Chapter 7 Ethnicity Review Moustapha Ouattara Celebrating the
cultures of the world
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Ethnic Distribution
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Ethnicity Definition: An identity with a group of people who
share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
Ethnicities tend to cluster themselves in specific areas within a
location 3 major ethnicities in US Hispanic Americans African
Americans Asian Americans
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3 Major U.S Ethnicities Asian recognized as a distinct race by
U.S. Bureau of Census Asian race and ethnicity usually same group
Asian ethnicity lumps together people with ties to many countries
in Asia African-American Supposedly two different groups African
American trace heritage to an African Immigrant Ethnicity and group
with extensive cultural tradition Black heritage from other regions
like Latin American, Asia A principle that denotes darker skin Most
see themselves as both Latino Not considered a race Can choose any
race on the census
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Ethnic Distribution The two largest ethnicities are Hispanics
and African Americans. U.S. Regional Breakdown South: African
Americans Southwest: Hispanics West: Asians Mid-West: Native
Americans *Hispanics and African Americans tend to cluster in urban
cities. Why?
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Ethnic Distribution of African Americans Forced Migration in
1700s (slavery) 1 st waves arrived at Jamestown Subsequently
divided among the 13 colonies Most slaves ended up in the SE United
States Why? -Labor to farm cash crops Africa -> America U.S.
South -> Northern Cities Inner City -> Urban Neighborhoods
Early 1900s Migration in 2 waves: 1910s & 1920s, 1940s &
1950s Industrial Boom pulled them North (factory jobs) Need for
workers during both world wars *13 th Amendment passed (1965)* Late
1900s-2000s AAs move from inner city ghettos to neighborhoods
Ghettos typically had 40,000 inhabitants/sq. mile Desire for more
living space, utilities, better quality of life
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Race Definition: An Identity with a group of people who share a
biological ancestor White Black, African American American Indian
or Alaska Native Asian Indian Chinese Filipino Japanese Korean
Vietnamese Other Asian Native Hawiian Guamanian Samoan Other
Pacific Islander Other race Different Races
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Race in South Africa Separation of races into four different
classifications Apartheid (1948-94) Black Asian WhiteMixed
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Gender
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Reflects not only biological, but also social differences
between men and women Views on gender vary depending on location
Ex) United States v. South Asia
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South Asia BhutanBangladesh Nepal IndiaPakistanAfghanistan
Patriarchal
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Life as a Woman in South Asia Constant responsibilities
Motherhood, household Work in informal sector jobs Lack of property
rights Public behavior restricted Education limited Divorce laws
favor men Participation in waged labor force is limited Education
opportunity for young girls is improving The differences in social,
economic, and political power and opportunity between men and women
Gender Gap Def.
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Gender Imbalance Gender Empowerment Index: Measures the degree
of balance between male and female equity in society We all want a
happy society dont we??
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Gender Imbalance The more equal men and women are in a society,
the more developed a country is. When girls receive an education
there is an improvement in all aspects of life Suffrage Lack of
discrimination Job opportunities Gender empowerment Population
changes
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Ethnicity Nation States
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Nationality Nationality: Identity with a group of people who
share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular
country Ex) American citizens born in America Nationalism: Devotion
and loyalty to ones nation/nationality Symbols Songs Flags
Holidays
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Nation-State a state whose territory corresponds to that
occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a
nationality Self-determination: belief that an ethnicity has the
right to govern themselves. Led to ethnicities becoming
nationalities Wanted to preserve and enhance distinct cultural
characteristics
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Multi Ethnic States A state that contains more than one
ethnicity Not always a bad thing The United States
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Multinational State Contain two ethnic groups with traditions
of self- determination that agree to coexist peacefully by
recognizing each other as distinct nationalities Is it always
peaceful? NO! In some cases one nationality seeks to dominate the
other. Can lead to Civil War
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Peaceful
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European States Russia Largest Multinational State Recognizes
39 nationalities Many eager for independence Russian ethnicities
clustered in two areas: Near Mongolia border Near Azerbaijan and
Georgia 20% of population is non- Russian Chechnya Sunni Muslims
who speak a Caucasian language and practice distinct social customs
Currently under Russian control after a 50 year conflict
Chechnyan-Russian relations are on the rockshaha
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Ethnic Identity After the fall of the Soviet Union in the early
90s, many nations previously under Soviet control emerged giving
rise to more ethnicities. YugoslaviaBulgaria Romania
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Ethnic Conflict
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Ethnic Clashes What causes conflict? Ethnicities compete in
civil wars to dominate national identity Problems result from
division of ethnicities among more than one state Sub-Saharan
Africa especially plagues Horn of Africa Central Africa Conflicts
are violent and often last for long periods and involve hundreds of
dead
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Ethiopia/Eritrea Conflict Ethiopia 30 year war for independence
(1961- 1991) Dispute over border in 1998 led to more conflict
