Chapter 1: An Introduction to the ArcticClimate Impact Assessment

Lead AuthorsHenry Huntington, Huntington Consulting, USAGunter Weller, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAContributing AuthorsElizabeth Bush, Environment Canada, CanadaTerry V. Callaghan, Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden; Sheffield

Centre for Arctic Ecology, UKVladimir M. Kattsov,Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, RussiaMark Nuttall, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; University of

Alberta, Canada

Chapter 2: Arctic Climate: Past and Present

Lead AuthorGordon McBean, University of Western Ontario, CanadaContributing AuthorsGenrikh Alekseev, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, RussiaDeliang Chen, Gothenburg University, SwedenEirik Førland, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, NorwayJohn Fyfe, Meteorological Service of Canada, CanadaPavel Y. Groisman, NOAA National Climatic Data Center, USARoger King, University of Western Ontario, CanadaHumfrey Melling, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaRussell Vose, NOAA National Climatic Data Center, USAPaul H.Whitfield, Meteorological Service of Canada, Canada

Chapter 3:The Changing Arctic: IndigenousPerspectives

Lead AuthorsHenry Huntington, Huntington Consulting, USAShari Fox, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAContributing AuthorsFikret Berkes, University of Manitoba, CanadaIgor Krupnik, Smithsonian Institution, USACase Study AuthorsKotzebue:

Alex Whiting, Native Village of Kotzebue, USAThe Aleutian and Pribilof Islands Region, Alaska:Michael Zacharof, Aleutian International Association, USAGreg McGlashan, St. George Tribal Ecosystem Office, USAMichael Brubaker, Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, USAVictoria Gofman, Aleut International Association, USA

The Yukon Territory:Cindy Dickson, Arctic Athabascan Council, Canada

Denendeh:Chris Paci, Arctic Athabaskan Council, CanadaShirley Tsetta,Yellowknives Dene (N'dilo), CanadaChief Sam Gargan, Deh Gah Got'ine (Fort Providence), CanadaChief Roy Fabian, Katloodeeche (Hay River Dene Reserve), CanadaChief Jerry Paulette, Smith Landing First Nation, CanadaVice-Chief Michael Cazon, Deh Cho First Nations, CanadaDiane Giroux, Sub-Chief Deninu Kue (Fort Resolution), CanadaPete King, Elder Akaitcho Territory, CanadaMaurice Boucher, Deninu K-ue (Fort Resolution), CanadaLouie Able, Elder Akaitcho Territory, CanadaJean Norin, Elder Akaitcho Territory, CanadaAgatha Laboucan, Lutsel'Ke, CanadaPhilip Cheezie, Elder Akaitcho Territory, CanadaJoseph Poitras, Elder, CanadaFlora Abraham, Elder, CanadaBella T'selie, Sahtu Dene Council, CanadaJim Pierrot, Elder Sahtu, CanadaPaul Cotchilly, Elder Sahtu, CanadaGeorge Lafferty,Tlicho Government, CanadaJames Rabesca,Tlicho Government, CanadaEddie Camille, Elder Tlicho, Canada

Appendix A

Chapter Authors

John Edwards, Gwich'in Tribal Council, CanadaJohn Carmichael, Elder Gwich'in, CanadaWoody Elias, Elder Gwich'in, CanadaAlison de Palham, Deh Cho First Nations, CanadaLaura Pitkanen, Deh Cho First Nations, CanadaLeo Norwegian, Elder Deh Cho, Canada

Nunavut:Shari Fox, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Qaanaaq, Greenland:Uusaqqak Qujaukitsoq, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, GreenlandNuka Møller, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Greenland

Sapmi:Tero Mustonen,Tampere Polytechnic / Snowchange Project, FinlandMika Nieminen,Tampere Polytechnic / Snowchange Project, FinlandHanna Eklund,Tampere Polytechnic / Snowchange Project, Finland

Climate Change and the Saami:Elina Helander, University of Lapland, Finland

Kola:Tero Mustonen,Tampere Polytechnic / Snowchange Project, FinlandSergey Zavalko, Murmansk State Technical University, RussiaJyrki Terva,Tampere Polytechnic / Snowchange Project, FinlandAlexey Cherenkov, Murmansk State Technical University, Russia

Consulting AuthorsAnne Henshaw, Bowdoin College, USATerry Fenge, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, CanadaScot Nickels, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, CanadaSimon Wilson, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Norway

Chapter 4: Future Climate Change: Modelingand Scenarios for the Arctic

Lead AuthorsVladimir M. Kattsov,Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, RussiaErland Källén, Stockholm University, SwedenContributing AuthorsHoward Cattle, International CLIVAR Project Office, UKJens Christensen, Danish Meteorological Institute, DenmarkHelge Drange, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, NorwayInger Hanssen-Bauer, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, NorwayTómas Jóhannesen, Icelandic Meteorological Office, IcelandIgor Karol,Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, RussiaJouni Räisänen, University of Helsinki, FinlandGunilla Svensson, Stockholm University, SwedenStanislav Vavulin,Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Consulting AuthorsDeliang Chen, Gothenburg University, SwedenIgor Polyakov, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAAnnette Rinke, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,

Germany

Chapter 5: Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation

Lead AuthorsBetsy Weatherhead, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAAapo Tanskanen, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandAmy Stevermer, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAContributing AuthorsSigne Bech Andersen, Danish Meteorological Institute, DenmarkAntti Arola, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandJohn Austin, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, USAGermar Bernhard, Biospherical Instruments Inc., USAHoward Browman, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayVitali Fioletov, Meteorological Service of Canada, CanadaVolker Grewe, DLR-Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, GermanyJay Herman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USAWeine Josefsson, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute,

SwedenArve Kylling, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NorwayEsko Kyrö, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland

1022 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Anders Lindfors, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandDrew Shindell, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, USAPetteri Taalas, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandDavid Tarasick, Meteorological Service of Canada, CanadaConsulting AuthorsValery Dorokhov, Central Aerological Observatory, RussiaBjorn Johnsen, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, NorwayJussi Kaurola, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandRigel Kivi, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandNikolay Krotkov, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USAKaisa Lakkala, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandJacqueline Lenoble, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille,

FranceDavid Sliney, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive

Medicine, USA

Chapter 6: Cryosphere and Hydrology

Lead AuthorJohn E.Walsh, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAContributing AuthorsOleg Anisimov, State Hydrological Institute, RussiaJon Ove M. Hagen, University of Oslo, NorwayThor Jakobsson, Icelandic Meteorological Office, IcelandJohannes Oerlemans, University of Utrecht, NetherlandsTerry D. Prowse, University of Victoria, CanadaVladimir Romanovsky, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USANina Savelieva, Pacific Oceanological Institute, RussiaMark Serreze, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAAlex Shiklomanov, University of New Hampshire, USAIgor Shiklomanov, State Hydrological Institute, RussiaSteven Solomon, Geological Survey of Canada, CanadaConsulting AuthorsAnthony Arendt, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USADavid Atkinson, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAMichael N. Demuth, Natural Resources Canada, CanadaJulian Dowdeswell, Scott Polar Research Institute, UKMark Dyurgerov, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAAndrey Glazovsky, Institute of Geography, RAS, RussiaRoy M. Koerner, Geological Survey of Canada, CanadaMark Meier, University of Colorado at Boulder, USANiels Reeh,Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkOddur Siggur0sson, National Energy Authority, Hydrological Service,

IcelandKonrad Steffen, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAMartin Truffer, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

Chapter 7: Arctic Tundra and Polar DesertEcosystems

Lead AuthorTerry V. Callaghan, Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden; Sheffield

Centre for Arctic Ecology, UKContributing AuthorsLars Olof Björn, Lund University, SwedenF. Stuart Chapin III, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAYuri Chernov, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and

Animal Ecology, RAS, RussiaTorben R. Christensen, Lund University, SwedenBrian Huntley, University of Durham, UKRolf Ims, University of Tromsø, NorwayMargareta Johansson, Abisko Scientific Research Station, SwedenDyanna Jolly Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly Consulting, CanadaSven Jonasson, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkNadya Matveyeva, Komarov Botanical Institute, RAS, RussiaWalter Oechel, San Diego State University, USANicolai Panikov, Stevens Technical University, USAGus Shaver, Marine Biological Laboratory, USAConsulting AuthorsJosef Elster, University of South Bohemia, Czech RepublicHeikki Henttonen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, FinlandIngibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, University of Svalbard, NorwayKari Laine, University of Oulu, FinlandSibyll Schaphoff, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research,

GermanyStephen Sitch, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, GermanyErja Taulavuori, University of Oulu, FinlandKari Taulavuori, University of Oulu, FinlandChristoph Zöckler, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UK

Chapter 8: Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries

Lead AuthorsFrederick J.Wrona, National Water Research Institute, CanadaTerry D. Prowse, National Water Research Institute, CanadaJames D. Reist, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaContributing AuthorsRichard Beamish, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaJohn J. Gibson, National Water Research Institute, CanadaJohn Hobbie, Marine Biological Laboratory, USAErik Jeppesen, National Environmental Research Institute, DenmarkJackie King, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaGuenter Koeck, University of Innsbruck, AustriaAtte Korhola, University of Helsinki, FinlandLucie Lévesque, National Water Research Institute, CanadaRobie Macdonald, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaMichael Power, University of Waterloo, CanadaVladimir Skvortsov, Institute of Limnology, RussiaWarwick Vincent, Laval University, CanadaConsulting AuthorsRobert Clark, Canadian Wildlife Service, CanadaBrian Dempson, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaDavid Lean, University of Ottawa, CanadaHannu Lehtonen, University of Helsinki, FinlandSofia Perin, University of Ottawa, CanadaReinhard Pienitz, Laval University, CanadaMilla Rautio, Laval University, CanadaJohn Smol, Queen’s University, CanadaRoss Tallman, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaAlexander Zhulidov, Centre for Preparation and Implementation of

International Projects on Technical Assistance, Russia

Chapter 9: Marine Systems

Lead AuthorHarald Loeng, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayContributing AuthorsKeith Brander, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea,

DenmarkEddy Carmack, Institute of Ocean Sciences, CanadaStanislav Denisenko, Zoological Institute, RAS, RussiaKen Drinkwater, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, CanadaBogi Hansen, Fisheries Laboratory, Faroe IslandsKit Kovacs, Norwegian Polar Institute, NorwayPat Livingston, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, USAFiona McLaughlin, Institute of Ocean Sciences, CanadaEgil Sakshaug, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NorwayConsulting AuthorsRichard Bellerby, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, NorwayHoward Browman, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayTore Furevik, University of Bergen, NorwayJacqueline M. Grebmeier, University of Tennessee, USAEystein Jansen, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, NorwaySteingrimur Jónsson, Marine Research Institute, IcelandLis Lindal Jørgensen, Institute of Marine Research, NorwaySvend-Aage Malmberg, Marine Research Institute, IcelandSvein Østerhus, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, NorwayGeir Ottersen, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayKoji Shimada, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Japan

Chapter 10: Principles of Conserving the Arctic’sBiodiversity

Lead AuthorMichael B. Usher, University of Stirling, Scotland, UKContributing AuthorsTerry V. Callaghan, Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden; Sheffield

