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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMCHAPTER 6
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMSKIN
Largest organ by weightACCESSORY STRUCTURES
SKINFUNCTIONS:
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASISPROTECTIVE COVERINGPREVENT WATER LOSSREGULATE BODY TEMPERATURESENSE RECEPTORSSYNTHESIZES CHEMICALSIMMUNE SYSTEM CELLSEXCRETES SOME WASTE
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANEEPIDERMIS
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUMDERMIS
THICKERCONNECTIVE TISSUE: DENSE IRREGULAR;
AREOLAR; SMOOTH MUSCLE; NERVOUS TISSUE; BLOOD
BASEMENT MEMBRANE: SEPARATES BOTH
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYERHYPODERMISAREOLAR AND ADIPOSE TISSUEBINDS TO UNDERLYING ORGANSFIBERS CONTIGUOUS WITH DERMISINSULATION:
CONSERVE HEAT?MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
RETE CUTANEUM
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/lecture1.htm
EPIDERMISSTRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
NO BLOOD VESSELSLAYERS:
STRATUM BASALE (STRATUM GERMINATIVUM/ BASAL CELL LAYER)
STRATUM SPINOSUMSTRATUM GRANULOSUMSTRATUM LUCIDUMSTRATUM CORNEUM
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/lecture1.htm
STRATUM BASALELIVING: DIFFUSIONMITOSISNUCLEISINGLE ROW OF CUBOIDALMELANOCYTES
STRATUM SPINOSUMMANY LAYERSLARGE, CENTRAL, OVAL NUCLEIKERATIN FIBERS FORMINGCELLS STARTING TO FLATTEN
STRATUM GRANUSLOSUM3-5 LAYERSFLATTENED GRANULAR CELLSKERATINSHRUNKEN NUCLEI
STRATUM LUCIDUMIN THICKEST SPOTS: PALMS, SOLESCLEAR CELLS: NUCLEI, ORGANELLES
CAN’T BE SEEN
STRATUM CORNEUMDEADKERATINIZEDDESMOSOMESNONNUCLEATEDSQUAMOUS
EPIDERMAL HOMEOSTASISRUBBED OFF CELLS = MITOSISINCREASES IN AREAS OF HEAVIER WEARCALLUSSES, CORNS
EPIDERMAL FUNCTIONSPROTECTION:
PREVENTS WATER LOSSAGAINST MECHANICAL FORCEAGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICALSPREVENTS ENTRANCE OF PATHOGENS
MELANOCYTESMELANOSOMES PRODUCE MELANIN
FROM TYROSINESKIN COLORABSORBS UV RADIATIONIN STRATUM BASALE BUT CELLULAR
EXTENSIONS (PROCESSES) ALLOW MELANIN TO PASS TO KERATINOCYTES
KERATINOCYTES SEEM TO STIMULATE MELANOCYTES TO RELEASE MELANIN
SKIN COLORGENETICS & ENVIRONMENTSAME NUMBER OF MELANOCYTES BUT DIFFER IN
HOW MUCH MELANIN IS PRODUCEDDARK SKIN: MORE MELANIN; SINGLE, LARGE
PIGMENT GRANULESLIGHTER SKIN: SMALLER AND 2-4 GRANULESALBINISM: NO PIGMENTSUNLIGHT, UV AND X-RAYS INCREASE PRODUCTION
OF MELANIN: FADESOXYGENATED BLOOD IN SKIN: LOTS OF BLOOD=
PINKCYANOSIS: LOW O2: DARK RED HEMOGLOBIN
DERMISDERMAL PAPILAE- ?FINGERPRINTSBINDS EPIDERMISDENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE1-2 MM (.5MM-3.0MM)SMOOTH MUSCLE; SKELETAL MUSCLENERVE CELL PROCESSES: SENSORY AND
MOTORSENSE RECEPTORS (CHAP 12)
ACCESSORY STRUCTURESNAILS
NAIL PLATE, NAIL BED- SPECIALIZED EPITHELIAL CELLS
LUNULA- MITOSIS-TINY KERATINIZED SCALES
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/lecture1.htm
HAIR FOLLICLESGROWTH CYCLE: 2-6 YEARS, REST, FALLS
OUT, REPLACEDON MOST SURFACES BUT NOT ALL AS
DEFINEDHAIR FOLLICLE: EPIDERMAL CELLS AT
