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Chapter 7: Biodiversity and
Conservation
Chapter 7 Goals and Objectives Differentiate the components of biodiversity Explain two ways in which biodiversity varies
across groups or geography Describe the economic benefit of biodiversity Describe how biodiversity is monitored and explain
current biodiversity trends List the major causes of biodiversity loss Explain legal actions nations can take to protect
biodiversity Explain the goal of species survival plans Describe three strategies for managing whole
ecosystems and habitats
Chapter 7 Biodiversity Big Ideas
There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all species. .
There are some factors about species that make them prone to extinction.
Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go extinct.
Chapter 7: Biodiversity1. How many species live on Earth?2. Describe the types of biodiversity.3. Explain why biodiversity is important.4. What does it mean when a species is threatened or
endangered?5. What makes some species more prone to extinction?6. What are the largest threats to biodiversity?7. What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?8. List and describe efforts to save individual species.9. Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems
rather than individual species.10. Define the following terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone
species, ecotourism, endangered species, threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITES
Chapter 7: Biodiversity page 200 - 1. What does it mean when a species is threatened
or endangered?2. What makes some species more prone to
extinction?3. What are the largest threats to biodiversity?4. What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?5. List and describe efforts to save individual
species.6. Explain the advantages of protecting entire
ecosystems rather than individual species.7. Define the following terms: endangered species,
threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITES
Answer these 3 questions and define the terms. Chapter 7 page 200
1. How many species live on Earth?2. Describe the types of biodiversity.3. Explain why biodiversity is
important.4. Terms: biodiversity, genes,
keystone species, ecotourism
• About 1.7 million species are known
• Estimates vary from greater than 10 million
•Why so many unknown?
Biodiversity
Which species rule the world?
Biodiversity Biodiversity: the
number of different species in a given area
3 Types of Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity: number of different species in an area
Ecosystem Diversity: how many types of habitats in an area
Genetic Diversity: the number of genes in all members of a population
3 Types of Biodiversity
Genetic diversity: Differences in DNA among individuals
Species diversity: Variety of species in a given area
Ecosystem diversity: Variety of habitats, ecosystems, communities
Ecosystem diversity often leads to species diversity and often genetic diversity
Did You Know? In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.
What is a gene?
Gene: a piece of DNA code for a specific trait inherited
Tall, short, brown eyes, etc.
Genetic Diversity among corn
Benefits of Diversity Genetic Diversity
Key To Survival small isolated
populations unlikely to survive
Genetic mutations from inbreeding can occur
More diversity = more likely to survive
Benefits of DiversityKeystone Species:
species that is critical to ecosystem survival
Sea otter Grey Wolf Beaver Krill
Keystone Species
This Food Web Depends Upon Krill
KRILL
Benefits of Diversity: Ecosystem Services
Intact environments provide ecosystem services, such as water purification and pest control.
High biodiversity increases stability of communities and ecosystems, enabling them to perform services.
Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.
Ecosystem Services Medicine Industrial Agricultural Ecotourism Ethics Aesthetics Recreation
Ecosystem Services
Medical, Industrial, Agricultural uses
Food, cloths, shelter, chemicals and medicine often comes from variety of organismsSee table 1 pages 261
Ecosystem Services: Medical
Medicine: Organisms contain compounds that are useful for treating disease. Did You Know? Of the
150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.
The yew tree, an original source of Taxol, a cancer-fighting drug
Ecosystem Services
Ethics, Aesthetics and Recreation
Moral, religious purposes for all species
Personal enjoyment
Dolphin Tour
Ecosystem Services
Ecotourism: tourisms that supports conservation
Wildlife, birding, wilderness hiking
People make $ by having people view wildlife
Section 1 Review
How many species live on Earth? Describe the types of biodiversity. Explain why biodiversity is important. Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone
species, ecotourism
Section 2: Biodiversity at Risk
What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?
Terms: endangered species, threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching
Biodiversity has increased over time, but mass extinctions are also natural events (5 major events)
How do we get this data?
Extinctions Species gone forever NORMAL Mass Extinction: short
period of time when large number of species go extinct (65 MYA)
Currently in mass extinction…caused by humans
Rapid climate change
• There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history.
• Each time, more than 1/5 of all families and 1/2 of all species have gone extinct.