Centre for Arctic Ecology, UKGrant Gilchrist, Canadian Wildlife Service, CanadaBill Heal, Durham University, UKGlenn P. Juday, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAHarald Loeng, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayMagdalena A. K. Muir, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland;

Arctic Institute of North America, CanadaPål Prestrud, Centre for Climate Research in Oslo, Norway

Appendix A • Chapter Authors 1023

Chapter 11: Management and Conservation ofWildlife in a Changing Arctic Environment

Lead AuthorDavid R. Klein, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAContributing AuthorsLeonid M. Baskin, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RussiaLyudmila S. Bogoslovskaya, Russian Institute of Cultural and Natural

Heritage, RussiaKjell Danell, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SwedenAnne Gunn, Government of the Northwest Territory, CanadaDavid B. Irons, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USAGary P. Kofinas, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAKit M. Kovacs, Norwegian Polar Institute, NorwayMargarita Magomedova, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, RussiaRosa H. Meehan, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USADon E. Russell, Canadian Wildlife Service, CanadaPatrick Valkenburg, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, USA

Chapter 12: Hunting, Herding, Fishing, andGathering: Indigenous Peoples and RenewableResource Use in the Arctic

Lead AuthorMark Nuttall, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; University of

Alberta, CanadaContributing AuthorsFikret Berkes, University of Manitoba, CanadaBruce Forbes, University of Lapland, FinlandGary Kofinas, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USATatiana Vlassova, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North

(RAIPON), Russia George Wenzel, McGill University, Canada

Chapter 13: Fisheries and Aquaculture

Lead AuthorsHjalmar Vilhjálmsson, Marine Research Institute, IcelandAlf Håkon Hoel, University of Tromsø, NorwayContributing AuthorsSveinn Agnarsson, University of Iceland, IcelandRagnar Arnason, University of Iceland, IcelandJames E. Carscadden, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaArne Eide, University of Tromsø, NorwayDavid Fluharty, University of Washington, USAGeir Hønneland, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, NorwayCarsten Hvingel, Pinngortitaleriffik, Greenland Institute of Natural

Resources, GreenlandJakob Jakobsson, Marine Research Institute, IcelandGeorge Lilly, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaOdd Nakken, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayVladimir Radchenko, Sakhalin Research Institute of Fisheries and

Oceanography, RussiaSusanne Ramstad, Norwegian Polar Institute, NorwayWilliam Schrank, Memorial University of Newfoundland, CanadaNiels Vestergaard, University of Southern Denmark, DenmarkThomas Wilderbuer, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, USA

Chapter 14: Forests, Land Management, andAgriculture

Lead AuthorGlenn P. Juday, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAContributing AuthorsValerie Barber, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAPaul Duffy, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAHans Linderholm, Göteborg University, SwedenScott Rupp, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USASteve Sparrow, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAEugene Vaganov,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaJohn Yarie, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAConsulting AuthorsEdward Berg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USARosanne D’Arrigo, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, USAOlafur Eggertsson, Icelandic Forest Research, IcelandV.V. Furyaev,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaEdward H. Hogg, Canadian Forest Service, Canada

Satu Huttunen, University of Oulu, FinlandGordon Jacoby, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, USAV.Ya. Kaplunov,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaSeppo Kellomaki, University of Joensuu, FinlandA.V. Kirdyanov,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaCarol E. Lewis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USASune Linder, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SwedenM.M. Naurzbaev,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, USAF.I. Pleshikov,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaUlf T. Runesson, Lakehead University, Canada Yu.V. Savva,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaO.V. Sidorova,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaV.D. Stakanov,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaN.M.Tchebakova,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS,

RussiaE.N.Valendik,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaE.F.Vedrova,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Research, RAS, RussiaMartin Wilmking, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, USA

Chapter 15: Human Health

Lead AuthorsJim Berner, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, USAChristopher Furgal, Laval University, CanadaContributing Authors:Peter Bjerregaard, National Institute of Public Health, DenmarkMike Bradley, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, USATine Curtis, National Institute of Public Health, DenmarkEd De Fabo, George Washington University, USAJuhani Hassi, University of Oulu, FinlandWilliam Keatinge, Queen Mary and Westfield College, UKSiv Kvernmo, University of Tromsø, NorwaySimo Nayha, University of Oulu, FinlandHannu Rintamaki, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FinlandJohn Warren, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, USA

Chapter 16: Infrastructure: Buildings, SupportSystems, and Industrial Facilities

Lead AuthorArne Instanes, Instanes Consulting Engineers, NorwayContributing AuthorsOleg Anisimov, State Hydrological Institute, RussiaLawson Brigham, U.S. Arctic Research Commission, USADouglas Goering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USALev N. Khrustalev, Moscow State University, RussiaBranko Ladanyi, École Polytechnique de Montreal, CanadaJan Otto Larsen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,

NorwayConsulting AuthorsOrson Smith, University of Alaska Anchorage, USAAmy Stevermer, University of Colorado at Boulder, USABetsy Weatherhead, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAGunter Weller, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

Chapter 17: Climate Change in the Context ofMultiple Stressors and Resilience

Lead AuthorsJames J. McCarthy, Harvard University, USAMarybeth Long Martello, Harvard University, USAContributing AuthorsRobert Corell, American Meteorological Society and Harvard

University, USANoelle Eckley Selin, Harvard University, USAShari Fox, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAGrete Hovelsrud-Broda, Centre for International Climate and

Environmental Research, NorwaySvein Disch Mathiesen, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science and

Nordic Sámi Institute, NorwayColin Polsky, Clark University, USAHenrik Selin, Boston University, USANicholas J.C.Tyler, University of Tromsø, NorwayConsulting AuthorsKirsti Strøm Bull, University of Oslo and Nordic Sámi Institute, NorwayInger Maria Gaup Eira, Nordic Sámi Institute, NorwayNils Isak Eira, Fossbakken, Norway

1024 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Siri Eriksen, Centre for International Climate and EnvironmentalResearch, Norway

Inger Hanssen-Bauer, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, NorwayJohan Klemet Kalstad, Nordic Sámi Institute, NorwayChristian Nellemann, Norwegian Nature Research Institute, NorwayNils Oskal, Sámi University College, NorwayErik S. Reinert, Hvasser,Tønsberg, NorwayDouglas Siegel-Causey, Harvard University, USA Paal Vegar Storeheier, University of Tromsø, NorwayJohan Mathis Turi, Association of World Reindeer Herders, Norway

Chapter 18: Summary and Synthesis of the ACIA

Lead AuthorGunter Weller, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAContributing AuthorsElizabeth Bush, Environment Canada, CanadaTerry V. Callaghan, Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden; Sheffield

Centre for Arctic Ecology, UKRobert Corell, American Meteorological Society and Harvard

University, USAShari Fox, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAChristopher Furgal, Laval University, CanadaAlf Håkon Hoel, University of Tromsø, NorwayHenry Huntington, Huntington Consulting, USAErland Källén, Stockholm University, SwedenVladimir M. Kattsov,Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, RussiaDavid R. Klein, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAHarald Loeng, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayMichael MacCracken, Climate Institute, USAMarybeth Long Martello, Harvard University, USAMark Nuttall, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; University of

Alberta, CanadaTerry D. Prowse, National Water Research Institute, CanadaLars-Otto Reiersen, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme,

NorwayJames D. Reist, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaAapo Tanskanen, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FinlandJohn E.Walsh, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USABetsy Weatherhead, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAFrederick J.Wrona, National Water Research Institute, Canada

Lead authorsDr. James Berner graduated from Oklahoma University Medical

School in 1968 and spent three years in the U.S. Navy Medical Corps.He completed residency training and is board certified in InternalMedicine and Pediatrics. Dr. Berner has practiced medicine in theAlaska Native health care system since 1974 and has served as Directorof Community Health for the Alaska Native health care system andpart-time clinician since 1984. Dr. Berner currently directs the AlaskaNative Traditional Food Safety Monitoring program, which assessescontaminant and micronutrient levels in pregnant Alaska Nativewomen, and evaluates health effects in mothers and newborn infants.He has been the key national expert for the U.S. in the Human HealthExpert Group of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, aworking group of the Arctic Council, since 1999.

Professor Terry V. Callaghan (B.Sc. Manchester University, Ph.D.Birmingham University, Ph.D. (honorary) Lund University, Ph.D.(honorary) Oulu University, D.Sc. Manchester University, and mem-ber of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) has been involved inarctic ecological research for 37 years, and has worked in all eight arc-tic countries. He has been Director of the Royal Swedish Academy ofSciences’ Abisko Scientific Research Station in the Swedish subarcticsince 1996 and is concurrently Professor of Arctic Ecology at theUniversity of Sheffield, UK, and the University of Lund, Sweden. Hisresearch focuses on the relationships between the arctic environmentand the ecology of arctic plants, animals, and ecosystem processes,including ecological responses to changes in climate, atmospheric car-bon dioxide concentrations, and ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation.Professor Callaghan is a member of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme’s expert panel on Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Effects,and was a lead author for the ecosystems chapter in the 1990 IPCCassessment of climate change, the polar chapter of the fourth IPCCassessment of climate change, and the polar chapter in the MillenniumEcosystem Assessment. Dr. Callaghan has initiated and chaired severalinternational research groups within the International Arctic ScienceCommittee, and is co-ordinator of SCANNET (Scandinavian andnorth European Network of Terrestrial Field Bases).

Dr. Shari Fox (BES, MES University of Waterloo, Canada; Ph.D.University of Colorado, Boulder) currently holds a post doctoral posi-tion at Harvard University as part of the U.S. National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration Postdoctoral Program in Climate andGlobal Change (2003–2005). In 2006, she will join the National Snowand Ice Data Center at the University of Colorado as a research scien-tist. Dr. Fox has been working with Inuit in Nunavut, Canada, for overa decade. Her research focuses on Inuit knowledge of climate andenvironmental change and includes work on the documentation ofInuit observations, collaborative research approaches, finding linkagesbetween Inuit and scientific knowledge, and experimenting with cre-ative research products for use in local communities. Dr. Fox has beena consultant for local communities and the Government of Nunavut inefforts to develop a climate change strategy for Nunavut. In 2005, shewas appointed to the National Academy of Sciences study committeeon designing an Arctic Observing Network and is part of the CoastalWorking Group for the second International Conference on ArcticResearch Planning (ICARP II). Dr. Fox lives in Clyde River, an Inuitcommunity on Baffin Island, Nunavut.

Dr. Chris Furgal (B.Sc. University of Western Ontario; M.Sc. andPh.D. University of Waterloo) is a senior researcher at the PublicHealth Research Unit, Laval University Research Hospital and aresearch professor in the Department of Political Science at LavalUniversity. For the past 13 years, he has been conducting multidisci-plinary research in the biological, social, and health sciences on envi-ronmental health issues such as climate change and environmentalcontaminants, and their management and communication in the cir-cumpolar North in cooperation with Inuit and other Indigenousorganizations. He is a lead author for the polar chapter in the fourthIPCC assessment of climate change. Dr. Furgal is a member of theCanadian Federal Northern Contaminants Program ManagementCommittee, the Nunavik Nutrition and Health Committee, and isCo-Director of the recently established Nasivvik Centre for InuitHealth and Changing Environments at Laval, one of eight federallyfunded centers for aboriginal health research and training in Canada.

