Products

Impact of Colonialism

◦ Create Index Cards of the Following: Sepoy

“Jewel in the Crown”

Sepoy Mutiny

Raj

UK

Viceroy

Ram Mohun Roy

◦ Using the map on p.358, label and color the blank map. Be sure to create a key for

the countries

Look at the Daily Life feature on page 359 of your textbook: ◦ How were the daily lives of British servants different

than those of their Indian servants?

◦ How were they the same?

Main Idea: ◦ As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized

Indian territory until it controlled almost the whole subcontinent.

Why It Matters Now: ◦ India, the second most populated nation in the

world, has its political roots in this colony.

East India Company Dominates: ◦ British East India

Company rules India until the 1850s

◦ Company has its own army of British officers

◦ Army is staffed by sepoys—Indian soldiers

Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”: ◦ India is Britain’s most valuable colony—it’s “jewel in

the crown”

◦ Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing

◦ Also forced to buy British goods

British Transport Trade Goods: ◦ Railroads move cash crops and goods faster

◦ Trade in specific crops is tied to international events

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Impact of Colonialism: ◦ British hold much of political and economic power

◦ Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, leads to famine

◦ Indian life is disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes

◦ ButBritish modernize India’s economy, and improve public health

Indians Rebel: ◦ Sepoys refuse to use

cartridges of new British rifles for religious reasons Though cartridges were

sealed with beef an pork fat

◦ Many Sepoys are jailed, others start Sepoy Mutiny against British in May, 1857 Captured city of Delhi

◦ Many Indian, who like British way of life, remained loyal—especially the Sikhs

Turning Point ◦ British put down the mutiny, take direct control of

India

◦ Raj—term for British rule over India (and sometimes the ruler, or Viceroy), lasts from 1757 to 1947

◦ The uprising increased distrust between the British and Indians

Call for Reforms: ◦ In 1800s, Ram

Mohum Roy leads modernization effort

◦ Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms

◦ Indians resent being second-class citizens in their own country

Nationalist Groups Form: ◦ Indian National

Congress (1885) and Muslim League (1906) form

◦ Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal Pressure forces Britain

to divide it differently

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Terms and Names: Sepoy

“Jewel in the Crown”

Sepoy Mutiny

Raj

UK

Viceroy

Ram Mohun Roy

◦ Students use index cards to quiz each other, then we will go to Quizlet for review Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Section 5: Western Powers Rule Southeast Asia

1. To summarize the acquisition of European colonies in Southeast Asia

2. To describe how Siam remained independent

3. To summarize U.S. acquisition of the Philippines and Hawaii

Main Idea: ◦ Demand for Asian products drove Western

imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian lands.

Why It Matters Now: ◦ Southeast Asian independence struggles in the 20th

century have their roots in this period of imperialism.

Read aloud ‘Telescoping the Times’, Chapter 11, Section 5—Western Powers Rule Southeast Asia

Cornell Notes p.362-366: ◦ Main-Western Rivalries for Pacific Rim Lands

Sub-Plantation Products Spur Competition

Dutch Expand Control

British Take the Malayan Peninsula

French Control Indochina

Colonial Impact

◦ Main-Siam Maintains Independence

◦ Main-U.S. Acquires Pacific Lands

Sub—The Philippines Change Hands

Hawaii Becomes A Republic

◦ Create Index Cards of the Following:

Pacific Rim

King Mongkut

Emilio Aguinaldo

Annexation

Queen Liliuokalani

Sanford Dole

Europeans Race to Pacific Rim: ◦ Lands of Southeast Asia that border Pacific Ocean

form Pacific Rim ◦ Dutch, British, French, Germans claim parts of

Pacific Rim Establish trading ports

Land is perfect for plantation agriculture Sugar cane, cocoa, rubber, coconuts and pineapple

◦ Dutch Expand Control: Dutch colonies, called Dutch East Indies, include

Indonesia

Settle Indonesia, establish rigid social class system

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British Take the Malayan Peninsula: ◦ Britain seizes Singapore as a port and trading base

◦ Also gets colonies in Malaysia and Burma

◦ Chinese immigration to Malaysia becomes a problem

French Control Indochina: ◦ French come to control Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

◦ Export rice, angering the Vietnamese

Colonial Impact: ◦ Modernization mainly helps European businesses

◦ Education, health, sanitation improve

◦ Millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines and plantations

◦ Colonialism leads to racial and religious clashes

Modernization in Siam: ◦ Siam remains an

independent, neutral zone between the French and British

◦ King Mongkut modernizes country: Starts schools

Reforms legal system

Reorganizes government

Builds transportation and telegraph systems

Ends slavery

The Philippines Changes Hands: ◦ U.S. opposed to

imperialism until 1898 when they see benefit of trading posts in the Pacific

◦ U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam after Spanish-American war Pres. McKinley said: “there

was nothing left to do but for us to take them all and to educate Filipinos and uplift and Christianize them”

The Philippines Changes Hands: ◦ Emilio Aguinaldo leads

Filipino nationalists against U.S. rule

◦ 1902-U.S. defeats three year nationalist revolt

◦ U.S. promises to prepare Filipinos for self-rule Builds railroads, schools,

roads and hospitals

◦ Businessmen exploit Philippines—focus on cash crops leads to food shortages

Hawaii Becomes a Republic: ◦ Americans establish sugar-cane

plantations in Hawaii ◦ By mid-1800s, sugar accounts for

75% of Hawaii’s wealth ◦ U.S. ◦ McKinley Tariff Act removed tariff

(tax) on sugar, so Hawaiian sugar no longer cheaper than world sugar

◦ U.S. business leaders push for annexation of Hawaii—adding it as a U.S. territory

◦ Queen Liliuokalani tries to keep Hawaii sovereign and restore control

◦ American businessmen have her removed from power and Sanford Dole is named president of Hawaii

◦ In 1898, Hawaii is annexed by the U.S.

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Terms and Names: Pacific Rim

King Mongkut

Emilio Aguinaldo

Annexation

Queen Liliuokalani

Sanford Dole

◦ Students use index cards to quiz each other, then we will go to Quizlet for review

Go to page 242 in your textbook.

Let’s review!

Imperialism? Go to page 242 in your textbook.

Let’s review!