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These are my lecture notes for my Biology 1 class, using the book "Biology: Dynamics of Life". The chapter deals with energy.
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Energy of the CellSection 9-1: ATP
In this section . . .
In this section . . .
What is Energy?
In this section . . .
What is Energy?
What ATP is and HOW it works
In this section . . .
What is Energy?
What ATP is and HOW it works
Noteworthy People
Energy what is it?
Energy what is it?The ability to do work.
Ride Bike
Study
Walking
Breathing
Mitosis
Energy what is it?The ability to do work.
Ride Bike
Study
Walking
Breathing
Mitosis
How does the body store and produce energy?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
P PA P
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A molecule in the cell that allows quick and easy access to energy when needed by the cell’s organelles.
P PA P
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A molecule in the cell that allows quick and easy access to energy when needed by the cell’s organelles.
A type of chemical energy
P PA P
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A molecule in the cell that allows quick and easy access to energy when needed by the cell’s organelles.
A type of chemical energy
Releases energy when the chemical bonds are broken.
P PA P
Prefixes
A
Prefixes
Mono = One phosphate group
PA
Prefixes
Mono = One phosphate group
Di = Two phosphate groups
P PA
Prefixes
Mono = One phosphate group
Di = Two phosphate groups
Tri = three phosphates groups
P PA P
The battery of the cell
The battery of the cell
ATP binds to a specific site on a protein molecule, similar to putting batteries in a flashlight.
The battery of the cell
ATP binds to a specific site on a protein molecule, similar to putting batteries in a flashlight.
Once the bond between one of the phosphate groups is broken ATP becomes ADP.
Recharging the Battery
ADP can be recharged back to ATP by processes in the mitochondria.
ATP in Action
ProcessI NEED
ENERGY PLEASE!!
ATP in Action
P PAProcessI NEED
ENERGY PLEASE!!
P
ATP in Action
P PAProcessI NEED
ENERGY PLEASE!!
P
ATP in Action
P PA
Woohoo!I’m
Energized!!
ADP
P
ATP in Action
P PA
ADP
Mitochondria
ATP in Action
P PA
ADP
Mitochondria
ATP in Action
P PA
ADP
Mitochondria
ATP in Action
P PA
ADP
P
Fritz Lipmann
United States biochemist Fritz Lipmann won the 1953 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Lipmann researched the process by which cells convert basic elements of food into energy.
Dennis Mitchell
British chemist Peter Dennis Mitchell won the 1978 Nobel Prize in chemistry. He won the award for his research into the process a cell goes through to generate a molecule called ATP, which is the immediate source of energy for all cells.
Edmond H. Fischer
American biologist Edmond H. Fischer won the 1992 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Fischer demonstrated how cells break down sugar in the bloodstream for use as a fuel.
Edwin Krebs
United States biochemist Edwin Krebs won the 1992 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Krebs detailed the process by which cells break down glycogen in the bloodstream and burn it as fuel.
In Review . . .
In Review . . .
What is Energy?
In Review . . .
What is Energy?
What ATP is and HOW it works
In Review . . .
What is Energy?
What ATP is and HOW it works
Noteworthy People
Energy in a CellSection 9-2: Photosynthesis
In this Section . . .
In this Section . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
In this Section . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
Where photosynthesis happens
In this Section . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
Where photosynthesis happens
Color: How it works
In this Section . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
Where photosynthesis happens
Color: How it works
The two phases of Photosynthesis
Waves to Chemicals
Waves to Chemicals
Photosynthesis is a process of taking light energy and turning it into chemical energy.
Waves to Chemicals
Photosynthesis is a process of taking light energy and turning it into chemical energy.
This energy is stored as carbohydrates in plants.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Happens in two phases:
Photosynthesis
Happens in two phases:
Light-dependent reactions - converts light energy into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
Happens in two phases:
Light-dependent reactions - converts light energy into chemical energy
Light-independent reactions - produce glucose
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In Chloroplasts there are thylakoid disks/grana
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In Chloroplasts there are thylakoid disks/grana
Light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Where does photosynthesis occur?Thylakoid Disks
Pigments
PigmentsPigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
PigmentsPigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
Chlorophyll is the most common type of pigment in chloroplasts.
Why we see Color
Why we see Color
We see the colors that are reflected and not absorbed. Green pigments absorb all light except green (chlorophyll).
Why we see Color
We see the colors that are reflected and not absorbed. Green pigments absorb all light except green (chlorophyll).
When the weather changes all the chlorophyll is absorbed into the tree.
Why we see Color
Why we see Color
Why we see Color
Why we see Color
Why we see Color
Why we see Color
The Big Picture
The Big Picture Light Energy
The Big Picture Light Energy
Light-Dependent Reactions
The Big Picture Light Energy
Light-Dependent Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions(Calvin Cycle)
The Big Picture Light Energy
Light-Dependent Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions(Calvin Cycle)
Stored Energy(stored as glucose)
Light – Dependent Reactions
Light – Dependent Reactions
A light-dependent reaction involves sunlight striking molecules of chlorophyll and exciting an electron.