Professor Alf Håkon Hoel (cand. polit. University of Oslo) teachespolitical science at the University of Tromsø, Norway. His researchconcerns international ocean governance issues and arctic affairs. He

has published widely on the management of natural resources and theenvironment. Current projects include analyses of global change andfisheries, the experience of various countries with their resourcemanagement regimes, and the relationship between trade regimesand resource management regimes. He is also involved with theArctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme’s assessment on Oiland Gas in the Arctic. Professor Hoel has served as vice-president ofthe International Arctic Science Committee, and is a member of theScientific Steering Committee of the Institutional Dimensions ofGlobal Environmental Change program and the board of the Instituteof Marine Research, Bergen.

Dr. Henry P. Huntington (A.B. Princeton University, M.Phil. andPh.D. University of Cambridge) is an independent researcher inEagle River, Alaska. His research has documented traditional ecologi-cal knowledge of beluga whales in Alaska and Russia, examinedIñupiat Eskimo knowledge and use of sea ice in Alaska, evaluatedU.S. involvement in the Arctic Council, analyzed the co-managementpractices of the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee, studied the adapta-tion of wildlife management to incorporate subsistence hunting prac-tices, and assessed the interactions of humans and forest fires in inte-rior Alaska.This work has been funded by the National ScienceFoundation (NSF), the Trust for Mutual Understanding, the ExxonValdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, the National Marine FisheriesService, the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee, the Marine MammalCommission, and other agencies and organizations. Dr. Huntingtonhas also been involved as a researcher and writer in a number ofinternational research programs, such as the Arctic Monitoring andAssessment Programme and the Program for the Conservation ofArctic Flora and Fauna. He was a member of the U.S. Polar ResearchBoard from 1999 to 2005 and president of the Arctic ResearchConsortium of the United States from 2001 to 2003.

Dr. Arne Instanes (M.Sc. and Ph.D. Norwegian Institute ofTechnology, University of Trondheim) has worked with cold regionsengineering for the last 15 years. He has work experience fromresearch institutes and universities in Norway (SINTEF GeotechnicalEngineering,Trondheim; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo;University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen) and Canada (Universityof Alberta, Edmonton). Dr. Instanes is currently vice-president ofOPTICONSULT consulting engineers in Bergen, and director ofInstanes Svalbard AS in Longyearbyen. His research on cold regionsengineering includes work on stress-strain relationships in frozen soil,snow, and ice, thermal analysis of engineering structures, and theeffect of pollution on the physical and mechanical properties of frozensoils. Dr. Instanes is co-chairman of the International PermafrostAssociation’sWorking Group on Permafrost Engineering and is amember of the International Society of Soil Mechanics andGeotechnical Engineering Technical Committee No. 8 on Frost.

Dr. Glenn Patrick Juday (B.S. Purdue University, Ph.D. OregonState University) is currently Professor of Forest Ecology andDirector of the Tree-Ring Laboratory in the Forest SciencesDepartment of the School of Natural Resources and AgriculturalSciences at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he has workedsince 1981. His research specialties include climate change, tree-ringstudies, biodiversity and forest management, and forest developmentfollowing fire. He is currently a co-principal investigator in the NSF-supported Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site, andhas been on the science steering board of the Center for GlobalChange at the University of Alaska since its founding. Dr. Juday con-tributed to the U.S. National Climate Change regional assessmentregional reports for Alaska and elsewhere. Dr. Juday teaches conser-vation biology and wilderness ecosystem management. He has servedas science advisor for several television programs and in-depth newsarticles on climate warming in the United States, Europe, and Japan.He conducted research in the office of the vice president for scienceof The Nature Conservancy in 1988, and served as president of theNatural Areas Association for four years. Dr. Juday was recognizedfor outstanding accomplishments as the Chair of the Society ofAmerican Foresters Forest Ecology Working Group in 2000.

Professor Erland Källén (B.Sc. and Ph.D. Stockholm University,Sweden) is a professor of dynamic meteorology at the Department ofMeteorology, Stockholm University and is presently head of depart-ment. His research areas are numerical weather prediction and cli-mate modeling. He has contributed to the understanding of long wave

Appendix B

Biographies

1026 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

dynamics in the atmosphere as well as methods for data assimilation inthe field of numerical weather prediction. Dr. Källén contributed tothe 2001 IPCC assessment of climate change, both as reviewer andparticipant in workshops and meetings. Dr. Källén was the first direc-tor of the Swedish Regional Climate Modelling Programme (SWE-CLIM) and his present activities include research on climate processesrelevant to the Arctic. His positions on scientific bodies include: presi-dent of the Swedish Geophysical Society, chairman of the scientificadvisory committee of the European Centre for Medium-RangeWeather Forecasts, chairman of the Swedish committee to the WorldClimate Research Programme/ International Geosphere–BiosphereProgramme, editorial board member of the journal Tellus, boardmember of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute,member of a mission advisory group for the European Space Agency’sEarth Explorer Atmospheric Dynamics mission. His main researchinterest is the large scale dynamics of the atmosphere and its applica-tions to climate dynamics and weather prediction.

Dr.Vladimir M. Kattsov (M.Sc. Leningrad HydrometeorologicalInstitute; M.Sc. St. Petersburg State University; M.A. Kalinin StateUniversity, Ph.D. Leningrad Hydrometeorological Institute) is in his17th year as a research scientist at the Voeikov Main GeophysicalObservatory of the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorologyand Environmental Monitoring, St. Petersburg. Since 2000, he hasbeen head of the Department of Dynamic Meteorology. Dr. Kattsov’sresearch includes global climate 3D modeling with a focus on polarclimate dynamics. He was a lead author for the 2001 IPCC WorkingGroup I report, and is currently a lead author for the chapter onmodel evaluation in the fourth IPCC assessment of climate change.Since 2000, Dr. Kattsov has been a member of the World ClimateResearch Programme’s Working Group on Numerical Experimen-tation. He is a member of the Climate Commission of the RussianNational Geophysical Committee, and a member of the RussianNational Council on the WCRP project “Climate and Cryosphere”.

Dr. David R. Klein (B.S. University of Connecticut, M.S. Universityof Alaska, Ph.D. University of British Columbia) was employed bythe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service prior to Alaskan statehood, and bythe Alaska Department of Fish and Game immediately after state-hood. He was leader of the Alaska Cooperative Wildlife ResearchUnit at the University of Alaska from 1962 to 1992 when he wasappointed senior scientist with the Alaska Cooperative Fish andWildlife Research Unit until his retirement in 1997. Dr. Klein spentsabbatical-type leaves undertaking research on roe deer in Denmark,wild reindeer in Norway (via a Fulbright Grant), and impala andblesbok in South Africa, and has been involved in other collaborativeresearch in Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, Siberia, and Portugal.Dr. Klein’s research interests have focused on arctic and alpine ecolo-gy and habitat relationships of caribou, muskoxen, and other herbi-vores, assessment of impacts of northern development, and sustain-ability of arctic ecosystems. He serves on the Board of the ArcticResearch Consortium of the United States and is currently ProfessorEmeritus with the Institute of Arctic Biology and the Department ofBiology and Wildlife at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Professor Harald Loeng is head of the research group Oceanographyand Climate at the Institute of Marine Research in Bergen and isadjunct professor at the University of Tromsø, Norway. He wasresponsible for the research program on Fish and Climate at IMR andhas been head of the Norwegian Marine Data Centre. His mainresearch interest has been climate change and variability and itsimpact on the marine ecosystem. His positions on scientific bodiesinclude: chair of the Hydrography Committee, the OceanographyCommittee, and the Consultative Committee of the InternationalCouncil for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES); chair of theNorwegian National Committee on Polar Research under theResearch Council of Norway; and vice-chair of the Arctic OceanScience Board. Dr. Loeng has been the Norwegian member of theICES Advisory Committee of Marine Environment. He was a leadauthor for the chapter on marine pathways in the 1998 assessment onArctic Pollution Issues by the Arctic Monitoring and AssessmentProgramme. He has been an editorial board member for the Journalof Fisheries Oceanography since its beginning.

Dr. Marybeth Long Martello (B.S. and B.A. University ofConnecticut, M.S. and Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology) is a research fellow in Harvard University’s Science,Technology, and Society Program. Her research examines globalchange science and governance, and includes projects on scientificand political dimensions of vulnerability analysis, framing, analysisand representation of climate change impacts, scientific and inter-governmental efforts to address dryland degradation, local knowl-edge and traditional knowledge in the context of environmentalscience and policymaking, and corporate approaches to sustainabili-ty. She was formerly a research associate with the Kennedy School’sSustainability Systems Project, a policy fellow with the AmericanMeteorological Society, a fellow with the Global Environmental

Assessment Project, and a fellow with an NSF-funded project onSustainable Knowledge for the Global Environment. Dr. Martello isa contributor to the United Nations Environment Programme’sfourth Global Environmental Outlook Report, and has worked asan environmental consultant. She has authored a number of journalarticles and book chapters and is co-editor of Earthly Politics:Local and Global in Environmental Governance.

Professor Gordon McBean (M.Sc., McGill University; Ph.D.,University of British Columbia) has been active in studies of the atmo-sphere and weather and climate systems for over 35 years. Dr.McBean was a scientist in Environment Canada and then moved to theInstitute of Ocean Sciences. In 1988, he became Professor ofAtmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at the University of BritishColumbia and chair of the WMO-IOC-ICSU Joint ScientificCommittee for the World Climate Research Program. As chair, he ini-tiated the Arctic Climate System Study (ACSyS), and other major pro-grams. In 1994, he was appointed Assistant Deputy Minister for theMeteorological Service of Environment Canada, with overall responsi-bility for weather, climate, sea ice, and water sciences and services inthe Canadian government. Since leaving government in 2000, he hasbeen appointed professor in the Institute for Catastrophic LossReduction at the University of Western Ontario and Chair of theBoard of Trustees for the Canadian Foundation for Climate andAtmospheric Sciences. Dr. McBean is theme leader for the CanadianArcticNet research program, an integrated study of the coastalCanadian Arctic in the context of climate change. He has been electeda Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the American MeteorologicalSociety, and the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society.

