Chapter 7 EthnicityChapter 7 Ethnicity

Where are ethnicities Where are ethnicities distributed?distributed?

Why have they been Why have they been transformed into transformed into

nationalities?nationalities?

Ethnicity Ethnicity

Ethnicity is a source of pride- groups Ethnicity is a source of pride- groups have measurable differences like have measurable differences like income, life expectancy, and infant income, life expectancy, and infant mortality rate.mortality rate.

Ethnicity matters in places with a history Ethnicity matters in places with a history of ethnic discrimination.of ethnic discrimination.

Ethnicity is a bulwark, or preserver, for Ethnicity is a bulwark, or preserver, for diversity in the face of globalization of diversity in the face of globalization of cultureculture

DefinitionsDefinitions EthnicityEthnicity- identity w/ a group of people who - identity w/ a group of people who

share the cultural traditions of a homeland share the cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth. From the Greek or hearth. From the Greek ethnikos- ethnikos- “national”“national”

RaceRace- identity w/ a group of people who - identity w/ a group of people who share a biological ancestor. share a biological ancestor. Ethnic identity Ethnic identity derives from interaction with and isolation derives from interaction with and isolation from other groupsfrom other groups

NationalityNationality- identity w/ a group who shares - identity w/ a group who shares legal attachment and personal allegiance to legal attachment and personal allegiance to a country.a country.

Ethnicity can be suppressed/denied, but not Ethnicity can be suppressed/denied, but not changed like cultural traits- changed like cultural traits- acculturationacculturation

Ethnic DistributionEthnic Distribution

Sometimes borders of countries Sometimes borders of countries match ethnic distributions closely. match ethnic distributions closely. Sometimes ethnic groups are Sometimes ethnic groups are clustered in one area of a country, or clustered in one area of a country, or split between countries.split between countries.

Ethnic groups live in specific regions Ethnic groups live in specific regions within a country, and specific within a country, and specific neighborhoods within cities.neighborhoods within cities.

Distribution in the USADistribution in the USA

HispanicsHispanics 14%14% African AmericansAfrican Americans 12%12% AsiansAsians 4% 4% Native AmericanNative American 1% 1% White is a race, not an ethnicityWhite is a race, not an ethnicity African Americans are clustered in African Americans are clustered in

the SE, Asians in the West, and the SE, Asians in the West, and Hispanics in the SWHispanics in the SW

Concentrations of African Concentrations of African AmericansAmericans

¼ AA in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, ¼ AA in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, S. Carolina, MississippiMaryland, S. Carolina, Mississippi

9 states have <1% AA, in New 9 states have <1% AA, in New England and N. Plains statesEngland and N. Plains states

Concentrations of Asian AmericansConcentrations of Asian Americans

4% of US population4% of US population Over 50% of all Asian Americans live Over 50% of all Asian Americans live

in CA, where they make up 12% of in CA, where they make up 12% of state popstate pop

Hawaii 40% Asian AmericanHawaii 40% Asian American Chinese largest Asian nationality, Chinese largest Asian nationality,

Followed by Filipinos and KoreansFollowed by Filipinos and Koreans

Concentrations of HispanicsConcentrations of Hispanics

Over 33% Hispanic pop in TX, NM, AZOver 33% Hispanic pop in TX, NM, AZ CA over 25%CA over 25% Mexican largest nationality, followed Mexican largest nationality, followed

by PR, Cubanby PR, Cuban

Ethnic clustering in citiesEthnic clustering in cities

African Americans highly clustered in African Americans highly clustered in citiescities

Over 50% AA in cities, compared to Over 50% AA in cities, compared to 25% general population25% general population

85% Detroit, 7% MI85% Detroit, 7% MI Over 33% Chicago, 12% ILOver 33% Chicago, 12% IL Hispanics follow same pattern in large Hispanics follow same pattern in large

Northern cities, but in largest Hispanic Northern cities, but in largest Hispanic states, distribution mixed.states, distribution mixed.

Ethnic clustering in citiesEthnic clustering in cities Descendants of European immigrants have Descendants of European immigrants have

mostly left inner citiesmostly left inner cities European ethnic identity is retained through European ethnic identity is retained through

food, religion, not the old neighborhoodsfood, religion, not the old neighborhoods Concentrations in US cities increasingly AA Concentrations in US cities increasingly AA

from the south, or Asian/Hispanic from the south, or Asian/Hispanic immigrants.immigrants.

