Chapter 7 P. 121-141 The Road to Revolution 1763-1775
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DVD Founding Fathers Volume 1 Rebels with a Cause Taking
Liberties
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Spanish French Britain
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Early European Settlements 1565 SpanishSt. Augustine, Florida
1605 FrenchPort Royal in Nova Scotia 1607 BritishJamestown,
Virginia 1608 FrenchQuebec, Canada 1620 BritishPlymouth,
Massachusetts 1634 BritishMaryland 1663 FrenchNew France 1682
BritishWilliam Penn settles Pennsylvania
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Waldseemller Map 1507 Martin Waldseemller, a German mapmaker,
was the first person to designate the newly discovered southern
continent as "America." He named the continent after Amerigo
Vespucci, the Italian explorer who realized that he had reached a
"new world" rather than islands off the coast of Asia.
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European Explorations in America In the century following
Columbus' voyages, European adventurers explored the coasts and
parts of the interior of North and South America.
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Major Transatlantic Explorations 1000-1587 Following Columbus'
1492 voyage, Spain's rivals soon began laying claim to parts of the
New World based on the voyages of Cabot for England, Cabral for
Portugal, and Verrazano for France. Later English and French
exploration focused on finding a passage to Asia around or through
Canada.
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Spains Golden Age 1550-1650 Brilliance in art and literature
King Philip II founded academies of science and mathematics El
Greco Religious paintings Views of the city of Toledo Portraits of
Spanish nobles Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote/first modern novel
in Europe
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Rivalry in Europe Catholic SpainKing Philip II Wealthiest and
most powerful nation Battled the Protestant Dutch To end English
attacks and subdue the Dutch launched a huge armada to carry an
invasion to England Protestant EnglandQueen Elizabeth I Encourage
English captains to plunder Spanish ships Sir Francis Drake looted
Spanish cities in the Americas Rewarded by Elizabeth with a
knighthood Openly supported the Dutch against Spain
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Invading England Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 King Philip
II To end English attacks and control the Dutch Prepared huge
armada 130 ships 20,000 men 2,400 pieces of artillery Confident of
victory English Channel Sudden, savage storm scattered the armada
Lumbering Spanish ships
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588
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Results of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 Spanish power
and prosperity slowly declined Britain emerged as the leading naval
power Dutch and French fleets challenged Spain
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Revolutionary Thought Mercantilism Triangular trade Navigation
Acts 1650-1763
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France's American Empire at Its Greatest Extent 1700 British
Territory After Two Wars 1713
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Colonial Trade Patterns c. 1770
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Atlantic Trade Routes By the late seventeenth century, an
elaborate trade network linked the countries and colonies bordering
the Atlantic Ocean. The most valuable commodities exchanged were
enslaved people and the products of slave labor.
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European Colonization c. 1650
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Immigration and British Colonial Expansion to 1755
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The European Empires in Eighteenth-Century America This map
shows the colonization of the Americas and the Philippines by three
rival powers. It is clear from the map why British colonists felt
vulnerable to attack by England's archenemies, France and Spain,
until English victory in the French and Indian War in 1763.
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The Anglo-American Colonies in the Early Eighteenth Century By
the early eighteenth century, the English colonies nominally
dominated the Atlantic coastline of North America. But the
colonies' formal boundary lines are deceiving because the western
reaches of each colony were still largely unfamiliar to Europeans
and because much of the land was still inhabited by Native
Americans.
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New England Colonies Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New
Hampshire The most densely settled region of the mainland was New
England, where English settlements and Indian villages existed side
by side.
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The Middle Colonies This map shows the major towns, cities, and
forts in the colonies of New York Pennsylvania Delaware New Jersey.
Prosperity was based on the thriving commerce of its largest
cities, Philadelphia and New York, and on the commercial production
of wheat.
