Chapter 8 Southeast Asia. Notes 8-1 Mainland Southeast Asia (pages 210–214)

Chapter 8Chapter 8Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

Notes 8-1Notes 8-1Mainland Southeast Mainland Southeast

Asia (pages 210–214)Asia (pages 210–214)

Did You Know?Did You Know?

►Popular spectator sports in Southeast Popular spectator sports in Southeast Asia include Asia include soccersoccer and a form of and a form of boxingboxing that allows hitting with any that allows hitting with any part of the body. The favorite part of the body. The favorite participant sport is participant sport is chinlonchinlon, in which a , in which a ball of woven cane is passed from ball of woven cane is passed from player to player by hitting it with the player to player by hitting it with the feet, knees, or head.feet, knees, or head.

I. Myanmar (pages 210–I. Myanmar (pages 210–212)212)

A. Myanmar, once called A. Myanmar, once called BurmaBurma, has , has mountain ranges and two wide rivers—mountain ranges and two wide rivers—the Irrawaddy and the Salween.the Irrawaddy and the Salween.


B. Myanmar has tropical and subtropical B. Myanmar has tropical and subtropical climates influenced by climates influenced by monsoonsmonsoons, or , or seasonal winds that blow over a seasonal winds that blow over a continent for months at a time.continent for months at a time.


C. Most people C. Most people farmfarm. Factories produce . Factories produce and export such goods as soap, and export such goods as soap, noodles, paper, textiles, and glass noodles, paper, textiles, and glass bottles. Myanmar also exports bottles. Myanmar also exports precious gems like rubies, sapphires, precious gems like rubies, sapphires, and jade.and jade.


D. About 75 percent of the world’s D. About 75 percent of the world’s teakwoodteakwood is produced here. is produced here. Myanmar’s forests are decreasing Myanmar’s forests are decreasing because of because of deforestationdeforestation, or the , or the widespread cutting of trees.widespread cutting of trees.


E. The most E. The most denselydensely populated part of populated part of the country is the fertile Irrawaddy the country is the fertile Irrawaddy River valley.River valley.


F. F. BuddhismBuddhism is the main religion. is the main religion.


G. Once part of G. Once part of BritishBritish IndiaIndia, Myanmar , Myanmar became an independent republic in became an independent republic in 1948. Since then, military leaders 1948. Since then, military leaders have turned Myanmar into a socialist have turned Myanmar into a socialist country. country. SocialismSocialism is an economic is an economic system in which most businesses are system in which most businesses are owned and run by the government.owned and run by the government.

II. Thailand (page 212)II. Thailand (page 212)

A. The country’s main waterway is the A. The country’s main waterway is the ChaoChao PhrayaPhraya RiverRiver..


B. Thailand is the only Southeast Asian B. Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country that has never been a country that has never been a EuropeanEuropean colonycolony. Thailand still has a . Thailand still has a king and royal family.king and royal family.


C. Thailand’s main agricultural exports C. Thailand’s main agricultural exports are rubber and teakwood, and the are rubber and teakwood, and the country is one of the world’s leading country is one of the world’s leading exporters of exporters of tintin and and gemstonesgemstones. . Tourism is also an important industry.Tourism is also an important industry.


D. Most manufacturing takes place near D. Most manufacturing takes place near BangkokBangkok, the capital., the capital.


E. Most Thais are E. Most Thais are BuddhistsBuddhists, and about , and about 80 percent live in rural villages.80 percent live in rural villages.

III. Laos and Cambodia III. Laos and Cambodia (pages 212–213)(pages 212–213)

A. A. LandlockedLandlocked Laos is covered by Laos is covered by mountains and has a fertile area along mountains and has a fertile area along the Mekong River, Southeast Asia’s the Mekong River, Southeast Asia’s longest River.longest River.


B. Laos is economically poor. The B. Laos is economically poor. The CommunistCommunist government only recently government only recently allowed tourism.allowed tourism.


C. Farmers grow C. Farmers grow ricerice, sweet potatoes, , sweet potatoes, sugarcane, and corn.sugarcane, and corn.


D. Industry in Laos is largely D. Industry in Laos is largely undeveloped because of isolation and undeveloped because of isolation and years of civil war. The country lacks years of civil war. The country lacks railroadsrailroads and has and has electricityelectricity in only in only a few cities.a few cities.