LA has a clustered distribution, while LA has a clustered distribution, while Chicago is less mixed.Chicago is less mixed.

Proximity of Asians and AA in LA has led to Proximity of Asians and AA in LA has led to conflictconflict

African American migration African American migration PatternsPatterns

Clustering of ethnicities is a result of Clustering of ethnicities is a result of migrationmigration

Three main migration flows of African Three main migration flows of African Americans:Americans:

1. From Africa to the colonies in the 1. From Africa to the colonies in the 1818thth century century

2. From South to North in early 202. From South to North in early 20thth

3. From inner city to other 3. From inner city to other neighborhoods 1950-presentneighborhoods 1950-present

From Africa: Slave TradeFrom Africa: Slave Trade

11stst arrived in 1619 at Jamestown, VA arrived in 1619 at Jamestown, VA on Dutch shipson Dutch ships

400,000 shipped by British in 1700’s400,000 shipped by British in 1700’s Slave trade illegal in 1808, but Slave trade illegal in 1808, but

250,000 smuggled in illegally250,000 smuggled in illegally Between 1710-1810, 10 million Between 1710-1810, 10 million

shipped to new worldshipped to new world British 2 million to Caribbean, British 2 million to Caribbean,

Portuguese 2 million to BrazilPortuguese 2 million to Brazil

From Africa: Slave TradeFrom Africa: Slave Trade

Portuguese bought slaves from Portuguese bought slaves from Angola, Mozambique. Others from W. Angola, Mozambique. Others from W. AfricaAfrica

Africans on the coast captured people Africans on the coast captured people in the interior and sold them to in the interior and sold them to European tradersEuropean traders

About 1/4 died crossing the AtlanticAbout 1/4 died crossing the Atlantic Fewer than 5% of all slaves ended up Fewer than 5% of all slaves ended up

in the USin the US

From Africa: Slave TradeFrom Africa: Slave Trade After the Civil War, most AA remained in After the Civil War, most AA remained in

the Souththe South SharecropperSharecropper- works rented fields and - works rented fields and

pays rent w/ a share of the cropspays rent w/ a share of the crops Sharecropper system burdened poor AA Sharecropper system burdened poor AA

w/ high interest and heavy debtsw/ high interest and heavy debts Sharecropping declined in early 20Sharecropping declined in early 20thth

century w/ new farm machinerycentury w/ new farm machinery AA AA pushedpushed off land by machines and off land by machines and

pulled pulled toward factory work in Northern toward factory work in Northern citiescities

Immigration to the NorthImmigration to the North

2 waves- 1910s and 1920s 2 waves- 1910s and 1920s before/after WWIbefore/after WWI

1940s and 1950s before/after WWII1940s and 1950s before/after WWII Factories expanded and wars drew Factories expanded and wars drew

off workersoff workers AA arrivals to N. cities settled in large AA arrivals to N. cities settled in large

concentrations in just 1-2 concentrations in just 1-2 neighborhoods.neighborhoods.

Expansion of the GhettoExpansion of the Ghetto

1910-1950 pop density in ghetto 1910-1950 pop density in ghetto increasedincreased

500,000 jammed into Chicago’s South 500,000 jammed into Chicago’s South Side ghetto- 3miSide ghetto- 3mi²²

100,000 per mi² density common- in 100,000 per mi² density common- in contrast, modern suburbs 5,000 per mi²contrast, modern suburbs 5,000 per mi²

Whole families lived in 1 room w/o heat, Whole families lived in 1 room w/o heat, kitchens, hot waterkitchens, hot water

Pushed South 1 mi/yr in ChicagoPushed South 1 mi/yr in Chicago

Differentiating Ethnicity and RaceDifferentiating Ethnicity and Race Traits characterizing race are those that Traits characterizing race are those that

can be transmitted genetically- Lactose can be transmitted genetically- Lactose intolerance 95% Asians, 65% AA/NA, 50% intolerance 95% Asians, 65% AA/NA, 50% Hispanic, 15% N. EuropeanHispanic, 15% N. European

Asians are a race and Asian American is Asians are a race and Asian American is an ethnicityan ethnicity