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The Settlements of the Lower South Towns and fortifications of
North Carolina South Carolina Georgia as well as the overlapping
claims by the Spanish and the English to the territory south and
west of Fort King George. The many Georgia forts reflect that
colony's role as a buffer state between rice-rich South Carolina
and the Spanish troops stationed in Florida
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English Settlements From the beginning English settlements
differed from Spain and France English came in great numbers
Founded 13 colonies by 1733 1607 Virginia 1620 Massachusetts 1623
New Hampshire 1626 New York 1634 Maryland 1636 Connecticut 1636
Rhode Island 1638 Delaware 1653 North Carolina 1663 South Carolina
1664 New Jersey 1682 Pennsylvania 1733 Georgia Thousands migrated
lured by economic, religious and political factors Re-created the
English way of life
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America A Revolutionary Force To emigrate was to rebel
Boston3,000 miles to London Six to eight weeks to cross Atlantic
Crossing left emotional scars Distance weakens authority Great
distance weakens authority greatly American environment itself
further nurtured independence New world All shared common belief
regardless of why they came Authorities in Britain fundamentally
different from them Thus unfit to tell them what to do Not
intimidated by British Parliament Colonists set up thirteen
parliaments of their own Felt their assemblies were equal to
Whitehall Over a century and half a new people were born
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Colonial Settlement 1607 Jamestown, Virginia First permanent
English settlement in the New World 1620 Plymouth Colony,
Massachusetts Mayflower Pilgrims Founding was haphazard Trading
companies Religious groups Land speculators Plymouth Colony
Carefully Restored
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Fur-Trading Posts
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Mercantilism 1600-1750 Economic policy Wealth equals power
Measured by gold and silver in the treasury Colonies needed to
supply Raw materials and Markets for exports Britain naval
supremacy America furnished ships, stores, sailors, trade
Triangular trade
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Mercantilism 1600-1750
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Triangular Trade
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Under mercantilism 1600-1750 Southern colonies became pets
Tobacco, sugar, rice Virginia angry that Britain made them sell
their tobacco to Britain exclusively Tobacco prices dropped
Virginia forced to mortgage future crops to buy necessities in
Britain New England seeds of revolution Debasing to colonies Felt
like they were being kept in a state of economic adolescence
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Elements of mercantilism Endure today Protective tariffs
Manufacturers, workers, farmers seek Government tries to enhance
national security by prohibiting export of high technology with
possible military application
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Navigation Acts 1650-1763 British laws to enforce mercantilism
First act was to eliminate Dutch shippers from American trade 1.
Colonists could ship their products only on British ships Helped
bolster British and colonial merchant marine Kept money in the
empire 2. Goods heading to America had to pass through England 3.
Colonists had to export certain enumerated goods to Great Britain
Tobacco had to go to England NOT to any other foreign markets Even
if could get more money from other country 4. Restrictions on what
Americans could produce No woolen cloth No beaver hats No
competition from colonies 5. Colonists could only buy British
manufactured goods
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British policy before the French and Indian War 1754-1763
Salutary neglect (beneficial neglect) Navigation Acts 1650-1660
Laxly enforced Mostly ignored Colonists learned to disregard or
evade restrictions John Hancock engaged in smuggling/ King of
Smugglers Virginia tobacco guaranteed a monopoly of the British
market After 1763 things changed No banks allowed in the colonies
Barter Currencya problem
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North America Before 1754
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European Claims in North America The dramatic results of the
British victory in the (Seven Years) French and Indian War are
vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of
French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in
1763.