E. For many years Cambodia was a rich E. For many years Cambodia was a rich farming country that exported farming country that exported ricerice and and rubberrubber. By the 1980s, its . By the 1980s, its economy was in ruins because of economy was in ruins because of years of civil war and harsh years of civil war and harsh Communist rule.Communist rule.


F. Most of Cambodia’s people belong to F. Most of Cambodia’s people belong to the Khmer ethnic group, and about 80 the Khmer ethnic group, and about 80 percent of the people live in percent of the people live in ruralrural villagesvillages. The rest live in cities such as . The rest live in cities such as the capital, Phnom Penh. the capital, Phnom Penh. BuddhismBuddhism is is Cambodia’s main religion.Cambodia’s main religion.


G. Cambodia used to be ruled by the G. Cambodia used to be ruled by the FrenchFrench until it became independent in until it became independent in 1953. In 1993 Cambodia brought back 1953. In 1993 Cambodia brought back its king.its king.

IV. Vietnam (pages 213–IV. Vietnam (pages 213–214)214)

A. Vietnam borders the A. Vietnam borders the Gulf of TonkinGulf of Tonkin, , the South China Sea, and the Gulf of the South China Sea, and the Gulf of Thailand. In the north and south are Thailand. In the north and south are fertile river deltas.fertile river deltas.


B. B. FarmingFarming takes place in the river takes place in the river deltas. Wood and fish are important deltas. Wood and fish are important resources.resources.


C. Vietnam has the largest population in C. Vietnam has the largest population in Southeast Asia. Most people are Southeast Asia. Most people are BuddhistBuddhist..


D. Vietnamese Communists drove out D. Vietnamese Communists drove out the French rulers in 1954. The the French rulers in 1954. The Communist government controlled Communist government controlled northern Vietnam, while an American-northern Vietnam, while an American-supported government ruled the supported government ruled the south. In the 1960s, fighting between south. In the 1960s, fighting between these two groups led to the these two groups led to the VietnamVietnam WarWar..


E. The Vietnam War was costly. The E. The Vietnam War was costly. The United States withdrew its forces in United States withdrew its forces in 1973. The 1973. The CommunistsCommunists soon soon recaptured the south.recaptured the south.

Notes 8-2Notes 8-2Island Southeast Asia Island Southeast Asia

(pages 216–219)(pages 216–219)

Did You Know?Did You Know?

►Some Some IndonesiansIndonesians, especially the , especially the Javanese, have only one name. This Javanese, have only one name. This includes the country's first two includes the country's first two presidents, Sukarno and Suharto.presidents, Sukarno and Suharto.

I. Indonesia (pages 216–217)I. Indonesia (pages 216–217)

A. Southeast Asia’s largest country, A. Southeast Asia’s largest country, IndonesiaIndonesia, is an archipelago of more , is an archipelago of more than 13,600 islands.than 13,600 islands.


B. Indonesia sprawls over an area where B. Indonesia sprawls over an area where two of the earth’s tectonic plates two of the earth’s tectonic plates meet. Tectonic plates are the huge meet. Tectonic plates are the huge slabs of rock that make up the earth’s slabs of rock that make up the earth’s crust. Indonesia’s location on top of crust. Indonesia’s location on top of these plates causes it to experience these plates causes it to experience earthquakesearthquakes..


C. The major islands of Indonesia are C. The major islands of Indonesia are SumatraSumatra, , JavaJava, and , and CelebesCelebes. Borneo . Borneo and New Guinea are two other large and New Guinea are two other large islands shared with other countries.islands shared with other countries.


D. The D. The volcanoesvolcanoes that formed that formed Indonesia have left a rich covering of Indonesia have left a rich covering of ash that makes the soil good for ash that makes the soil good for farming.farming.


E. Foreign companies build E. Foreign companies build factoriesfactories on on the island of Java because labor is the island of Java because labor is inexpensive. In addition, the island’s inexpensive. In addition, the island’s location makes it easy to ship goods.location makes it easy to ship goods.


F. Nearly half of all Indonesians work in F. Nearly half of all Indonesians work in agriculture. Indonesia has large agriculture. Indonesia has large reserves of reserves of oiloil and and naturalnatural gasgas, as , as well as minerals and wood.well as minerals and wood.


G. Indonesia has the G. Indonesia has the fourth-largestfourth-largest population in the world. It is also one population in the world. It is also one of the world’s most densely populated of the world’s most densely populated countries.countries.