Most black Americans trace their ancestry Most black Americans trace their ancestry to Africa, but some trace cultural heritage to Africa, but some trace cultural heritage to LA, Africa, Asia, Caribbean to LA, Africa, Asia, Caribbean

Differentiating Ethnicity and RaceDifferentiating Ethnicity and Race Hispanic/Latino is not a race but an Hispanic/Latino is not a race but an

ethnicityethnicity RacismRacism- race is the primary determinant - race is the primary determinant

of human traits/capacities and racial of human traits/capacities and racial differences produce an inherent differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular racesuperiority of a particular race

Racial features are not rooted in specific Racial features are not rooted in specific places, so geographers reject biological places, so geographers reject biological classificationclassification

Skin color is important to geographers Skin color is important to geographers because that’s how society decides because that’s how society decides where groups live, go to school, etc.where groups live, go to school, etc.

Race in the USRace in the US

US Census choose 1 of 14 racesUS Census choose 1 of 14 races 2000 Census- 75% white, 12% black, 2000 Census- 75% white, 12% black,

4% Asian, 1% Native American, .1% 4% Asian, 1% Native American, .1% Pacific Islander, 6% otherPacific Islander, 6% other

Race RelationsRace Relations

Race relations in the US discourage Race relations in the US discourage spatial interactionspatial interaction

In the past legal segregation, today In the past legal segregation, today through preference or discriminationthrough preference or discrimination

Plessy v. Ferguson-Plessy v. Ferguson- 1896 “separate 1896 “separate but equal”but equal”

Jim Crow laws enforced legal Jim Crow laws enforced legal segregationsegregation

What was Jim Crow?What was Jim Crow?

Jim Crow-Jim Crow- after Reconstruction states after Reconstruction states passed laws designed to enforce passed laws designed to enforce segregationsegregation

Jim Crow laws were an extension of Jim Crow laws were an extension of the slave systemthe slave system

By the 1890s all southern states had By the 1890s all southern states had legally segregated public legally segregated public transportation and schools- also transportation and schools- also parks, cemeteries, and other public parks, cemeteries, and other public places.places.

Race RelationsRace Relations Throughout the US house deeds Throughout the US house deeds

contained restrictive covenants that contained restrictive covenants that prevented owners from selling to blacks, prevented owners from selling to blacks, as well as Roman Catholics or Jews in as well as Roman Catholics or Jews in some placessome places

Brown v. Board of Ed.- 1954 struck down Brown v. Board of Ed.- 1954 struck down separate but equal decisionseparate but equal decision

Rather than integrate, whites fled. Rather than integrate, whites fled. Expansion of the ghettos was possible by Expansion of the ghettos was possible by “white flight”, emigration of whites in “white flight”, emigration of whites in anticipation of blacks moving in.anticipation of blacks moving in.

Race RelationsRace Relations

Detroit’s white population dropped by Detroit’s white population dropped by 1 million between 1950-1975, another 1 million between 1950-1975, another ½ million 1975-2000½ million 1975-2000

White flight encouraged by real estate White flight encouraged by real estate agents- used racism and fear to make agents- used racism and fear to make $$$$

BlockbustingBlockbusting- white homeowners - white homeowners talked into selling low before blacks talked into selling low before blacks cause property values to decline. Turn cause property values to decline. Turn around and sell high to black families.around and sell high to black families.

What was Apartheid?What was Apartheid? ApartheidApartheid means “apartness” in means “apartness” in

Afrikaans- Strict separation of the Afrikaans- Strict separation of the races.races.

In 1600’s Dutch settled in S. AfricaIn 1600’s Dutch settled in S. Africa Racial conflict was the result of Racial conflict was the result of

colonial rule and a legacy of slaverycolonial rule and a legacy of slavery In 1948 the white minority In 1948 the white minority

government banned social contacts government banned social contacts between blacks and whites. between blacks and whites.

Segregated schools, hospitals, Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoodsneighborhoods

ApartheAparthe

idid or or JiJim m CrCrowow??

ApartheidApartheid

ApartheidApartheid

1959- white gov’t set up reserves for 1959- white gov’t set up reserves for the country’s major black groupsthe country’s major black groups

Blacks forbidden to live in white areas Blacks forbidden to live in white areas unless they worked for white people.unless they worked for white people.