Dr. James J. McCarthy (B.S. Gonzaga University, Ph.D ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography) is Alexander Agassiz Professor ofBiological Oceanography and Head Tutor for degrees inEnvironmental Science and Public Policy at Harvard University. Herecently completed a two-decade term as Director of HarvardUniversity’s Museum of Comparative Zoology. His research inter-ests concern the regulation of marine plankton productivity, and inrecent years have focused on regions that are strongly affected byseasonal and interannual variation in climate. He has written manyscientific papers, and currently teaches courses on biologicaloceanography, biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, andglobal change and human health. Dr. McCarthy has served on manynational and international planning committees, advisory panels,and commissions relating to oceanography, polar science, and thestudy of climate and global change. From 1986 to 1993, he chairedthe International Geosphere–Biosphere Program. He was thefounding editor for the American Geophysical Union’s GlobalBiogeochemical Cycles. He was a convening lead author for the1990 IPCC Working Group I report, and was co-chair of the 2001IPCC Working Group II. He has been elected a Fellow of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, a Fellow ofthe American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Foreign Memberof the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Professor Mark Nuttall (MA University of Aberdeen, Ph.D.University of Cambridge) holds the Henry Marshall Tory Chair ofAnthropology at the University of Alberta and is Honorary Professor ofSociology at the University of Aberdeen. His work in the Arctic andNorth Atlantic is mainly concerned with environmental change andresource use issues in rural and coastal communities, depopulation andmigration, climate change impacts on indigenous peoples and theirlivelihoods, the human dimensions of global environmental and sustain-ability issues, and historical ecology. He has worked extensively inGreenland, Alaska, Canada, and Scotland. Dr. Nuttall is author ofArctic Homeland: Kinship, community and development in northwestGreenland (University of Toronto Press, 1992),White Settlers:Theimpact of rural repopulation in Scotland (Routledge, 1996), andProtecting the Arctic: Indigenous peoples and cultural survival (Rout-ledge, 1998); editor of the three-volume Encyclopedia of the Arctic(Routledge, 2005); and co-editor of The Arctic: Environment, people,policy (Taylor and Francis, 2000), Cultivating Arctic Landscapes:Knowing and managing animals in the circumpolar North (Berghahn,2004), and The Russian North in Circumpolar Context (2003).

Dr.Terry D. Prowse (B.E.S. University of Waterloo, M.Sc.TrentUniversity, Ph.D. University of Canterbury) holds an EnvironmentCanada Research Chair and Professorship in Geography at the Waterand Climate Impacts Research Centre, University of Victoria, investi-gating the impacts of climate on water resources.As a senior scientistwith Environment Canada, he also heads a research program for theNational Water Research Institute investigating the impacts of climateon hydrology and aquatic ecosystems. He was a lead author (chapterson the cryosphere, ecosystems, and polar regions) for the 1995 and2001 IPCC assessments of climate change, and has a similar position forthe 2007 IPCC assessment of the Arctic and Antarctic. His positions onscientific bodies include: President of the Canadian Geophysical Union,including the Hydrology Section; Canadian government representative

Appendix B • Authors’ Biographies 1027

for the UNESCO International Hydrologic Programme; CanadianMember of the International Association for Hydraulic Research-Ice;editorial board member for the journal Hydrological Processes, andassociate editor for the Journal of Cold Regions Engineering. His mainresearch interest is the impact of climate change on water resourcesand freshwater ecosystems, particularly in cold regions.

Dr. James (Jim) D. Reist (B.Sc. University of Calgary, M.Sc.University of Alberta, Ph.D. University of Toronto) is in his 22ndyear as a research scientist in the Arctic Research Division atFisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region,Winnipeg,where he has led the Arctic Fish Ecology and Assessment ResearchSection since 1989. His research addresses biodiversity of northernCanadian fishes using genetic, morphological, and ecologicalapproaches with particular emphasis on chars and whitefishes. Inaddition to documenting fish diversity, biogeography, and under-standing their roles in the structure and function of both arctic fresh-water and marine ecosystems, his research addresses effects ofanthropogenic activities such as exploitation, industrial development,and climate change. Dr. Reist has been active in the Conservation ofArctic Flora and Fauna working group of the Arctic Council, as wellas in national and international programs to assess human impacts onfish in the Arctic. He has had adjunct status at several Canadian uni-versities where he has supervised or co-supervised a number of grad-uate students researching northern fish biology and ecology. He hasauthored or co-authored over 80 scientific publications in both theprimary literature and government publication series.

Amy J. Stevermer (M.S. Oregon State University) has been involvedin research related to the transfer of radiation in the earth’s atmo-sphere for more than a decade.Throughout her employment as anassociate scientist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, she hascontributed to projects focused on understanding the variousparameters, including stratospheric aerosol and ozone, that affectUV radiation reaching the earth’s surface. She has worked on dataanalysis and public outreach issues for the U.S EnvironmentalProtection Agency’s Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Network andhas given talks on UV monitoring and effects studies at facultyworkshops and national conferences.

Aapo Tanskanen (M.Sc. Lic.Tech. Helsinki University of Technology)is the head of the UV radiation research group at the FinnishMeteorological Institute. His research includes work on UV meas-urement techniques, radiative transfer modeling and development ofmethods for estimating surface UV irradiance using satellite data. Heis a member of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument science team.

Professor Michael B Usher (B.Sc. and Ph.D. Edinburgh University,Honorary Doctorate University of Stirling) began his career at theUniversity of York, with teaching and research interests in soil biodi-versity and nature conservation. He undertook sabbatical periods toestablish a termite research group in Ghana and to work on the soilmites and springtails in Antarctica. From 1991 until he retired he waschief scientist at Scottish Natural Heritage, the government’s coun-tryside and conservation agency in Scotland. In this role, as well asleading a large team of scientists, he was actively involved withadvice to government ministers. Dr. Usher is a chartered biologist, aFellow of the Institute of Biology, a Fellow of the RoyalEntomological Society, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Societyof Edinburgh (Scotland’s National Academy of Science & Letters) in1999. Dr. Usher was awarded an OBE in the 2001 New YearHonour’s List. Over the last few years he has chaired the U.K.’s SoilBiodiversity Research Programme, and has been active in the ScottishBiodiversity Forum and the Council of Europe; he is also a Trustee ofthe Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and the Woodland Trust, andcontinues to teach aspects of biodiversity conservation.

Dr. Hjálmar Vilhjálmsson (B.Sc. University of Glasgow, Ph.D.University of Bergen) has spent much of his career based at the MarineResearch Institute in Reykjavík, initially working on operational fish-eries research, namely the design and execution of surveys of pelagicfish migrations, abundance, and catchability, and on the environmentalvariables that affect them.The purpose of this work was to locate areasrich in target species, to predict future migrations and catchability, andto keep the fishing fleet informed. By necessity, the nature of his workchanged to abundance assessments of these stocks and advising on theirsustainable exploitation. He has been the senior pelagic fisheries biolo-gist at the Marine Research Institute since 1990. Dr.Vilhjálmsson hasbeen a member and vice-chairman of the board of the IcelandicFisheries Fund, a long-term member of the ICES Northern Pelagic andBlue Whiting Working Group, and was appointed to serve on a specialcommittee, organized by the National Research Council of Iceland, forevaluating existing fisheries science activities in Iceland and advising onresearch priorities. He is a member of the Icelandic Science Academy.

Dr. John Walsh (B.A. Dartmouth College, Ph.D. Massachusetts Instituteof Technology) is a President’s Professor of Global Change at theUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks. He is also the Director of the Coopera-

tive Institute for Arctic Research and the Center for Global Change atthe University of Alaska. His research has addressed arctic climateweather variability, with an emphasis on sea ice variability and the roleof sea ice and snow cover in weather and climate. His work has alsoincluded evaluations of global climate model simulations of the Arctic.Dr.Walsh is a lead author for the polar regions in the fourth IPCCassessment. He is a member of the Polar Research Board and a panelchair for the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH). Beforejoining the University of Alaska, he spent 30 years on the faculty of theUniversity of Illinois, where he taught courses on weather and climate.He co-authored the textbook, Severe and Hazardous Weather, and is anassociate editor of the Journal of Climate.

Professor Gunter Weller (Ph.D. University of Melbourne) is Professorof Geophysics Emeritus of the University of Alaska Fairbanks. His earlyresearch concerned climate change and its impacts in both the Arcticand the Antarctic. He has been program manager of the NSF’s polarprograms in meteorology, project manager of the NOAA-BLM OuterContinental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program in the Arctic,project director of the NASA-University of Alaska SAR Facility, anddeputy director of the UAF Geophysical Institute. Among many scien-tific committee assignments he was the president of ICSU’s Intern-ational Commission on Polar Meteorology and chaired the U.S.National Research Council’s Polar Research Board. He recently retiredas the director of the Center for Global Change and Arctic SystemResearch and director of the NOAA-UAF Cooperative Institute forArctic Research and now lives in Australia. Dr.Weller was ExecutiveDirector of the ACIA for the last four years.

Dr. Frederick Wrona (B.Sc. and Ph.D. University of Calgary) is cur-rently the Director of the Aquatic Ecosystems Impacts ResearchBranch, National Water Research Institute (Environment Canada) andis a professor in the Department of Geography, University of Victoria.Dr.Wrona has conducted and managed interdisciplinary aquaticecosystem research for over 23 years, focusing on the ecology andeco-hydrology of cold-regions aquatic ecosystems. His research inter-ests include understanding and predicting the impacts of climate vari-ability/change on the structure and function of cold-regions aquaticecosystems, identifying mechanisms responsible for the observed pat-terns of dynamics in aquatic predator-prey systems, assessing the eco-toxicology of aquatic organisms to contaminant stressors, and assess-ing the impacts of human developments on the health and sustainabili-ty of northern aquatic systems. He has served as the Science Directorfor the Northern River Basins Study and is currently involved withnumerous national and international scientific and advisory commit-tees related to the development and implementation of northernhydrological and ecological research programs (e.g., contributingauthor to the 2007 IPCC Working Group II assessment of the polarregions and the 2nd International Conference on Arctic ResearchPlanning, Environment Canada’s Northern Working Group). Dr.Wrona has a strong interest in science-policy linkages and is currentlythe Head and Chief Delegate for the Canadian National Committeefor the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme.

Additional Members of the ACIAImplementation Team5

Dr. RobertW. Corell (B.S., M.S., Ph.D., Case Western ReserveUniversity and MIT) joined the National Science Foundation (NSF) in1987 as Assistant Director for Geosciences where for over 12 years heoversaw the Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences and the globalchange programs of the NSF.While there, Dr. Corell chaired theNational Science and Technology Council’s committee that overseesthe U.S. Global Change Research Program, and the internationalcommittee of government agencies funding global change research.He was also chair and principal U.S. delegate to many internationalbodies with interests in and responsibilities for climate and globalchange research programs. Dr Corell is currently a Senior Fellow atthe Policy Program of the American Meteorological Society and isactively engaged in research concerned both with the science of globalchange and with the interface between science and public policy,particularly research activities focused on global and regional climatechange and related environmental issues, and science to facilitateunderstanding of vulnerability and sustainable development. He co-chairs an international strategic planning group on harnessing science,technology, and innovation for sustainable development, and is thelead for an international partnership to better understand and plan fora transition to hydrogen for several nations, currently focused onIceland, India, and the eight Arctic nations. He is leading a researchproject to explore methods, models, and conceptual frameworks forvulnerability research, analysis, and assessment – the current focus ofwhich is on vulnerabilities of indigenous communities in the Arctic.Dr Corell was recently invited to join the Washington AdvisoryGroup, LLC to work on the industry dimension of the climate issue.