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North America After 1763 (after French losses)
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Conflict over the Ohio Valley Began the French and Indian War
1754-1763 Valuable to both the French and the British 1749 French
were building a fortress at the intersection of the Monongahela
River, the Allegheny River and the Ohio River- Ft. Duquesne
(Pittsburgh) 1754 The Royal governor sent George Washington as a
surveyor and a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia
Washington fired upon the troops 40 miles from the fort killing the
French commander July 4, 1774 French retaliated at Ft. Necessity
where Washington was forced to retreat This conflict was the
beginning of the French and Indian War or Seven Years War
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Events of 17551760
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French and Indian War 1754-1763
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George Washington Earliest authenticated portrait of him
wearing his colonel's uniform of the Virginia Regiment from the
French and Indian War. Portrait was painted years after the war, in
1772
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Treaty of Paris 1763 Great Britain received all of New France
east of the Mississippi river (except New Orleans) France had to
give Spain (its former ally) all of the trading posts along the
Mississippi and New Orleans Spain traded Spanish Florida to the
British in exchange for Cuba which Britain had won during the war
France was allowed to keep their sugar islands in the West
Indies
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Pontiacs Rebellion 1763 After the Treaty of Paris in 1763
Indian tribes were furious that their land was being granted to
Great Britain (The French had been giving the Indian tribes gifts
food, supplies, arms in exchange for the peaceful use of their land
for the fur trade and for their loyalty against other European
powers) Instead, the British demanded that the Indians live with
the British without charity Spring of 1763 Ottawa Chief Pontiac led
several tribes on a violent campaign to drive the British out of
the Ohio Country Tribes Captured most of the British forts around
the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley Raided colonial settlements
in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia Destroyed hundreds of
homesteads and killed several thousand people While the Indians
were attacking Ft. Pitt (formerly Ft. Duquesne) British General
Amherst approved the distribution of smallpox- infested blankets
and handkerchiefs from the forts hospital to the Indians
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Results of Pontiacs Rebellion After the Indian attacks,
American colonists became convinced that all Indians must be
removed British government realized that it had to make peace with
the Indians on the Western frontier British decided that they would
have to put troops on the frontier and the colonists would have to
pay for them. Thus the Proclamation Line of 1763
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Proclamation of 1763 British attempted to stall to decide what
to do about the Indians (attempt to avoid another rebellion)
Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains Stated that
colonists already settled in this region must remove themselves
But, the colonists believed that they had fought for the land Many
colonists (especially in NC) ignored the proclamation
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Proclamation Act of 1763 May, 1763 Pontiacs Rebellion Native
Americans attacked British forts Killed many American settlers
Proclamation of 1763 To avoid another costly war with Native
Americans George III declared All lands west of the Appalachians
reserved for Native Americans Not open for settlement by
colonists
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1763-1775
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Effects of the French and Indian War Pontiacs Rebellion and the
Proclamation of 1763 American colonists gained confidence in their
military abilities (20,000) Proved that the British were not
invincible Highlighted the contempt that the British felt for
Americans British discovered that Americans were smuggling (even
with the French enemy) No colonial unityrefusal of geographically
distant colonies to send troops Disunity was due to Geographic
distances Conflicting religious beliefs Different national origins
Different forms of colonial governments Frontiersmen vs. urban
colonists Those who did join in the war effort realized the
commonalities between them Loss of New France eventually
contributed to Frances desire to help GB lose its colonies during
the American Revolution
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Rights of Englishmen Traditional rights established slowly over
centuries of British history Colonists enjoyed these
Self-government Did not have to maintain an army Trial by jury of
peers Security in one's home from unlawful entry No taxation
without representation No cruel and unusual punishment Right to
rebel
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Join or Die Cartoon, published by Benjamin Franklin in 1754,
urged the colonies to unite. The first known American cartoon, it
established the snake as an emblem for the American colonies.
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Nine World Wars DatesIn EuropeIn America 1688-1697War of the
League of AugsburgKing Williams War 1689-1697 1701-1713War of
Spanish SuccessionQueen Annes War 1702-1713 1740-1748War of
Austrian SuccessionKing Georges War 1744-1748 1756-1763Seven Years
WarFrench and Indian War 1754-1763 1778-1783War of the American
RevolutionAmerican Revolution 1775-1783 1793-1802Wars of the French
RevolutionUndeclared French War 1798-1800 1803-1815Napoleonic
WarsWar of 1812 1812-1814 1914-1918World War IWorld War I 1917-1918
1939-1945World War IIWorld War II 1941-1945
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British Territorial Gains After the French and Indian War
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Proclamation Line 1763
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Settled Areas at End of French and Indian War 1763