Black males needed a passport in their Black males needed a passport in their own country and could not travel own country and could not travel freelyfreely

Blacks 75% of population but only got Blacks 75% of population but only got 13% of land.13% of land.

Apartheid PassbookApartheid Passbook

Black resistanceBlack resistance

African National Congress (ANC) African National Congress (ANC) formed- organized strikes, boycotts.formed- organized strikes, boycotts.

Gov’t banned ANC and arrested Gov’t banned ANC and arrested Nelson Mandela in 1962- He spent 27 Nelson Mandela in 1962- He spent 27 years in prison.years in prison.

1976- Soweto riots leave 600 dead- 1976- Soweto riots leave 600 dead- forcing blacks to learn Afrikaans forcing blacks to learn Afrikaans languagelanguage

Soweto Soweto RiotsRiots

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

VP Cheney voted VP Cheney voted against a resolution against a resolution demanding the demanding the release of Nelson release of Nelson Mandela in the ’80’sMandela in the ’80’s

"The ANC was then "The ANC was then viewed as a terrorist viewed as a terrorist organization…"organization…"

He also opposed He also opposed economic sanctions economic sanctions against the Apartheid against the Apartheid gov’t.gov’t.

The US was a top The US was a top trading partner trading partner with the Apartheid with the Apartheid regimeregime

American American products were products were used to support used to support ApartheidApartheid

Black ResistanceBlack Resistance

Archbishop Desmond Tutu asked foreign Archbishop Desmond Tutu asked foreign nations not to do business with S. Africanations not to do business with S. Africa

S. Africa also banned from OlympicsS. Africa also banned from Olympics F.W. de Klerk elected in 1989- legalized F.W. de Klerk elected in 1989- legalized

ANC and let Mandela out of prison in ANC and let Mandela out of prison in 19901990

In 1994 first free elections- Mandela In 1994 first free elections- Mandela elected 1elected 1stst black president of S. Africa black president of S. Africa

Today avg. income for whites is 10 times Today avg. income for whites is 10 times that of blacksthat of blacks

Why have ethnicities been Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?transformed into nationalities?

A A nation or nationalitynation or nationality is a group of is a group of people tied together to a particular people tied together to a particular place through legal status and cultural place through legal status and cultural traditiontradition

Ethnic ties-Ethnic ties- religion, material culture, religion, material culture, languagelanguage

National ties-National ties- voting, performing civic voting, performing civic duties, a passport or IDduties, a passport or ID

All Americans share nationalityAll Americans share nationality

Nationality vs. EthnicityNationality vs. Ethnicity

American American nationalitynationality identifies identifies citizens of the UScitizens of the US

EthnicityEthnicity defines groups with a defines groups with a distinct ancestry and cultural distinct ancestry and cultural traditionstraditions

RaceRace is skin color and other is skin color and other genetically inherited traitsgenetically inherited traits

Nationality vs. EthnicityNationality vs. Ethnicity

Confusion between ethnicity and Confusion between ethnicity and race can lead to discrimination and race can lead to discrimination and segregationsegregation

(Ex: AA v. blacks)(Ex: AA v. blacks) Confusion between ethnicity and Confusion between ethnicity and

nationality can lead to violent conflict nationality can lead to violent conflict (Ex: Kurds v. Iraq, etc)(Ex: Kurds v. Iraq, etc)

Nation-StatesNation-States

Ethnicity transforms into nationality Ethnicity transforms into nationality because self-rule is importantbecause self-rule is important

Self-determinationSelf-determination- ethnicities have - ethnicities have the right to govern themselvesthe right to govern themselves

Nation-stateNation-state- a state whose territory - a state whose territory corresponds to that of an ethnicity corresponds to that of an ethnicity that has become a nationality.that has become a nationality.