H. Most people belong to the Malay H. Most people belong to the Malay ethnic group and speak ethnic group and speak BahasaBahasa IndonesiaIndonesia, the official language. It , the official language. It has more Muslims than any other has more Muslims than any other country.country.


I. Indonesia was once an important I. Indonesia was once an important trade center. It gained its trade center. It gained its independence from Dutch rule in independence from Dutch rule in 1949.1949.


J. Since the 1960s, unrest and civil war J. Since the 1960s, unrest and civil war have occurred on several islands. A have occurred on several islands. A civil warcivil war is a fight among different is a fight among different groups within a country.groups within a country.

II. Malaysia (page 218)II. Malaysia (page 218)

A. Dense rain forests and rugged A. Dense rain forests and rugged mountains make up the landscape of mountains make up the landscape of MalaysiaMalaysia..


B. Malaysia is one of the world’s leaders B. Malaysia is one of the world’s leaders in exporting in exporting rubberrubber and and palm oilpalm oil. It . It also exports wood and is rich in also exports wood and is rich in minerals such as tin, iron ore, copper, minerals such as tin, iron ore, copper, and bauxite, as well as oil and natural and bauxite, as well as oil and natural gas.gas.


C. C. FactoriesFactories make high-tech and make high-tech and consumer goods. Malaysia’s ports are consumer goods. Malaysia’s ports are important trade centers.important trade centers.


D. The ancestors of most Malaysians D. The ancestors of most Malaysians came from southern came from southern ChinaChina about about 4,000 years ago. Most are 4,000 years ago. Most are MuslimMuslim..

III. Singapore, Brunei, and III. Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines (pages 218–the Philippines (pages 218–

219)219)A. A. SingaporeSingapore lies off the southern tip of lies off the southern tip of

the Malay Peninsula. It is made up of the Malay Peninsula. It is made up of Singapore Island and Singapore Island and 5858 smaller smaller islands. It is one of the world’s islands. It is one of the world’s smallestsmallest countries, yet it has one of countries, yet it has one of the most productive economies.the most productive economies.


219)219)B. The city of Singapore has one of the B. The city of Singapore has one of the

world’s busiest world’s busiest harborsharbors. It is a . It is a freefree portport, a place where goods can be , a place where goods can be loaded or unloaded, stored, and loaded or unloaded, stored, and shipped again without payment of shipped again without payment of import taxes. There are also many import taxes. There are also many factories.factories.


219)219)C. Founded by the C. Founded by the BritishBritish, Singapore , Singapore

became independent in 1965. became independent in 1965.


219)219)D. D. OilOil and and gasgas provide about half of provide about half of

Brunei’s income, but the government Brunei’s income, but the government is investing in new industries.is investing in new industries.


219)219)E. Brunei’s citizens receive E. Brunei’s citizens receive freefree

educationeducation and and medicalmedical carecare, and , and low-cost housing, fuel, and food.low-cost housing, fuel, and food.


219)219)F. All F. All politicalpolitical and and economiceconomic decisions decisions

are made by Brunei’s ruler, or sultan, are made by Brunei’s ruler, or sultan, who governs with a firm hand.who governs with a firm hand.


219)219)G. The G. The PhilippinesPhilippines is an archipelago of is an archipelago of

more than 7,000 islands.more than 7,000 islands.


219)219)H. H. LavaLava from volcanoes provides fertile from volcanoes provides fertile

soil for agriculture. Farmers have built soil for agriculture. Farmers have built terraces on the steep slopes of the terraces on the steep slopes of the mountains. Terraced fields are strips of mountains. Terraced fields are strips of land cut out of a hillside like stair land cut out of a hillside like stair steps.steps.


219)219)I. Once a I. Once a SpanishSpanish colony, the colony, the

Philippines was controlled by the Philippines was controlled by the United StatesUnited States from 1898 until World from 1898 until World War II. In 1946, it became an War II. In 1946, it became an independent, democratic republic.independent, democratic republic.


219)219)J. About 90 percent of Filipinos follow J. About 90 percent of Filipinos follow

the the Roman CatholicRoman Catholic religion, brought religion, brought to the islands by Spanish missionaries.to the islands by Spanish missionaries.

Documents

Chapter 8 Southeast Asia. Notes 8-1 Mainland Southeast Asia (pages 210–214)