5Entries for Terry Callaghan, Gordon McBean, and Gunter Weller may be found under “Lead authors”

1028 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Dr. Pål Prestrud (Master degree and Ph.D. University of Oslo) hasbeen involved for the last 25 years in environmental research andmanagement in the Arctic, with a special research interest in popula-tion dynamics of polar mammals and their physiological adaptation tothe harsh polar conditions. Dr. Prestrud is currently Director of theCentre for Climate Research at the University of Oslo. He has beenDirector of Research for a number of years at the Norwegian PolarInstitute, and has served as deputy director general in the NorwegianMinistry of Environment where he headed the Section on PolarAffairs and Cooperation with Russia. Dr. Prestrud has been involvedin several environmental impact assessments conducted in theNorwegian Arctic over the last 20 years.

Lars-Otto Reiersen graduated in marine biology from the Universityof Oslo, Norway. He then worked at the University of Oslo for sev-eral years conducting research on basic processes in marine fish andthe effects of oil and other contaminants. He later worked for theNorwegian State Pollution Control Authority dealing with the envi-ronmental regulation of shipping and oil and gas activities (explo-ration and exploitation) in the seas around Norway and at Svalbard.He was involved in the work of the Oslo and Paris Commissions andthe London Dumping Commission, especially in relation to the test-ing of chemicals to be used offshore and chemical and biologicalmonitoring of the marine environment. He chaired the group thatmade the assessment of the Pollution of the North Sea under theNorth Sea Task Force and was involved in the establishment andimplementation of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy andthe Arctic Council. Since 1992, he has been the Executive Secretaryfor the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.

Jan Idar Solbakken (M.Sc. University of Tromsø) has worked atSaami University College, Norway for the last 13 years as an assistantprofessor in biology. From 2000 to 2003 he was Dean at SaamiUniversity College. He has represented the Saami Council, one ofthe Permanent Participants in the Arctic Council, within AMAPworking groups since 1994. He also represented the Saami Councilwithin the AMAP Assessment Steering Group during the first AMAPassessment of Arctic Pollution Issues.

Dr. Patricia A. Anderson (B.Sc. University of Iowa, M.A. DalhousieUniversity, Ph.D. New York University) has 18 years experienceresearching polar issues and managing polar science programs at theNSF and the University of Alaska Fairbanks. She was ExecutiveDirector of the U.S. Antarctic Program Safety Review Panel, an NSFactivity that involved researching the history of U.S. exploration andscience in Antarctica and the safety of these operations, and co-author-ing the panel’s report. She spent four years coordinating federal intera-gency programs on global climate change. Dr.Anderson’s 12 years ofexperience at the University of Alaska Fairbanks involved the manage-ment of several arctic research and education activities, including theestablishing of a competitive student research grant program, expand-ing participation of a wide range of stakeholder groups in assessing theimpacts of climate change on Alaska, and facilitating interdisciplinaryarctic system research through science management of the NSF ArcticSystem Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions program. In hercapacity as Deputy Executive Director of the ACIA Secretariat, she hasbeen responsible for coordinating all ACIA activities.

Elizabeth Bush (M.Sc. and M.A. University of Toronto) is a memberof the Science Assessment and Integration Branch of EnvironmentCanada, whose mandate it is to provide science advice and to coordi-nate science assessment activities on atmospheric issues. She has beeninvolved in science assessment activities for many years, working firstas an air quality advisor during which time she participated inCanadian national assessments of particulate matter and ground-levelozone. She currently works as a climate change science advisor andwas the focal point in Canada for Canadian participation in the ACIA.

Paul Grabhorn is a communications consultant and photographer with22 years of experience producing publications and campaigns on thesubjects of global change, humanitarian action, and environmentalresearch. A particular area of expertise is in the visual communica-tion of complex subjects. His background in human ecology provideshis work with a systems view and a synthesis perspective. Some ofGrabhorn Studio’s productions include:The U.S. National Assess-ment – Climate Change Impacts on the United States, Global EnergyTechnology Strategy: Addressing Climate Change,White HouseConference on Science and Economics related to Global Change,National Energy Strategy, National Space Council Annual Reports,Coastal America campaign materials, Global Stewardship Brochure(White House), Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Steward-ship Campaign, Defense and the Environment Initiative (US Army),GLOBE - Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environ-ment (White House) – US Global Change Research Program –annual reports: Our Changing Planet, CIESIN; Understanding theHuman Dimensions of Global Change, US Army Corps of Engineersrecruitment and outreach materials, Government Buy RecycledInitiative,Technology for a Sustainable Future (White House), Bridge

to a Sustainable Future: National Environmental Technology Strategy(White House), Sustainable America: A New Consensus, PicturingClimate’s Complexity, People on War campaign (InternationalCommittee of the Red Cross), So Why! Music goes to war campaign(ICRC). Paul Grabhorn has also undertaken photographic documen-tary missions for the International Committee of the Red Cross inmany locations: Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda, Azerbaijan, Georgia,Abkhazia, Armenia, Ngorni Kharabakh, Chechnya, Cambodia,Colombia, Philippines, Croatia, Nepal, Burundi, Guatemala, Mali,Angola, South Africa, Kenya, and Liberia among others.

Susan Joy Hassol is a researcher and writer with 20 years experiencein global change science. Known for her ability to translate scienceinto English, she synthesizes information from across the spectrum ofscientific disciplines, and makes complex issues accessible to policy-makers and the public. She was a lead author of Climate ChangeImpacts on the United States, the synthesis report of the U.S.National Assessment of the Consequences of Climate Change. Susanauthored a chapter on energy efficiency in a book entitled InnovativeEnergy Strategies for CO2 Stabilization (Cambridge University Press,2002). She wrote a feature article entitled “A Change of Climate,” inIssues in Science and Technology, a journal of the National Academy ofSciences, focusing on the actions of U.S. states, localities, and corpo-rations in mitigating climate change. She has also written and editednumerous articles, papers, and books for organizations including theUnited Nations Environment Programme, the Scientific Committeeon Problems of the Environment, and the Inter-American Institute forGlobal Change Research. She has served as Environment Fellow forthe Aspen Institute and as Research Associate and Director ofCommunications for the Aspen Global Change Institute.

Dr. Michael C. MacCracken (B.S.E. Princeton University; Ph.D.University of California Davis) is Senior Scientist for Climate Changewith the Climate Institute in Washington, DC. For 34 years, he wasemployed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, wherehis research included numerical modeling of various natural andanthropogenic causes of climate change and of factors affecting airquality in the Bay Area and northeastern United States. For the latterpart of this period, Dr. MacCracken was on assignment with theinteragency Office of the U.S. Global Change Research Program,serving for different periods as executive director of the Office andof its National Assessment Coordination Office. He also coordinatedthe U.S. Government technical review of the IPCC assessments. Dr.MacCracken is currently president of the International Association ofMeteorology and Atmospheric Sciences and serves on the executivecommittees of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysicsand the Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research.

ACIA Science EditorsLelani Arris (B.Sc. University of Vermont, M.Sc. Massachusetts

Institute of Technology) has more than 14 years experience writingand editing technical and popular publications about climate change,ozone depletion, and other environmental science topics. She waseditor of the bi-weekly newsletter Global Environmental ChangeReport for five years, senior editor of the quarterly magazine GlobalChange for three years, and has also written or edited publicationsfor the Canadian Climate Impacts and Adaptation Research Network,the U.S. Global Change Research Program, and the British ColumbiaMinistry of Forests, among others.

Dr. Carolyn Symon (B.Sc. Loughborough University, M.Sc. KingsCollege London, Ph.D. Lancaster University and Proudman Ocean-ographic Laboratory) is a science editor specializing in multi-authoredenvironmental assessments prepared by intergovernmental bodies. Forthe last ten years most of her work has focused on marine-related andpolar-related issues. Dr. Symon has undertaken work for the OSPARCommission, the British Antarctic Survey, the Secretariat for the FifthNorth Sea Conference, ICES, CCAMLR, and AMAP.

Professor Bill (O.W.) Heal (BSc., Ph.D. Durham University,Honorary Professor Edinburgh University, Fellow Hatfield College,Durham) is now retired. His early research on protozoa expandedinto soil biology and decomposition then into ecosystems. In the1970s he led the UK International Biological Programme at theMoor House upland site.This linked naturally into the IBP TundraBiome through its sub-Arctic climate and to his involvement in inter-national co-ordination and synthesis. As Director of the Institute ofTerrestrial Ecology he was responsible for a wide range of pure andapplied national and international research. He led the EU ArcticTerrestrial Ecosystem Research project which helped to integratearctic research and spawned a series of new Arctic–Alpine projects.He subsequently chaired the Polar Sciences Committee of theNatural Environment Research Council, helped to initiate theUniversity of the Arctic, and participated in CAFF and AMAP and inthe US NSF and LTER programs.

Hans Alexandersson, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological InstituteLeif Anderson, Göteborg University, SwedenRobert Barbault, Institut d'Ecologie Fondamentale et Appliquee, FranceRoger Barry, National Snow and Ice Data Center, USAEsfir G. Bogdanova,Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, RussiaJerry Brown, International Permafrost Association, USAMargo Burgess, Geological Survey of CanadaJohn Calder, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USAJoLynn Carroll, Akvaplan-niva AS, NorwayTim Carter, Finnish Environment InstituteRichard Caulfield, University of Alaska FairbanksNataly Ye. Chubarova, Moscow State University, RussiaStewart Cohen, University of British Columbia, CanadaAndre Corriveau, Government of the Northwest Territories, Dept. of

Health and Social Services, CanadaRobert Crawford, University of St. Andrews (Emeritus), UKYvon Csonka, University of GreenlandJens Dahl, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, DenmarkKlaus Dethloff, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,

GermanyMark Dyurgerov, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAMichael A.D. Ferguson, Dept. of Sustainable Development, Government

of Nunavut, CanadaCraig Fleener, Gwich'in Council International, USASven Haakanson, Jr., Alutiiq Museum, Kodiak, Alaska, USADon Hayley, EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd., CanadaBill Heal, University of Durham, UKRaino Heino, Finnish Meteorological InstituteAnnika Hofgaard, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NorwayAd H.L. Huiskes, Netherlands Institute of EcologyGeorge Hunt, University of California, Irvine, USAIngvar Jarle Huse, Institute of Marine Research, NorwaySatu Huttunen, University of Oulu, FinlandTrond Iversen, University of Oslo, NorwayRobert Jefferies, University of Toronto, CanadaPeter Jones, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, CanadaEigil Kaas, Danish Meteorological InstituteAnders Karlqvist, Swedish Polar Research SecretariatRoy Koerner, Geological Survey of CanadaPirkko Kortelainen, Finnish Environment InstituteEduard Koster, Utrecht University, NetherlandsPeter Kuhry, Stockholm University, SwedenManfred Lange, University of Muenster, GermanyDonald S. Lemmen, Natural Resources Canada

Pentti Mälkki, Finnish Institute of Marine ResearchSvend Aage Malmberg, Marine Research Institute, IcelandMichael McGeehin, Centers for Disease Control, USARichard McKenzie, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric

Research, New ZealandMark Meier, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAJamie Morison, University of Washington, USALars Moseholm, National Environmental Research Institute, DenmarkTed Munn, University of Toronto, CanadaAynslie Ogden, Northern Climate ExChange, CanadaErling Ögren, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesMats Olsson, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesOlav Orheim, Norsk Polarinstitutt, NorwayJim Overland, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/NOAA, USAChris Paci, Dene Nation, CanadaGísli Pálsson, University of IcelandWalter Parker, Circumpolar Infrastructure Task Force of the Arctic

Council; the Northern Forum, USAGeoff Petts, University of Birmingham, UKHenning Rodhe, Stockholm University, SwedenOdd Rogne, International Arctic Science Committee, NorwayUrsula Schauer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,

GermanyFrank Sejersen, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkStepan G. Shiyatov, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Russian

Academy of SciencesOddvar Skre, Norwegian Forest Research InstituteKimberly Strong, University of Toronto, CanadaThora E.Thorhallsdottir, University of IcelandDarin Toohey, University of Colorado at Boulder, USAReidar Toresen, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayAdrian Tuck, NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, USAJay Van Oostdam, Health CanadaPatrick J.Webber, Michigan State University, USAMartin Weinstein, 'Namgis First Nation, CanadaJan Weslawski, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of SciencesEd Wiken,Wildlife Habitat CanadaMing-Ko Woo, McMaster University, CanadaOran Young, University of California, Santa Barbara, USAT. Kue Young, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, CanadaAlexander Zhulidov, South Russian Regional Centre for Preparation and

Implementation of International ProjectsFrancis Zwiers, Meteorological Service of Canada

Appendix C

Reviewers

This appendix lists those international experts selected by ACIA that were willing to review one or more chapters ofthis assessment. Most of the experts listed below reviewed at least two related chapters and a few reviewed severalchapters. Many additional reviewers, not listed here, were selected through national reviews conducted by the arcticcountries. Reviews were received from about 200 individuals in total.

1030 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Appendix D

Species Names

Latin name Common name/descriptor

Birds

Aethia cristatella crested aukletAethia psittacula parakeet aukletAethia pusilla least aukletAlca torda razorbillAlle alle little aukAnas acuta pintailAnas americana widgeonAnas crecca common tealAnas penelope Eurasian wigeonAnas platyrhynchos mallardAnser albifrons white-fronted goose or “yellow legs”

A. a. flavirostris Greenland white-fronted gooseAnser anser greylag gooseAnser brachyrhynchus pink-footed gooseAnser caerulescens snow goose

A. c. caerulescens lesser snow gooseAnser canagicus emperor gooseAnser erythropus lesser white-fronted gooseAnser fabalis bean goose

A. f. fabialis taiga bean gooseA. f. rossicus tundra bean goose

Arenaria interpres ruddy turnstoneAsio flammeus short-eared owlAythya affinis lesser scaupAythya collaris ring-necked duckAythya marila greater scaupAythya valisineria canvasback duckBranta bernicla Brent goose/ black brent

B. b. bernicla dark-bellied brent gooseB. b. hrota light-bellied brent goose

Branta canadensis Canada gooseBranta leucopsis barnacle gooseBranta ruficollis red-breasted gooseButeo spp. raptorsButeo lagopus rough-legged buzzardCalcarius lapponicus Lapland longspurCalidris acuminata sharp-tailed sandpiperCalidris alba sanderlingCalidris alpina dunlinCalidris canutus red knot

C. c. canutus red knot (Taymir population)C. c. islandica red knot (Nearctic population)

Calidris ferruginea curlew sandpiperCalidris fuscicollis white-rumped sandpiperCalidris maritima purple sandpiperCalidris mauri western sandpiperCalidris melanotos pectoral sandpiperCalidris minuta little stintCalidris ruficollis red-necked stintCalidris tenuirostris great knotCarduelis chloris greenfinchCarduelis hornemanni Arctic redpollCatharacta skua great skuaCepphus columba pigeon guillemotCepphus grylle black guillemotCharadrius semipalmatus semipalmated ploverChen caerulescens lesser snow gooseClangula hyemalis long-tailed duck/ oldsquawCorvus corax raven/ common ravenCygnus columbianus tundra swan/ whistling swanEmberiza pusilla little buntingEremophila alpestris shore larkEurynorhynchus pygmaeus spoon-billed sandpiperFalco peregrinus peregrine falconFalco rusticolus gyrfalconFratercula arctica Atlantic puffinFratercula cirrhata tufted puffinFratercula corniculata horned puffin

Fulmaris glacialis northern fulmarGallinago gallinago common snipeGavia adamsii yellow-billed loonGavia arctica Arctic loonGavia immer common loon/ great northern diverGavia pacifica Pacific loonGavia stellata red-throated loonGrus americana whooping craneHaematopus ostralegus Eurasian oystercatcherHydrobates pelagicus European storm petrelLagopus lagopus willow grouseLagopus mutus ptarmigan

L. m. hyperboreus Svalbard ptarmiganLarus argentatus herring gullLarus canus mew gullLarus fuscus lesser black-backed gullLarus glaucescens glaucous-winged gullLarus hyperboreus glaucous gullLarus marinus great black-backed gullLarus ridibundus black-headed gullLimnodromus scolopaceus Long-billed dowitcherLimosa lapponica bar-tailed godwitLimosa limosa black-tailed godwitLoxia spp. crossbillsMelanitta fusca white-winged scoter/ velvet scoterMelanitta nigra black scoterMergus merganser common merganserMergus serrator red-breasted merganserMorus bassanus northern gannetMotacilla alba white wagtailNumenius borealis Eskimo curlewNyctea scandiaca snowy owlOceanodroma leucorhoa Leach’s storm-petrelOenanthe oenanthe northern wheatearPagophila eburnea ivory gullParus caeruleus blue titPhalacrocorax aristotelis European shagPhalacrocorax carbo great cormorantPhalacrocorax pelagicus pelagic cormorantPhalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas’s cormorantPhalaropus fulicarius red phalarope/grey phalaropePhalaropus lobatus northern phalarope/red-necked phalaropePhilomachus pugnax ruffPhylloscopus borealis Arctic warblerPhylloscopus inornatus yellow-browed warblerPinguinus impennis great aukPlectrophenax nivalis snow buntingPluvialis dominica lesser golden ploverPluvialis fulva Pacific golden ploverPluvialis squatarola black-bellied ploverPolysticta stelleri Steller’s eiderPuffinus gravis greater shearwaterPuffinus griseus sooty shearwaterRhodostethia rosea Ross’ gullRissa brevirostris red-legged kittiwakeRissa tridactyla black-legged kittiwakeSomateria fisheri spectacled eiderSomateria mollissima common eiderSomateria spectabilis king eiderStercorarius longicaudus long-tailed jaegerStercorarius parasiticus Arctic skua/ parasitic jaegerSterna hirundo common ternSterna paradisaea Arctic ternSula bassanus northern gannetSynthliboramphus antiquus ancient murreletTetrao urogallus wood grouseTetrastes bonasia hazel grouseTringa erythropus spotted redshank

1032 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Tryngites subruficollis buff-breasted sandpiperTurdus iliacus redwingTurdus migratorius American robinTurdus pilaris fieldfareUria aalge common murreUria lomvia Brünnich’s guillemot/thick billed murreVanellus vanellus northern lapwingXema sabini Sabine’s gull

Fish

Abramis brama carp breamAlosa spp. alewifesAmmodytes americanus sand lanceAmmodytes dubius sand lanceAnarhichas lupus lupus wolffishAnguilla anguilla eelArctogadus glacialis Arctic codAtheresthes stomias arrowtooth flounderBerryteuthis magister magister commander squidBoreogadus saida Arctic cod/ polar codBrosme brosme tuskCatostomus spp. suckersCetorhinus maximus basking sharkChrosomus eos northern redbelly daceClupea harengus Atlantic herringClupea pallasi Pacific herringCoregonus albula vendaceCoregonus artedi lake ciscoCoregonus autumnalis Arctic ciscoCoregonus clupeaformis lake whitefishCoregonus lavaretus whitefish/ powanCoregonus nasus broad whitefishCoregonus pidschian Siberian whitefishCoregonus sardinella least ciscoCottus spp. sculpinsCottus cognatus slimy sculpinCouesius plumbeus lake chubDallia spp. blackfishes Dicentrachus labrax sea bassEleginus gracilis saffron codEngraulis mordax northern anchovyEsox lucius northern pikeGadus macrocephalus Pacific codGadus morhua Atlantic codGadus ogac Greenland codGasterosteus aculeatus threespine sticklebackGlyptocephalus cynoglossus witchGymnocephalus cernuus ruffeHaliotis rufuscens abaloneHemilepidotus jordani yellow Irish lordHiodon alosoides goldeyeHippoglossoides elassodon flathead soleHippoglossoides platessoides long rough dab/ American plaiceHippoglossoides robustus northern flathead soleHippoglossus hippoglossus halibutHippoglossus stenolepis Pacific halibutHypomesus olidus pond smeltIcelus spiniger thorny sculpinIllex illecebrosus squidLamna ditropis salmon sharkLepidopsetta bilineata rock soleLepomis macrochirus bluegillLeuciscus idus ideLeuciscus leuciscus baicalensis common daceLimanda aspera yellowfin soleLota lota burbotMallotus villosus capelinMelanogrammus aeglefinus haddockMicrogadus proximus Pacific tomcodMicromesistius poutassou blue whitingMicropterus dolomieu smallmouth bassMola mola ocean sunfishMolva molva lingMyoxocephalus quadricornis fourhorn sculpinNoemacheilus barbatulus stone loachNotidanus griseus bluntnose sixgill sharkNotropis atherinoides emerald shinerOncorhynchus gorbuscha pink salmonOncorhynchus keta chum salmonOncorhynchus kisutch coho salmon

Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow troutOncorhynchus nerka sockeye salmonOncorhynchus tshawytscha chinook salmonOsmerus mordax smelt/ rainbow smeltPerca flavescens yellow perchPerca fluviatilis European perchPercopsis omiscomaycus trout perch Petromyzon marinus lampreyPleurogrammus monoptergius Atka mackerelPleuronectes asper yellowfin solePleuronectes bilineatus rock solePleuronectes ferrugineus flounderPleuronectes glacialis Arctic flounder Pleuronectes platessa plaicePleuronectes quadrituberculatus Alaska plaicePollachius virens coal fish/ saitheProsopium cylindraceum round whitefishPsetta maxima turbotPungitius pungitius ninespine sticklebackReinhardtius hippoglossoides Greenland halibutRutilus rutilus roachSalmo gairdneri rainbow troutSalmo salar Atlantic salmonSalmo trutta brown troutSalvelinus alpinus Arctic charSalvelinus confluentus bull troutSalvelinus fontinalis brook troutSalvelinus malma Char/ Dolly VardenSalvelinus namaycush lake troutSander lucioperca zanderSander vitreus walleyeScomber japonicus Pacific mackerelScomber scombrus Atlantic mackerelScomberesox saurus Atlantic saurySebastes marinus redfishSebastes mentella redfishSebastes viviparus redfishSqualus acanthias spurdogStenodus leucichthys inconnuThaleichthys pacificus eulachonTheragra chalcogramma pollockThunnus thynnus northern bluefin tunaThymallus arcticus Arctic graylingTrachurus trachurus horse mackerelXiphias gladius swordfish

