Chapter 9.2 Key Terms

Catholic Reformation • Period of time between

the 1500s and 1600s, that

Catholics set out to

improve their Church

and stop the spread of

Protestant ideas.

Pope Paul III• Head of the Catholic

Church in the mid-1500s. He called together a council of bishops to fight Protestantism and reform the Catholic Church.

Council of Trent • A council of bishops that met

between 1545 and 1563 at Trent, Italy. They supported Catholic beliefs that had been challenged by the Protestants. It also ended many Church abuses, such as the sale of indulgences. Council ordered bishops and priests to follow strict rules of behavior.

Seminary• A special school for

training and education priests. Also, during this time the Catholic Church still required clergy and nuns to remain unmarried.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

• In 1540, Pope Paul III

recognized a new order of

priests known as the

Jesuits. They preached to

bring Protestants back to

the Catholic faith.

Ignatius of Loyala• Spanish noble who founded the

Jesuits. He was a solider who was

injured in battle, while recovering

he read about the lives of saints

and decided he would be a solider

for Jesus and the Church.

Teresa of Avila• Spanish nun who was a reformer.

She founded an order of nuns and opened new convents throughout Spain. She became known for her spiritual writings that rank among the classics of Christian writing.

King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella

• They married and joined their two

kingdoms in 1469. They wanted to unite

Spain and make all of their subjects be

Catholics. They also ended the age of

religious harmony by pressuring Jews and

Muslims to convert to Catholicism. To

ensure that their orders were being carried

out, Ferdinand and Isabella began the

Spanish Inquisition.

Spanish Inquisition• A religious court, similar to the

one that the Catholic Church had set up to root out heresy. Its purpose was to find and punish those guilty of heresy. Torture was used to force people to confess their guilt.

Heresy

• Beliefs that oppose

Church teachings; a

religious belief that

contradicts what the

Church says is true.

Tomás de Torquemada

• He was head of

the Spanish

Inquisition. He

executed about

2000 Spaniards.

Miguel de Cervantes• Literature had flourished in

Catholic Spain. Writer Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote which was about a comical knight and his peasant servant. Later became a novel for education.

El Greco

• A Greek artist who painted religious figures with long bodies, parts of which stretched beyond normal size.

“witch hunts” • Both Protestant and Catholic

states began to carry out these “witch hunts” where more than 50,000 people were executed for the supposed crime of swearing loyalty to the devil. Most were women.

Queen Elizabeth I • Under her rule, England

became the leading Protestant power in Europe. She helped the Protestant Dutch, during the 1560s, by letting Englishmen attack Spanish ships. This caused Philip to withdraw his support of her.

Philip II• Spanish king who was the son of

Charles V and the great-grandson of Ferdinand & Isabella. He at first supported Queen Elizabeth I as England’s queen, but after her support to the Protestant Dutch he withdrew his support and to revenge by attacking the English.

Spanish Armada• In 1588, King Philip II sent a huge fleet

known as the Spanish Armada to

England. Spanish ships were large and

hard to steer through the English Channel

compared to the smaller English ships

who could move much more quickly.

English’s attacks forced the Spanish to

retreat. A great storm later broke up the

mighty Spanish navy.

Huguenots• Protestants from France

who followed the

teachings of John Calvin.

The nobles wanted to

weaken the king so they

could practice their

religion freely.

King Henry II• King of France during the

1500s. He wanted to build a

strong central government.

Died in 1559, and his son

Francis II died the next year, so

the younger brother Charles

became king at the age of 10.

Catherine de’ Medici• Mother of Charles, the new king of

France. She ruled for Charles because of his age. She tried to keep peace by supporting the Protestants and Catholics. She allowed Catholic nobles to kill the leading Huguenots in Paris which resulted in many Protestants fleeing the country.

Henry of Navarre• Huguenot prince. He was a

member of the powerful Bourbon family. He was in line for the throne of France. In 1859, Henry became King Henry IV of France. He converted to Catholicism to win the loyalty of his people.

“worth the mass”• Said by the King

of France, Henry IV that being king of France was more important than being Protestant.

Edict of Nantes

• Issued by Henry IV, it

stated that Catholicism

was the official religion

of France, but it also

allowed Huguenots

some religious

freedoms.

Thirty Years’ War• Religious conflict that began in

Bohemia who rebelled against their Catholic king. Followed by Protestant rulers in Germany joining the rebels, the war spread across the empire. War lasted from 1618 to 1648. The war became a struggle for territory and wealth, not just religion.

City of Magdeburg

• German city that suffered many hardships during the

Thirty Years’ War.

Peace of Westphalia• In 1648, the warring nations

signed this document to

indicate the end of the war.

The war had weakened

Spain and the Holy Empire,

while France emerged as a

stronger nation.