Nation-StatesNation-States W. Europe nation-states by 1900W. Europe nation-states by 1900 After WWI Ottoman/Austro-Hungarian After WWI Ottoman/Austro-Hungarian

Empires dismantled- boundaries redrawnEmpires dismantled- boundaries redrawn In 1930s Nazis claimed all German-In 1930s Nazis claimed all German-

speaking parts of Europe are one speaking parts of Europe are one nationality and should be unified nationality and should be unified

Denmark is a good example of a nation-Denmark is a good example of a nation-state because it’s physical territory state because it’s physical territory matches its ethnicitymatches its ethnicity

Europe, 1914Europe, 1914

Europe, 1919Europe, 1919

NationalismNationalism Nationalism-Nationalism- loyalty and devotion to a loyalty and devotion to a

nationalitynationality Mass media is the most effective means Mass media is the most effective means

of fostering nationalismof fostering nationalism Most countries regard independent news Most countries regard independent news

as a risk instead of a benefit to gov’t as a risk instead of a benefit to gov’t stabilitystability

States promote symbols and songs like States promote symbols and songs like hammer/sickle or “Star Spangled Banner”hammer/sickle or “Star Spangled Banner”

One of strongest forms of protest is to One of strongest forms of protest is to burn flagburn flag

NationalismNationalism Nationalism, or patriotism, has a dark Nationalism, or patriotism, has a dark

sideside Unity is achieved by creating negative Unity is achieved by creating negative

images of other nation-states or groupsimages of other nation-states or groups Sometimes minority races or cultures are Sometimes minority races or cultures are

suppressed in order to achieve uniformitysuppressed in order to achieve uniformity Nationalism is a Nationalism is a centripetal forcecentripetal force- an - an

attitude that tends to unify people and attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state (support the enhance support for a state (support the troops)troops)

Centripetal- directed toward the centerCentripetal- directed toward the center

Multinational StatesMultinational States

Multinational statesMultinational states- contain two - contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalitiesas distinct nationalities

In some, one nationality dominates In some, one nationality dominates the otherthe other

Some nationalities coexist peacefullySome nationalities coexist peacefully

Multinational statesMultinational states

The UK of Great Britain contains 4 The UK of Great Britain contains 4 nationalities- English, Welsh, nationalities- English, Welsh, Scottish, IrishScottish, Irish

The 4 nationalities hold little The 4 nationalities hold little independent political powerindependent political power

The former USSR consisted of 15 The former USSR consisted of 15 republics made from the 15 largest republics made from the 15 largest ethnicitiesethnicities

European SSRsEuropean SSRs

Byelorussia and Byelorussia and Ukraine are different Ukraine are different ethnicities because ethnicities because of 500 yrs of of 500 yrs of isolation from isolation from RussiansRussians

Moldova is ethnically Moldova is ethnically indistinguishable indistinguishable from Romaniafrom Romania

Baltic states of Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania differ in Lithuania differ in language/religionlanguage/religion

Central Asian states & RussiaCentral Asian states & Russia Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have ethnic Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have ethnic

majorities in their nations and few majorities in their nations and few RussiansRussians

Kazakhstan has a large % of Russians but Kazakhstan has a large % of Russians but is peacefulis peaceful

Tajikistan is 79% Tajik but in civil warTajikistan is 79% Tajik but in civil war Within Russia 39 nationalities, less than Within Russia 39 nationalities, less than

80% Russian80% Russian Chechens- Sunnis/Caucasian language Chechens- Sunnis/Caucasian language

want independencewant independence

USSR/CaucasusUSSR/Caucasus

Russians resented because they were Russians resented because they were the dominant ethnic group in USSRthe dominant ethnic group in USSR

Old ethnic tension suppressed by Old ethnic tension suppressed by USSR has flared up after USSR has flared up after independenceindependence

Azerbaijan is a fragmented stateAzerbaijan is a fragmented state Armenia is Christian for 3000 yrs and Armenia is Christian for 3000 yrs and

at war w/ Azerbaijan over borders at war w/ Azerbaijan over borders

CaucasusCaucasus

Georgia is ethnically diverse and Georgia is ethnically diverse and minorities want out of the stateminorities want out of the state

Karl Marx- nationalism was a means Karl Marx- nationalism was a means for the dominant social classes to for the dominant social classes to maintain power over workers, and maintain power over workers, and believed that workers would identify believed that workers would identify with class instead of ethnicitywith class instead of ethnicity

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Communists repressed cultural and Communists repressed cultural and

ethnic differences (languages/religions ethnic differences (languages/religions banned, etc)banned, etc)

Centripetal forces were used to Centripetal forces were used to discourage cultural differences- discourage cultural differences- conformity (Russian language)conformity (Russian language)

Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, USSR broke Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, USSR broke up because minority ethnicities resented up because minority ethnicities resented dominance of largest groupsdominance of largest groups

Slovenia is a good example of a nation-Slovenia is a good example of a nation-statestate