Current Extinctions• Endangered: At serious risk of extinction
• Threatened: Likely to become endangered soon through all or part of its range
Biodiversity at Risk
The current extinction rate is
100 to 1000 times greater than the natural background rate.
In 2009, 1321; Currently there are 2141 species in the U.S. were classified as endangered or threatened.
Extinctions
Certain traits make some species more vulnerable:
Small populations Specialized Need large range Migration Valuable to humans
Species squeezed into smaller and smaller fragmented habitat
Current Extinctions
TNC estimates 1/3rd of 21,000 identified U.S. animal and plant species are vulnerable.
30,000 of the world’s species and 1,200 in U.S. are officially endangered.
Types of endangered species worldwide
How do humans cause extinctions?
“HIPPO”Habitat
destruction Invasive
speciesPopulation
(humans) growth
PollutionOverharvesting
Habitat Loss/Fragmentation
Habitat Fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation: Patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat
In general, larger habitat fragments can support greater biodiversity than smaller fragments
Humans Causing Extinctions
Habitat Destruction causes 75-80%
Large creatures need lot of land
Invasive Species: exotic species not native to area can destroy an ecosystem
Invasive Species
Invasive species can out-compete and displace native species.
Humans Causing Extinction Over-harvesting
excessive hunting (bison in U.S., fish)
Poaching: illegal hunting
Common in poor countries for food, medicines, income
Pollution air, water, land
Causes of Extinction Climate Change
Increasingly becoming a factor in biodiversity loss
Unlike the other factors, climate change will have a potentially global effect on biodiversity.
Areas of Critical Biodiversity
Hotspots: areas threatened that contain high biodiversity
Roughly 25 worldwide
Madagascar Parts of California
Hotspots
Large numbers of endemic species – An endemic species is a species native to that specific area.
US Hotspots
Areas of Critical Biodiversity
Tropical Rain Forests
Coral Reefs Coastal
Ecosystems IslandsWhy these
areas????
THINK about THIS
Just 2.3% of the planet’s land surface is home to 50% of the world’s plant species and 42% of its vertebrate animal species.
Section 2 Review
What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity? What areas are likely to have high
biodiversity? Terms: endangered species, threatened
species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching
Section 3: Future of Biodiversity
List and describe efforts to save individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species.
Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITES
Saving Individual Species
Captive Breeding Programs: breeding species in captivity with hopes of reintroducing into native habitats
Germ Plasm: saving genetic material for possible future use
(seeds, eggs, DNA)Zoos and Aquariums
Saving Individual Species
Does little to preserve species
Captive individuals may not survive in wild
Small populations have difficult time with inbreeding, diseases
Last resorts
Preserving Habitat and Ecosystems
Most effective way to save a species is protect its habitat.
Some species require large areas
What about when they leave protected areas? (Wolves in Yellowstone
Legal Protections
Many countries have laws to protect wildlife
Some weak some strong
U.S. law Endangered Species Act (ESA)
ESAEndangered Species
Act Passed 1973 Protect plant and
animals in danger of extinction
List created of those threatened and endangered
Currently 1,300+ listed
ESA
• Forbids governments and citizens from harming listed species and habitats
• Forbids trade in products made from listed species
ESA Protects listed
species from harm No development
that harms listed species
Can a Shopping Mall be built where listed species lives?
Spotted Owl
ESA Species recovery plan
must be made Habitat Conservation
Plans: plans to protect species habitat
Why do you think ESA may be controversial?
Who would not like this law?
ESAESA: 1973-2004: 92 to
1,300+ species listed 37 Species removed
(14 recovery, 8 extinctions, rest discovered more)
60% plants, 40% animals
TNC says 1/3rd of all U.S. species…30,000 not 1,260
Wildlife Corridors Connect habitat
fragments enabling once-isolated populations to interbreed
Interbreeding increases genetic diversity.
Yellowstone to Yukon
Internationally
CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species) illegal to trade endangered species
Ivory Tusks
Internationally
Much more difficult among may poorer countries
International treaties hard to ratify, verify
Oceans of particular concern
http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars/
Section 3 Review
List and describe efforts to save individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species.
Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITES
Chapter 7 Biodiversity Review
There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all species. .
There are some factors about species that make them prone to extinction.
Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go extinct.
Chapter 7 Test TuesdayTurn it in TODAY
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