Marine mammals

Balaena mysticetus Greenland right whale/ bowhead whaleBalaenoptera acutorostrata minke whaleBalaenoptera borealis sei whaleBalaenoptera musculus blue whaleBalaenoptera physalus fin whaleCallorhinus ursinus northern fur sealCystophora cristata hooded sealDelphinapterus leucas beluga whale/ white whaleEnhydra lutris sea otterErignathus barbatus bearded sealEschrichtius robustus grey whaleEubalaena glacialis right whalesEubalaena japonica North Pacific right whaleEumetopias jubatus Steller sea lionGlobicephala melaena pilot whaleHalichoerus grypus grey sealHydrodamalis gigas Steller sea cowLagenorhynchus acutus white-sided dolphinLagenorhynchus albirostris white-beaked dolphinMegaptera novaeangliae humpback whaleMonodon monoceros narwhalOdobenus rosmarus walrus

O. r. divergens Pacific walrusO. r. rosmarus Atlantic wlarus

Orcinus orca killer whalePhoca fasciata ribbon sealPhoca groenlandica harp sealPhoca hispida ringed sealPhoca largha spotted sealPhoca vitulina harbour sealPhocoena phocoena harbour porpoisePhocoenoides dalli Dall’s porpoise/ Dahl’s porpoisePhyseter catodon sperm whale

Appendix D • Species Names 1033

Tursiops truncatus bottlenose dolphinUrsus maritimus polar bear

Terrestrial mammals

Alces alces mooseAlopex lagopus Arctic foxBison bison buffaloCanis lupus wolfCastor canadensis beaverCervus elaphus red deerCervus nippon Sika deerClethrionomys rufocanus grey-sided voleClethrionomys rutilus red-backed voleCoelodonta antiquitatis woolly rhinocerousDicrostonyx groenlandicus collared lemmingDicrostonyx torquatus Arctic lemmingErethizon dorsatum porcupineGulo gulo wolverineLemmus lemmus Norway lemmingLemmus sibiricus brown lemmingLepus americanus snowshoe hareLepus arcticus Arctic hareLepus timidus hare/ mountain hareLynx lynx lynxMammuthis primigenius mammothMartes zibellina sableMegaloceros giganteus giant deer/ Irish elkMicrotus abbreviatus insular voleMicrotus gregalis narrow-headed voleMicrotus middendorffi Middendorf's voleMicrotus oeconomus tundra voleMicrotus rossiaemeridionalis sibling voleMoschus moschiferus musk deerMus musculus house mouseMustela erminea ermineMustela vison minkMustela nivalis least weaselOdocoileus hemionus mule deerOndatra zibethicus muskratOvibos moschatus muskoxOvis canadensis dalli Dall sheepPuma concolor cougarRangifer tarandus caribou/reindeer

R. t. pearyi Peary caribouRattus norvegicus Norway ratSorex spp. shrewsSpermophilus parryii ground squirrelTamiasciurus hudsonicus red squirrelUrsus arctos grizzly bear/ brown bearUrsus major brown bearVulpes vulpes red fox

Lower Animals

Acyrthosiphon spp. aphidsAgrilus anxius bronze birch borerAlopecosa hirtipes [spider]Alvania [gastropod]Apherusa glacialis [amphipod]Asplanchna priodonta [zooplankton]Balanus balanoides [barnacle]Balanus balanus [barnacle]Bombus balteatus [bumblebee]Bombus cingulatus [bumblebee]Bombus hyperboreus [bumblebee]Bombus polaris [bumblebee]Bosmina longirostris [zooplankton]Calanus finmarchicus [zooplankton]Calanus hyperboreus [zooplankton]Calanus glacialis [zooplankton]Calanus marshallae [zooplankton]Calliopidae [amphipod]Cancer magister Dungeness crabCarabus truncaticollis [ground beetle]Ceriodaphnia quadrangula [water flea]Chaetozone setosa [polychaete]Chiloxanthus pilosus [mite]Chionoecetes bairdi Tanner crabChionoecetes opilio snow crabChlamys islandica Iceland scallop

Chone paucibranchiata [polychaete]Choristoneura fumiferana eastern spruce budwormChoristoneura pinus pinus jack pine budwormChrysaora melamaster [jellyfish]Clossiana sp. fritillary butterflyCotesia jucunda [parasitic wasp]Curtonotus alpinus [ground beetle]Cyclops scutifer [cladoceran]Danaus plexippus milkweed butterflyDaphnia longiremis [cladoceran]Daphnia middendorffiana [cladoceran]Daphnia pulex [cladoceran]Daphnia pulicaria [cladoceran]Daphnia umbra [cladoceran]Dendroctonus rufipennis spruce bark beetleDendrolimus sibiricus Siberian silkwormDioryctria reniculelloides spruce conewormDreissena polymorpha zebra musselEpirrita autumnata autumnal mothEucalanus bungii [zooplankton]Euphausia pacifica [krill]Folsomia quadrioculata [collembolan]Folsomia regularis [collembolan]Folsomia sexoculata [collembolan]Gammarus lacustris freshwater shrimpGammarus oceanicus [amphipod]Gammarus setosus [amphipod]Gammarus wilkitzkii [amphipod]Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae [brittle star]Gynaephora groenlandica [moth]Harpinia spp. amphipodsHeterocope spp. copepodsHiatella arctica [bivalve]Hormathia nodosa [actinarian]Hypogastrura tullbergi [collembolan]Hypogastrura viatica [collembolan]Ips typographus spruce engraver beetleJanira maculosa [isopod]Lepidurus [benthic invertebrate]Limacina helicina [pteropod]Lithodes aequispina [crab]Littorina saxatilis [gastropod]Lymantria dispar gypsy mothLymnaea elodes [snail]Macoma spp. clamsMalacosoma disstria forest tent caterpillarMaldane sarsi [polychaete]Metridia longa [zooplankton]Metridia pacifica [zooplankton]Munna [isopod]Mya arenaria [clam]Mya truncata [clam]Mysis relicta opossum shrimpMytilus edulis blue musselNeocalanus spp. zooplanktonNeodiprion sertifer European pine sawflyOnisimus spp. amphipodsOnychiurus arcticus [collembolan]Onychiurus groenlandicus [collembolan]Operophtera brumata winter mothOphiopholis aculeata [isopod]Pandalopsis dispar deepwater prawnPandalus borealis deepwater prawn/ deepwater shrimp/

northern shrimpPandalus goniurus humpy shrimpPandalus jordani pandalid shrimpParagorgia arborea red gorgonianParalithodes camtschatica red king crabParalithodes camtschaticus king crabParasyrphus tarsatus [flower-fly]Phyllocnistis populiella aspen leaf minerPristiphora erichsonii larch sawflyPterostichus costatus [ground beetle]Rana sylvatica wood frogRana temporaria common frogScoloplos armiger [polychaete]Spio filicornis [polychaete]Spiochaetopterus typicus [polychaete]Themisto libellula [amphipod]Thyasira [bivalve]Thysanoessa inermis [krill]

1034 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Thysanoessa longicauda [krill]Thysanoessa longipes [krill]Thysanoessa raschii [krill]Tipula carinifrons [crane fly]Tonicella [barnacle]Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis muskox lungwormUrticina eques [actinarian]Vertagopus brevicaudus [collembolan]

Higher plants

Abies spp. firsAbies sibirica Siberian firAllium schoenoprasum wild chiveAlnus spp. aldersAlnus fruticosa alderAlopecurus alpinus alpine foxtailAndromeda polifolia bog rosemaryArctophila fulva pendant grassArtemisia spp. sagebrushesBetula ermanii gold birchBetula exilis dwarf birchBetula nana dwarf birchBetula papyrifera paper birchBetula pendula silver birchBetula pubescens downy birch

B. p. czerepanovii mountain birchCalamagrostis lapponica Lapland reedgrassCalluna vulgaris heatherCardamine pratensis cuckoo flowerCarex aquatilis water sedgeCarex bigelowii Bigelow’s sedgeCarex bigelowii/arctisibirica [sedge] Carex chordorrhiza creeping sedgeCarex duriuscula needleleaf sedgeCarex ensifolia [sedge]Carex lugens [sedge]Carex stans water sedgeCarex subspathacea Hoppner’s sedgeCarpinus spp. hornbeamsCassiope tetragona white arctic mountain heatherCerastium beeringianum Bering chickweedCerastium regelii Regel’s chickweedChrysosplenium alternifolium alternate-leaved golden-saxifrageCorallorrhiza spp. coralrootsCortusa matthioli bear’s ear sanicleDraba oblongata Canadian arctic drabaDraba subcapitata Ellesmereland whitlowgrassDryas integrifolia Arctic dryadDryas octopetala/punctata mountain avensDupontia fisheri Fisher’s tundra grassDupontia psilosantha Fisher’s tundra grassEmpetrum hermaphroditum mountain crowberryEmpetrum nigrum crowberryEquisetum spp. horsetailsEriophorum angustifolium tall cottongrassEriophorum scheuchzeri white cottongrassEriophorum vaginatum cottongrassEritrichium nanum alpine cushion plantEuphrasia frigida cold eyebrightFagus sylvatica beechGalium densiflorum [herb]Gentiana nivalis snow gentianGeum spp. avensHelictotrichon krylovii [herb] Juniperus communis creeping juniperKobresia spp. bog sedgesKoenigia islandica Iceland purslaneLagotis minor little weaselsnoutLarix cajanderi Cajander larchLarix dahurica Dahurian larchLarix gmelinii Gmelin larchLarix laricina tamarackLarix sibirica Siberian larchLarix sukaczewii Sukachev larchLedum spp. Labrador teasLemna spp. duckweedsLupinus spp. lupinesLuzula confusa northern woodrushMenyanthes spp. bogbeansOxycoccux spp. cranberries