Light – Dependent Reactions
A light-dependent reaction involves sunlight striking molecules of chlorophyll and exciting an electron.
In order to replenish a supply of electrons two water molecules are broken down into…
Light – Dependent Reactions
A light-dependent reaction involves sunlight striking molecules of chlorophyll and exciting an electron.
In order to replenish a supply of electrons two water molecules are broken down into…
4 electrons
Light – Dependent Reactions
A light-dependent reaction involves sunlight striking molecules of chlorophyll and exciting an electron.
In order to replenish a supply of electrons two water molecules are broken down into…
4 electrons
2 Oxygen molecules
Light – Dependent Reactions
A light-dependent reaction involves sunlight striking molecules of chlorophyll and exciting an electron.
In order to replenish a supply of electrons two water molecules are broken down into…
4 electrons
2 Oxygen molecules
4 Hydrogen atoms
The Electron Transport Chain
The Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
The Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
The excited electron is passed down two different chains losing energy as it goes.
The Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
The excited electron is passed down two different chains losing energy as it goes.
e-
The Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
The excited electron is passed down two different chains losing energy as it goes.
e-
The Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
The excited electron is passed down two different chains losing energy as it goes.
Energy Energye-
The Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
The excited electron is passed down two different chains losing energy as it goes.
Energy Energye-
P PA P
Forming ATP
P PA P
Forming ATP
The energy that the electron lost during its journey down the chain is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP.
P PA P
Forming ATP
The energy that the electron lost during its journey down the chain is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP.
The spare electron is picked up by NADP+
P PA P
Forming ATP
The energy that the electron lost during its journey down the chain is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP.
The spare electron is picked up by NADP+
When NADP+ picks up an electron it becomes NADPH
P PA P
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-H O2
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-H O2
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-
H O2
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-Energy
H O2
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-Energy
P PA P
H O2
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-Energy
P PA P
Calvin CycleH O2
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-Energy
P PA P
Calvin CycleH O2+
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-Energy
P PA P
Calvin CycleH
O
2+
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-Energy
P PA P
Calvin CycleH
O
2+
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-
Energy
P PA P
Calvin CycleH
O
2+
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
Light-Dependent Reaction
Cluster of chlorophyll molecules
e-
Energy
P PA P
Calvin Cycle
2H+ + NADP+ NADPH + H+
H
O
2+
Light – Independent Reactions
Light – Independent Reactions
This phase of photosynthesis does not require light.
Light – Independent Reactions
This phase of photosynthesis does not require light.
This takes the products of the light reaction and turns it into sugars, starches, and/or cellulose.
Light – Independent Reactions
This phase of photosynthesis does not require light.
This takes the products of the light reaction and turns it into sugars, starches, and/or cellulose.
Also called The Calvin Cycle
The Calvin CycleCO2
Unstable6-carbon molecule
5-carbon molecule
H2O Two 3-carbonmolecules (2PGA)
NADPH + H+
NADP
P PA
P PA P
P+
6-carbon sugar(glucose)
Two 3-carbonsugars (2PGAL)
P PA PP PA P+
The General Equation
The General Equation
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
The General Equation
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide
The General Equation
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Water
The General Equation
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose
The General Equation
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Oxygen
The General Equation
What two vital substances do we get from photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
In Review . . .
In Review . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
In Review . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
Where photosynthesis happens
In Review . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
Where photosynthesis happens
Color: How it works
In Review . . .
What is Photosynthesis?
Where photosynthesis happens
Color: How it works
The two phases of Photosynthesis
Energy in a CellSection 9-3: Cellular Respiration
In this Section . . .
In this Section . . .
What is Cellular Respiration?
In this Section . . .
What is Cellular Respiration?
The 3 Stages
In this Section . . .
What is Cellular Respiration?
The 3 Stages
Fermentation
What is Cellular Respiration?
What is Cellular Respiration?
A process of taking oxygen and glucose and turning them into ATP, energy for the body.
What is Cellular Respiration?
A process of taking oxygen and glucose and turning them into ATP, energy for the body.
Where do we get glucose?
How efficient is Cellular Respiration?
How efficient is Cellular Respiration?
A gasoline engine might be as efficient as 25%, meaning that 75% of the energy is given up as heat.
How efficient is Cellular Respiration?
A gasoline engine might be as efficient as 25%, meaning that 75% of the energy is given up as heat.
Cellular respiration is 40% efficient with 60% of the energy going to heat.
What is Cellular Respiration?
What is Cellular Respiration?
Cellular respiration happens in 3 phases:
What is Cellular Respiration?
Cellular respiration happens in 3 phases:
Glycolysis
What is Cellular Respiration?
Cellular respiration happens in 3 phases:
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
What is Cellular Respiration?