Effects French and Indian War 1754-1763 Forced Britain to
redefine their relationship with colonies Britain greatest empire
also greatest DEBT London expected colonists to pay one third of
the debt After 1763 Britain enforced the Navigation Acts Parliament
passed laws taxing colonists to pay for the French and Indian War
Led to resentment of British rule and Identification of colonists
as Americans Colonists gained confidence in their military ability
Colonists became aware of the fact that the British believed that
they were socially inferior to Londonites
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Events leading to the First Continental Congress 1764 Sugar Act
1765 Quartering Act 1765 Stamp Act 1765 Stamp Act Congress 1770 The
Boston Massacre Boston crowd threatened British soldiers British
soldiers opened fire on colonists Samuel Adams had Paul Revere
create the famous engraving of the Boston Massacre which was used
to build up hostility toward the British 1772 Committees of
Correspondence were created 1773 Tea Act 1773 Boston Tea Party Sons
of Liberty Led by Samuel Adams Dressed as Mohawk Indians Destroyed
342 chests of British tea 1774 Intolerable Acts and Boston Port Act
Closed Boston Harbor until Boston paid for the tea General Thomas
Gage took over as governor of Massachusetts
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Series of Acts to Pay for the War Sugar Act 1764 First law ever
passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue Increased duty on sugar
imported from West Indies Quartering Act 1765 Required colonists to
provide food and housing for troops New York refused to comply
London suspended the New York legislature Stamp Act 1765 Passed to
raise money to support new military forces needed for colonial
defense Stamps on all official papers Bills of sale Legal documents
Playing cards Pamphlets Newspapers Diplomas Marriage licenses A
Royal Stamp Stamps like this one, certifying payment of the tax was
required on all legal and commercial documents
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Results in the colonies Colonial assemblies Refused to comply
with the Quartering Act Angry that offenders of laws were tried in
admiralty courts not juries Angry that the burden of proof was on
the defendant Angry that assumed guilty unless proven innocent
Violation of the Rights of Englishmen No taxation without
representation Colonists reject the idea that Parliament has the
power to levy revenue raising taxes on the colonies Distinction
between legislation and taxation Obey the laws of empire, but Only
their own elected officials could legally tax them Colonists had no
representation in Parliament Taxing was robbing them of private
property Parliament said it was sovereign No division between
legislation and taxation Americans deny the authority of Parliament
altogether
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Stamp Act Congress 1765 New York City Nine colonies; 27
delegates Statement of rights and grievances Asked parliament to
repeal the law Patrick Henryspeech against the act RESULTS
Parliament ignored them Significant step toward colonial unity
Colonists adopted agreement of non-importation of British goods
Patrick Henry
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Patrick Henry by Thomas Sully, 1815 A Virginia planter and
lawyer, Patrick Henry may have acquired his oratorical brilliance
from his father, a fiery Virginia preacher. Henry chose politics
rather than the pulpit, and throughout the 1760s and 1770s he
stirred the House of Burgesses to resist British policy and the
British king. .Peace, Peace!but there is no peace. The war is
actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring
to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already
in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen
wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as
to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it,
Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me
give me liberty, or give me death! *Excerpt from Patrick Henrys
Speech to the Virginia Convention 1775
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Open Defiance Common action Wore homespun woolen Women in
public spinning bees People enforced the non-importation Tarred and
feathered violators Mobs ransacked houses of unpopular officials
Hanged stamp agents in effigy Collecting the tax broke down Britain
hard hit because Americans bought one fourth of all British exports
1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Protesting the Stamp Act,
1765 Angry colonists burn the hated stamps in a bonfire.
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Britain to save face Declaratory Act 1766 Parliament asserted
right to bind colonies in all cases whatsoever Townshend Acts 1767
Import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, TEA Tea tax
particularly irksomeone million Americans drank tea Smuggling tea
increased/breakdown of law and order 1768 British sent troops to
Boston Resentment against Britain grew Boston Massacre 1770
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Paul Revere's 1768 engraving of British troops arriving in
Boston was reprinted throughout the colonies
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Boston Massacre 1770 Boston Tea Party 1773 First Continental
Congress 1774 Paul Reveres Ride 1775
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Boston Massacre 1770 Sixty townspeople provoked British troops
Troops opened fire and killed eleven citizens Paul Reveres
engraving was widely published Paul Reveres engraving Moved
colonists toward independence King George III Tried to restore
power Repealed Townshend Act except tea Sam Adams 1772 Organized
local committees of correspondence Spread propaganda and
information
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George III by A. Ramsay, 1767 Although unsure of himself and
emotionally little more than a boy upon his accession to the
English throne, George III possessed a deep moral sense and a
fierce determination to rule as well as to reign.
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Boston Massacre 1770 Engraving by Paul Revere British soldiers
against locals; resulted in the death of eleven men Event
galvanized many towards the cause of independence from the
British.
