Chapter 7.2 Cell Structure

1. Cytoplasm

• Gel-like fluid of the cell.

2. Cell Membrane• Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the

outside of the cell.• “Walls to the factory”

3. Organelles

• “little organs” that are found in the cell.• Examples: Mitochondria & Golgi.

4. Nucleus• Control center that has DNA & coded

instructions for proteins & other important molecules.

• “Main office in a factory”

5. Nucleolus• Small, dense region in the nucleus where the

assembly of ribosomes begins.

6. Nuclear envelope/membrane• Made of 2 membranes• Outer boundary of the nucleus

7. Nuclear Pores• Allow proteins, RNA, & other molecules to

move into & out of the nucleus.• “moving messages into & out of a factory’s

main office”

8. Chromosomes• Found in nucleus & carries the cell’s genetic

info.• Can be seen in dividing cells when the

chromatin condenses to form the “X” shape.

9. Chromatin• Found in nucleus• A complex of DNA (genetic material) bound to

proteins• Threadlike in non-dividing cells

10. Vacuoles

• Stores materials like water, salts, proteins, & carbs.

• Large in plant cells as a central vacuole.

11. Vesicles

• Store & move materials between cell organelles, as well as to & from the cell surface.

12. Lysosomes

• Filled with enzymes that help to break down lipids, carbs., & proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.

• They also break down worn out organelles. • “Clean up crew”

13. Cytoskeleton (cyto=cell)

• Serves as internal skeleton that maintains cell shape.

• “Cement beams in a factory”

14. Microfilaments

• Long, thin fibers that helps cells move, and/or provide shape & structure to the cell.

15. Microtubules• Hollow structures for support (larger)• Help build cilia and flagella (for movement)

16. Ribosomes• Serve in protein synthesis (making of proteins)• May be found in cytoplasm or attached to

endoplasmic reticulum

17. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• Transports chemicals &

proteins within and between cells.

• Rough ER = when ribosomes are attached to the surface. Makes proteins.

• Smooth ER = when no ribosomes are attached to the surface. Makes membran lipids & detoxifies drugs.

18. Golgi Apparatus/Body

• Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins & other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or to release outside the cell.

• “Mailroom”

19. Chloroplasts

• Photosynthesis to make sugars for plants• Contains chlorophyll – green pigment

20. Mitochondria• Converts the chemical energy stored in food

into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use (cellular respiration).

• “Boiler room”

21. Cell Wall

• Supportive outer layer around the cell membrane to give shape.

• Only in plant cells.

21. Prokaryote

• Cell lacking a nucleus & nuclear membrane but still has DNA spread throughout the cell

23. Eukaryote

• Cell that has a nucleus (plant & animal).

Eukaryote