Ethiopia defeated Eritrea in 2000 and took disputed land Eritrea
and Ethiopia Eritrea Under Ethiopian control Wanted more authority
over themselves Eritreans defeated Ethiopian army in 1991 Became
independent state 1993 665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan
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Sudan Ravaged by civil war for years Religious cleavages
Constant Conflict N/S Sudan 11 Islam Black Christians and animist
ethnicities NorthSouth
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Somalia Large Sunni Muslims pop. 6 Ethnic Groups Islamic
Terrorism Black Hawk Down Isakk, Darod, Dir, Digil, Hawiye,
Rahanwayn To end Human rights violations in the early 90s and
reduce weapons in the hands of dictators and militias
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Ethnic Conflict Lebanon 60% Muslim, 39% Christian Most
Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from
Phoenicians Muslims consider themselves Arab Each group formed own
private militia/army to protect territory Civil war on two
different occasions 1975, 1990 India Religious in Nature Three-way
struggle Two countries created India and Pakistan Pakistan
separated into East and West Pakistan Bangladesh in 1971 Basis for
separating was Ethnicity Pakistan predominantly Muslim India
predominately Hindu
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Ethnic Cleansing process in which a more powerful ethnic group
forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an
ethnically homogeneous region. Point is not to simply to defeat but
completely exterminate Involves removal of males, females, and
children Balkanization process by which a state breaks down through
conflicts among its ethnicities Rwanda Congo
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Bosnia A country that was ethnically and religiously split. 48%
Bosnian Muslim 37% Serb 14% Croat Serbs and Croats in Bosnia wanted
to unite Bosnia with Serbia and/or Croatia Led to cleansing of
Bosnian Muslims
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Dayton Accords Dayton, Ohio 1996 Leaders of various ethnicities
Bosnia was divided into three separate areas Serbians received
nearly half of the country Croatian and Muslim areas were combined
into a federation
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Review Game
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Question 1 What are the root causes of Ethnic Conflict? Name an
example of a conflict in Africa?
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Explanation Ethnic Conflict is caused by the desire of
different ethnicities wanting to dominate their countries national
identity Possible examples of conflict in Africa could be the
conflicts that occurred in Somalia, Sudan, or
Ethiopia/Eritrea.
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Question 2 What caused conflict in India? How many countries
were formed as a result? What were the names of those
countries?
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Explanation Religious tension between the Muslim east and West
Pakistan and Hindu India 2 Pakistan, Bangladesh (Both Muslim
countries)
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Question 3 Describe the conflict that was happening in Somalia
that caused the U.S. to get involved? What famous movie came of the
conflict?
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Explanation The conflict that arose in Somalia was because the
corrupt government was taking away UN donated food meant for the
people to feed themselves so what we saw were massive human rights
violation, deaths,famine, poverty etc. So the U.S. stepped in Black
Hawk Down depicts the events of the Battle of Mogadishu
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Question 4 Provide one reason as to why an ethnicity would
prefer to cluster themselves together within a location? What do
they get from doing so?
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Explanation By doing so, they have people around them who share
similar customs and traditions which makes it easier to adapt to
the new culture Forms a sense of community among them
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Question 5 Describe the waves of African American Ethnic
Distribution.
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Explanation There were 3 different waves of AA distribution.
They were Africa to America (forced.) American South to Northern
cities, and Inner city to Urban Neighborhoods
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Question 6 Why is the United States a good example of a multi
ethnic state?
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Explanation The U.S. has people from every corner of the world
within its boarders and we all manage to coexist peaceful for the
most part which is good because who would want mini ethnic clashes
in every state
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Question 7 What is a difference b/w how women are treated in
the U.S. vs. how women are treated in a periphery country
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Explanation In a lesser developed of periphery country, women
are treated a lot worst than women of the United States. In the
U.S. women can Go to school Get work outside of the home Can have
her own goals/wants/needs (not bound by patriarchal society)
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Question 8 Why do Hispanics and African Americans tend to
cluster in urban cities?
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Explanation These groups tend to cluster in urban centers
because urban centers have the resources (cheap housing, proximity
to job) to accommodate their large numbers. **Formation of ghettos
and ethnic neighborhoods**
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Question 9 Why is Africa a hotbed for ethnic conflict?
(elaborate on the answer, dont just say because its ethnically
diverse)
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Explanation While it is true that Africa is ethnically diverse,
it also has a host of other issues that make is susceptible to
conflict. Often times the warring countries have Weak central
governments Extreme poverty Many religions/Languages **all a
consequence of colonization**
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Question 10 (oral or written FR) ** No right or wrong answer**
Why is it important to study ethnicity, ethnic conflict and the
different countries affected by the problems that come with
ethnicity? Focus on the terms: Self determination Ethnic
conflict/cleansing National identity