BASE, HAIR ROOT: NOURISHED BY DERMAL BLOOD VESSELS
MOVE UP, KERATINIZE, DIE = HAIR SHAFTBALDNESS: GENETIC
DOMINANT/RECESSIVE
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/lecture1.htm
HAIR COLORGENES DETERMINE PIGMENT TYPE AND
AMOUNTMELANOCYTES:
EUMELANIN: DARK HAIRPHEOMELANIN BLONDE, REDTRICHOSIDERIN: REDNO PIGMENT: WHITEMIX OF WHITE AND PIGMENTED: GRAY:
SOME INTERMEDIATE COLOR = GRAY
ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLEON EACH HAIR FOLICLE: GOOSE BUMPSSMOOTH MUSCLEINVOLUNTARY
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/lecture1.htm
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/lecture1.htm
SEBACEOUS GLANDSSPECIALIZED GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR FOLLICLES: PILOSEBACEOUS UNIT
BRANCHED ACINAR GLANDHOLOCRINE: FATTY MATERIAL: SEBUM: BURSTS CELL:
LIPID, WAX, CELL DEBRIESINTO HAIR FOILLICLE; SOME TO SWEAT PORES (AREAS
WITHOUT HAIR)KEEPS HAIR AND SKIN SOFT, PLIABLE AND WATERPROOFSCATTERED; NOT ON PALMS, SOLES; NOT ALL WITH
FOLLICLESSPECIALIZED: MEIBOMIAN GLANDS: SECRETION SLOWS
EVAPORATION OF TEARS
SWEAT GLANDSSUDORIFEROUS GLANDSWIDESPREADBALL IN DERMIS OR SUBCUTANEOUSSPECIALIZED GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL CELLSMOST NUMEROUS/ FOUND IN MOST AREAS: ECCRINE:
RESPOND TO INCREASED BODY TEMPSARE MEROCRINE: ODORLESS; MOSTLY H2O AND SALT, A
LITTLE UREACONTROLLED BY SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEMAPOCRINE GLANDS: ARE ACTUALLY MEROCRINEMORE VISCOUS FLUID; DEVELOP SCENT FROM SKIN
BACTERIA; ACTIVATED AT PUBERTY IN ARMPITS, AREOLA, GENITALANAL AREA; HAIR FOLLICLESSTIMULATED BY ADRENALINE
MODIFIED SWEAT.T GLANDS: CERUMINOUS GLANDS AND MAMMARY GLANDS
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REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATUREHOMEOSTASIS: HEAT PRODUCED= HEAT
LOSTHEAT PRODUCTION:
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONSET POINT IN:
HYPOTHALAMUS:VASODILATION/VASOCONSTRICTIONHEART
HEAT LOSSRADIATION:
MAJOR PROCESS; INFRARED
CONDUCTION: TO COOLER OBJECT IN CONTACT (CHAIR/AIR)
CONVECTION: WARMER AIR MOVES AWAY AND COOLER AIR IS
THEN HEATEDEVAPORATION:
ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS RELEASE SWEATEVAPORATES AND CARRIES HEAT AWAY
HEAT RETENTIONVASOCONSTRICTION:
STOPS RADIATION, CONDUCTION, CONVECTION,
SWEAT GLANDS INACTIVESTOPS EVAPORATION
CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES WHICH COULD LEAD TO SHIVERING
HEAT REGULATION PROBLEMSHOT, HUMID DAY:
NO EVAPORATIONHYPERTHERMIAIF HOTTER THAN BODY TEMP MAY GAIN HEAT FROM
ENVIRONMENTPROLONGED COLD EXPOSURE/SICKNESS:
HYPOTHERMIASHIVERINGMENTAL CONFUSION, LETHARGY, LOSS OF REFLEXES,
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, MAJOR ORGANS SHUT DOWN, DEATH
BODIES CORE CAN ONLY DROP A FEW DEGREES, EXTREMETIES CAN SURVIVE DROPS TO 20-30° F
RISK: HOMELESS, AGED, YOUNG, VERY THIN
HEALINGINFLAMMATION:
BLOOD VESSELS DILATE AND INCREASE PERMEABILITY: EDEMA
BECOME: RED, SWOLLEN, HOT, PAINFUL ?BENEFIT:
PROVIDE MORE O2 AND NUTRIENTS
HEALING CUTSSHALLOW:
EPITHELIAL CELLS INCREASE MITOSISDEEP:
BLOOD VESSEL CUT: CLOTTING FIBRIN FORMED FROM ANOTHER BLOOD PROTEIN WHICH TRAPS
PLATELETS DRIES: SCAB EPITHELIAL CELLS REPLICATE FIBROBLASTS MOVE IN AND SECRETE COLLANGENOUS FIBERS CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX RELEASES GROWTH FACTORS
INCREASE MITOSIS BLOOD VESSELS EXTEND IN PHAGOCYTES REMOVE DEAD CELLS AND DEBRIS SCAB SLOUGHS OFF SCAR COULD FORM
SCARTOO WIDEGRANULATIONS FORM:
NEW BLOOD VESSEL AND FIBROBLASTSSECRETE COLLAGENOUS FIBERSBLOOD VESSELS ARE RESORBED,
FIBROBLASTS MOVESCAR IS MOSTLY COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
BURNS1ST DEGREE:
PARTIAL THICKNESS: ONLY EPIDERMIS; REDNESS, MILD EDEMA,MAY SHED;
MILD SUNBURNHEALS QUICKLY, NO SCARRING
2ND DEGREE: DEEP PARTIAL THICKNESS: EPIDERMIS AND SOME
DERMIS;FLIUID LEAKS FROM CAPILLARIES: BLISTERS; DARK RED TO WAXY WHITE;
HOT OBJECTS OR LIQUIDS, FLAMES, BURNING CLOTHES; HEALING DEPENDS ON EPIDERMAL STEM CELLS IN ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF DERMIS ?;
NO SCARRING UNLESS INFECTED
BURNS3RD DEGREE: FULL THICKNESS:
DESTROYS EPIDERMIS, DERMIS AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES; LEATHERY, RED TO WHITE OR BLACK;
IMMERSION IN HOT LIQUIDS, PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HOT OBJECTS, FLAMES OR CORROSIVE CHEMICALS;
SCARRING; GRAFTING MAY BE NEEDED: WHY? AUTOGRAFT ALLOGRAFT (MUST BE REPLACED) SKIN SUBSTITUTES AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE,
ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES, CULTURED EPITHELIAL CELLS,
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/lecture1.htm
LIFE SPAN CHANGESEPIDERMIS:
MITOSIS SLOWS: LARGER, IRREGULAR BUT LESS; SCALY: KERRATIN BONDS; ‘AGE SPOTS’ FROM OXIDATION OF GLANDS;
DERMIS: FIBER PRODUCTION SLOWS: THINS; WITH LOSS OF
ADIPOSE (SUBCUTANEOUS): WRINKLING; HEALING SLOWWS (LESS FIBROBLASTS); OIL PRODUCTION DECREASES: SKIN DRIES;
ACCESSORY GLANDS: LESS MELANIN: WHITE HAIR; HAIR GROWTH SLOWS,
HAIRS THIN, FOLLICLE NUMBER DECREASES, BALDNESS (MALES); LESS BLOOD TO NAILS: SLOWS GROWTH, HARDEN; LESS PAIN AND PRESSURE RECEPTORS;
LIFE SPAN CHANGES (CONT.)TEMPERATURE CONTROL LESSENS: LESS
SWEAT GLANDS AND LESS CAPILLARIES TO GLANDS; SHIVERING ABILITY LESSENS; LESS DEEPER BLOOD VESSELS AND LESS ABILITY TO SHUNT BLOOD TO INTERIOR: FEEL COLD; PALE: LESS BLOOD VESSELS IN SKIN; BED SORES: CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSELS;
GET LESS VITAMIN D AND GET OUTSIDE LESS: AFFECTS BONE MAY NEED SUPPLEMENTAL VITAMIN D;
THINGS TO KNOWWhat is the integumentary system? The
parts, membrane type, functions .Layers, what is found there, functionsLayers of epidermis: what is present,
purpose, melanocytes,What determines skin colorAccessory structures: nails, hair, oil glands,
sweat glandsHow body temperature is regulated, heat is
lost, retained, problems with regulation
How healing occurs in the different layers, scar formation
Characteristics of different types of burns, healing, grafting
Life span changes: epidermis, dermis, accessory glands, temperature control