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Site of the Boston Massacre 1770 A circle of cobblestones marks
the site of the Boston massacre. In the background stands the Old
State House, built in 1713
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Samuel AdamsPaul Revere
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Tea Act 1773 London gave the British East India Company a
monopoly on American tea business Tea tax remained RESULTSPROTEST
Annapolis banned the ships and the cargo Boston Tea Party 1773
Townspeople boarded ships and dumped the tea in the harbor
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The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor by Nathaniel Currier In
1773, colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians threw 342 chests of tea
belonging to the British East India Company into Boston harbor.
They protested a tax on tea and a perceived British monopoly.
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Intolerable Acts 1774 Boston Port Act 1774 Intolerable Acts
1774 Swept away many of the rights of colonial Massachusetts
Restrictions on town meetings Officials who killed colonists were
sent to England for trial Boston Port Act 1774 Most drastic measure
of the Intolerable Acts Closed the port of Boston until Boston paid
for the tea General Thomas Gage took over as governor of
Massachusetts
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Quebec Act 1774 Guaranteed Catholicism in America Kept old
customs and institutions No representative assemblies No trial by
jury in civil cases Quebec extends to Ohio River RESULTS Dangerous
precedent Land now out of colonists grasp Anti-Catholic feelings
Quebec Before and After 1774
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First Continental Congress 1774 Called to redress colonial
grievances Brainchild of Sam Adams Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia 56
delegates from 12 colonies No Georgia Sam Adams, John Adams, George
Washington, Patrick Henry Issued a Declaration of Rights and
Grievances Voted to impose a complete boycott of British goods
Called on colonies to arm themselves and train militias Moved
toward a revolutionary course Concerted action as a unit Delegates
agreed to meet one year later if their grievances had not been
resolved King George III refused to look at the grievances Sam
Adams
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John Adams George Washington Ben Franklin Patrick Henry
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Carpenter's Hall 1774 First Continental Congress, 56 delegates
Grievances against the British
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Lexington and Concord April 18, 1775 Shot heard round the
world
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Lexington and Concord April 18, 1775 Shot heard round the world
British General Gage Ordered to seize colonial military supplies in
Concord, Massachusetts Ordered to arrest John Hancock and Samuel
Adams Paul Revere Kept watch for British movements around Boston
Sent a spy into the British officers headquarters Spy was to send a
signal message from the steeple of the Old North Church One if by
land, two if by sea After the signal Revere and William Dawes took
two different routes to Lexington Alerted every house with The
regulars are coming
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Paul Revere's Ride Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Listen my
children and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On
the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; Hardly a man is now alive
Who remembers that famous day and year. He said to his friend, If
the British march By land or sea from the town to-night, Hang a
lantern aloft in the belfry arch Of the North Church tower as a
signal light,-- One if by land, and two if by sea; And I on the
opposite shore will be, Ready to ride and spread the alarm Through
every Middlesex village and farm, For the country folk to be up and
to arm. Published 1861 First two stanzas only
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The First Battles in the War for Independence, 1775 British
march to Concord and the routes taken by the three Americans who
alerted the countryside of the enemy's approach. Although Paul
Revere was captured by the British and did not complete his ride,
he is the best remembered and most celebrated of the nightriders
who spread the alarm.
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Lexington and Concord 1775 Brief skirmish at Lexington Between
minutemen and British soldiers 8 Americans killed at Lexington
British marched on to Concord Minutemen were waiting at Concord and
along the route back to Boston British forced to retreat Minutemen
used guerrilla tactics 273 British soldiers killed 88 Americans
killed Old North Bridge
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Minute Man Statue at Lexington Green April 1775 Minutemen
intercepted a British force of 700 in Lexington, MA to deny the
British access to ammunition nearby. Shots were fired and a battle
ensued.
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Old North Bridge After engaging the minutemen in Lexington, the
British moved on to Concord, Massachusetts, where they were
confronted at the North Bridge by several hundred colonists. The
British ultimately withdrew.
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A View of the Town of Concord Artist unknown c. 1775 Redcoats
drill on Concord Green near where colonial militiamen soon would
repel their advance on stores of rebel gunpowder.
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A View of the Town of Concord, 1775 In 1775 an unknown artist
painted the redcoats entering Concord. The fighting at North
Bridge, which occurred just a few hours after this triumphal entry,
signaled the start of open warfare between Britain and the
colonies.