Cellular respiration happens in 3 phases:
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The Big Picture (3 Stages)
The Big Picture (3 Stages)Glycolysis
The Big Picture (3 Stages)Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle(Krebs Cycle)
The Big Picture (3 Stages)Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle(Krebs Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis
A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
4 ATP molecules are produced
Glycolysis
A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
4 ATP molecules are produced
2 ATP molecules are used in the process.
Glycolysis
A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
4 ATP molecules are produced
2 ATP molecules are used in the process.
The net gain is 2 ATP molecules
Glycolysis
A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
4 ATP molecules are produced
2 ATP molecules are used in the process.
The net gain is 2 ATP molecules
2 NADH molecules are produced
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glycolysis
GlucoseP
P
2 PGAL
2ATP 2ADP
Glycolysis
GlucoseP
P
2 PGAL
2ATP 2ADP
2 molecules ofpyruvic acid4ADP 4ATP
2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+
Glycolysis
Notice that NAD+ picks up an electron
GlucoseP
P
2 PGAL
2ATP 2ADP
2 molecules ofpyruvic acid4ADP 4ATP
2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+
Intermediate Stage
Intermediate Stage
Following Glycolysis pyruvic acid moves into the mitochondria where it undergoes a series of chemical reactions that causes it to lose one CO2 molecule.
Intermediate Stage
Following Glycolysis pyruvic acid moves into the mitochondria where it undergoes a series of chemical reactions that causes it to lose one CO2 molecule.
The intermediate product combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
One Molecule of ATP is produced.
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
One Molecule of ATP is produced.
3 Molecules of NADH are produced
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
One Molecule of ATP is produced.
3 Molecules of NADH are produced
1 FADH2 Molecule is produced
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
One Molecule of ATP is produced.
3 Molecules of NADH are produced
1 FADH2 Molecule is produced
CO2 is a by-product of the Krebs Cycle
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
One Molecule of ATP is produced.
3 Molecules of NADH are produced
1 FADH2 Molecule is produced
CO2 is a by-product of the Krebs Cycle
This phase is similar to the Calvin cycle
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Acetyl CoA 6-carbon molecule
Oxaloacetic acid NADH + H+
NAD+Citric acid
CoA
CO2
4-carbon molecule
Succinic acid
CO2NADH + H+ NAD+
NAD+
NADH + H+
ATP ADP
FADH2
FAD+ Ketoglutaric acid
5-carbonmolecule
4-carbonmolecule
Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. (Similar in idea to plant cells)
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. (Similar in idea to plant cells)
FADH2 & NADH carry electrons to the Chain.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. (Similar in idea to plant cells)
FADH2 & NADH carry electrons to the Chain.
O2 is the final electron acceptor.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. (Similar in idea to plant cells)
FADH2 & NADH carry electrons to the Chain.
O2 is the final electron acceptor.
O2 binds with H to form H2O
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. (Similar in idea to plant cells)
FADH2 & NADH carry electrons to the Chain.
O2 is the final electron acceptor.
O2 binds with H to form H2O
The ETC produces 36 ATP molecules
Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
NADH FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
e-NADH FADH2
e-
Electron Transport Chain
e-
NADH FADH2
e-
Electron Transport Chain
e-
NADH FADH2
e- O2
Electron Transport Chain
NADH FADH2
H2O
Electron Transport Chain
Energy Energy
NADH FADH2
H2O
Electron Transport Chain
Energy Energy
P PA P
NADH FADH2
H2O
Fermentation
Fermentation
Fermentation is a process that follows Glycolysis when Oxygen is not present.
Fermentation
Fermentation is a process that follows Glycolysis when Oxygen is not present.
Two types of fermentation
Fermentation
Fermentation is a process that follows Glycolysis when Oxygen is not present.
Two types of fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Fermentation
Fermentation is a process that follows Glycolysis when Oxygen is not present.
Two types of fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Under anaerobic conditions, the Krebs cycle and ETC cannot happen
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Under anaerobic conditions, the Krebs cycle and ETC cannot happen
Two molecules of pyruvate uses NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Under anaerobic conditions, the Krebs cycle and ETC cannot happen
Two molecules of pyruvate uses NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid
This releases NAD+, which can be used for glycolysis to continue happening
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Under anaerobic conditions, the Krebs cycle and ETC cannot happen
Two molecules of pyruvate uses NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid
This releases NAD+, which can be used for glycolysis to continue happening
This yields ATP (not as much) that can be used for energy
Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Used by yeast cells
Alcoholic Fermentation
Used by yeast cells
Produces CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol
Alcoholic Fermentation
Used by yeast cells
Produces CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol
Yields 2 ATP
In Review . . .
In Review . . .
What is Cellular Respiration?
In Review . . .
What is Cellular Respiration?
The 3 Stages
In Review . . .
What is Cellular Respiration?
The 3 Stages
Fermentation
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