Oxyria digyna Arctic sorrelPapaver polare Arctic poppyPedicularis hirsuta hairy lousewortPhippsia algida ice grassPhleum alpinum alpine timothyPicea abies Norway sprucePicea glauca white sprucePicea mariana black sprucePicea obovata Siberian sprucePicea sitchensis Sitka sprucePinus contorta lodgepole pinePinus pumila Dwarf Siberian pinePinus sibirica Siberian stone pinePinus sylvestris Scots pinePoa abbreviata northern bluegrassPolygonum amphibium water smartweedPolygonum viviparum alpine bistortPopulus balsamifera balsam poplarPopulus tremula European aspenPopulus tremuloides aspenPopulus trichocarpa black cottonwoodPotamogeton spp. pondweedsPuccinellia phryganodes creeping alkaligrassQuercus spp. oaksRanunculus glacialis glacier buttercupRanunculus sabinei Sardinian buttercupRhododendron spp. rhododendronsRubus chamaemorus cloudberrySalix arctica arctic willowSalix glauca glaucous willowSalix herbacea dwarf willowSalix lanata hairy willowSalix myrsinifolia dark-leaved willowSalix myrsinites whortle-leaved willowSalix myrtilloides [willow]Salix phylicifolia tea-leaved willowSalix polaris polar willowSalix pulchra tealeaf willowSalix reptans [willow]Sanguisorba officinalis official burnetSaxifraga caespitosa tufted alpine saxifrageSaxifraga cernua nodding saxifrageSaxifraga hyperborea pygmy saxifrageSaxifraga nivalis alpine saxifrageSaxifraga oppositifolia purple saxifrageSilene acaulis moss campionSorbus aucuparia rowanTaraxacum officinale dandelionTilia spp. lindensVaccinium myrtillus blueberry/ bilberryVaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry/ bog whortleberry/ bog

bilberryVaccinium vitis-idaea lingonberry

Lower plants

Achnanthes [diatom]Ahnfeltia plicata [red algaeAlaria esculenta [kelp]Arctocetraria nigricascens [lichen]Aulacomnium turgidum [moss]Bryum cyclophyllum [moss]Cetraria islandica [lichen]Cetrariella delisei [lichen]Cinclidium arcticum [moss]Cladina [lichen]Cladina rangiferina [lichen]Cladonia [lichen]Cladonia arbuscula [lichen]

C. a. mitis [lichen]Cladonia pyxidata [lichen]Cladonia uncialis [lichen]Climacium dendroides [forest moss]Cyclotella [diatom]Dactylina madreporiformis [lichen]Dactylina ramulosa [lichen]Dicranoweisia crispula [moss]Drepanocladus intermedius [moss]Fragilaria [diatom]Fucus distichus sea-tangle (seaweed)Hylocomium splendens [moss]

Appendix D • Species Names 1035

Laminaria digitata [kelp]Laminaria saccharina [kelp]Laminaria solidungula [kelp]Orthothecium chryseon [moss]Phaeocystis pouchetii [flagellate]Pleurozium shreberi [forest moss]Pogonatum alpinum [bryophyte]Polytrichum commune [moss]Polytrichum juniperinum [moss]Psora decipiens [lichen]Ptilidium ciliare [liverwort]Racomitrium lanuginosum [moss]Rhizoplaca melanophthalma [lichen]Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus [forest moss]Seligeria polaris [moss]Sphagnum fuscum [moss]Stereocaulon paschale [lichen]Thamnolia subuliformis [lichen]Tomentypnum nitens [moss]Tortula ruralis [moss]Xanthoria candelaria [lichen]Xanthoria parietina [lichen]

Misc. fungi/bacteria etc.

Alternaria [fungus]Archaeoglobus [bacterium]Archaeoglobus fulgidus [bacterium]Arthrobacter [bacterium]Aspergillus [fungus]Azotobacter [bacterium]Bacillus [bacterium]Beijerinckia indica [bacterium]Botrytis [fungus]Clostridium [bacterium]Cortinarius [fungus]Cryptococcus laurentii [yeast]Exobasidium [fungus]Fusarium [fungus]Inocybe [fungus]Metarhizium [fungus]Metarhizium anisopliae [fungus]Methylocapsa [bacterium]Methylocella [bacterium]Microcoleus chthonoplastes [cyanobacteria]Mucor hiemalis [fungus]Nostoc spp. [cyanobacteria]Penicillium [fungus]Pseudomonas [bacterium]Pyrococcus [bacterium]Rhizopus [fungus]Thermococcus [bacterium]Truncatella truncata [fungus]

1036 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

ABL Atmospheric boundary layerACIA Arctic Climate Impact AssessmentACD Arctic Coastal Dynamics projectAEPS Arctic Environmental Protection StrategyAFI Air freezing indexAGCM Atmospheric general circulation modelAMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeAO Arctic OscillationAO- Low AO indexAO+ High AO indexAOGCM Atmosphere–ocean general circulation modelARCMIP Arctic Regional Climate Model Intercomparison

ProjectATI Air thawing indexAVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometerβ-HCH beta-HexachlorocyclohexaneBOREAS Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere StudyBP Before presentC CarbonCAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and FaunaCCSR Center for Climate System Research (Japan)Cd CadmiumCDOM Colored dissolved organic matterCDQ Community Development Quota program

(Alaska)CFC ChlorofluorocarbonCGCM2 An AOGCM developed by the Canadian Centre

for Climate Modelling and AnalysisCH4 MethaneChl-a Chlorophyll-aCMIP Coupled Model Intercomparison ProjectCO Carbon monoxideCO2 Carbon dioxideCPAN Circumpolar Protected Area NetworkCPUE Catch-Per-Unit-EffortCRU Climatic Research Unit (University of East Anglia,

UK)CSM_1.4 An AOGCM developed by the National Center for

Atmospheric Research (USA)CTM Chemical transport modelD-O Dansgaard-OeschgerDDT DichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneDEWG Denendeh Environmental Working GroupDIC Dissolved inorganic carbonDMS Dimethyl sulfideDO Dissolved oxygenDOC Dissolved organic carbonDU Dobson unitE EvapotranspirationECHAM4/OPYC3 An AOGCM developed by the Max Planck

Institute for Meteorology (Germany)ECMWF European Centre for Medium-range Weather

ForecastsEEZ Exclusive economic zoneENSO El Niño–Southern OscillationFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organizationf CO2 Fugacity of CO2GCM General circulation modelGDD Growing degree-dayGDP Gross domestic productGEP Gross ecosystem productionGFDL-R30_c An AOGCM developed by the Geophysical Fluid

Dynamics Laboratory (USA)Gg Gigagram (109 grams)GHCN Global Historical Climatology NetworkGHG Greenhouse gasGPS Global Positioning SystemGWP Global warming potentialH HydrogenH2 Molecular hydrogen

H2S Hydrogen sulfideha HectareHadCM3 An AOGCM developed by the Hadley Centre for

Climate Prediction and Research (UK)HCB HexachlorobenzeneHCH HexachlorocyclohexaneHg MercuryHg0 Elemental mercuryHg2+ Divalent mercuryIABP International Arctic Buoy ProgrammeIASC International Arctic Science CommitteeIBA Important Bird AreaIBP International Biological ProgrammeICC Inuit Circumpolar ConferenceICES International Council for the Exploration of the

SeaIGBP International Geosphere–Biosphere ProgrammeIPA International Permafrost AssociationIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeITEX International Tundra ExperimentITQ Individual Transferable Quota systemIUCN World Conservation UnionIWC International Whaling CommissionJ JouleK PotassiumKg Kilogram (103 grams)LGM Last glacial maximumLIA Little Ice AgeLPJ Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation

modelMDE Mercury depletion eventMeHg Methyl mercuryMIP Model intercomparison projectMPI Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (Germany)mwe Meter water equivalentMWP Medieval Warm PeriodMy Million yearsN NitrogenN2O Nitrous oxideNADW North Atlantic Deep WaterNAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries OrganizationNAMMCO North Atlantic Marine Mammal CommissionNAO North Atlantic OscillationNASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(US)NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)NCARP Northern Cod Adjustment and Recovery Program

(Canada)NCEP National Centers for Environmental Prediction of

NOAANDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation IndexNEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries CommissionNEP Net ecosystem productionNH3 AmmoniaNH4 AmmoniumNIES National Institute for Environmental Studies

(Japan)nm Nautical mileNO3 NitrateNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(US)NPP Net primary productionNRL Sámi Reindeer Herders Association of NorwayNSF National Science Foundation (US)NWT Northwest Territories (Canada)O OxygenOUML Ocean upper mixed layerP PhosphorusP PrecipitationPAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPAR Photosynthetically active radiation

Appendix E

Acronyms

1038 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Pb LeadPBDE Polybrominated diphenyl etherPCB Polychlorinated biphenylPCN Polychlorinated naphthalenepCO2 Difference in partial pressure of CO2 (e.g., across

the air–sea interface)PDO Pacific Decadal OscillationP-E Precipitation minus evapotranspirationPg Petagrams (1015 grams)POC Particulate organic carbonPOP Persistent organic pollutantppmv Parts per million by volumePSC Polar stratospheric cloudPUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acidR RunoffRA Respiration, autotrophicRE Respiration, ecosystem RH Respiration, heterotrophicRAF Radiation amplification factorRAIPON Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the

NorthRCM Regional climate modelRCS Regional (age) curve standardizationRIMS Rapid Integrated Monitoring SystemRIVM National Institute for Public Health and the

Environment modelRUV Remote underwater vehicleS SalinitySBUV Solar backscatter ultravioletSHEBA Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic OceanSLP Sea-level pressureSO Sulfur monoxideSO2 Sulfur dioxideSOx Sulfur oxideSRES Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (by the

IPCC)SST Sea surface temperatureSv Sverdrup (unit = 106 m3/s)SZA Solar zenith angleT TonneTAC Total allowable catchTEK Traditional ecological knowledgeTg Teragrams (1012 grams)THC Thermohaline circulationTOMS Total Ozone Mapping SpectrometerTOPEX/ joint French/US altimeter satellite

POSEIDONUIUC University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (US)ULAQ Università degli studi dell’Aquila (Italy)UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and

DevelopmentUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUV Ultraviolet UV-A Ultraviolet-A radiation (315–400 nm)UV-B Ultraviolet-B radiation (280–315 nm)W WattWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWWF World Wide Fund for NatureZn ZincΣDDT Sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE (concentrations)ΣPCBs Sum of a number of individual polychlorinated

(PCB) congeners

Actinic fluxRadiation incident at a point, determined by integrating the spectralirradiance over all directions of incident light (units = W/m2/nm).

Action spectrumA sensitivity function that describes the relative effectiveness ofenergy at different wavelengths in determining a biologicalresponse.

Active layerThe layer of ground that is subject to annual thawing and freezing inareas underlain by permafrost.

Adaptive ability or capacityThe ability of an organism, an ecosystem, or a human system (com-munity, culture, enterprise) to adapt to environmental change.

AlbedoThe fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object, oftenexpressed as a percentage. Snow covered surfaces have a high albe-do; the albedo of soils ranges from high to low; vegetation coveredsurfaces and oceans have a low albedo.The earth’s albedo variesmainly through varying cloudiness, snow, ice, leaf area, and landcover changes.

AllochthonousExogenous; originating outside and transported into a given systemor area.

AnadromousAn adjective describing fish that exhibit migratory behavior betweenfresh and marine waters characterized by spawning (and in ice-cov-ered arctic seas also by overwintering) in freshwater and summerfeeding in marine water.

AquacultureBreeding and rearing fish and shellfish, etc.

AquiferA stratum of permeable rock that bears water. An unconfinedaquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, andthe rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of theoverlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer is characterized by anoverlying bed that is impermeable and the local rainfall does notinfluence the aquifer.

Arctic[See chapter 1, section 1.1, paragraph 4]

AthalassicUsed of waters or water bodies that have not had any connection tothe sea in geologically recent times, all ions in solution are thusderived from the substratum or atmosphere.

Atmospheric boundary layerThe bottom layer of the troposphere that is in contact with the sur-face of the earth. It is often turbulent and is capped by a staticallystable layer of air or temperature inversion.The atmospheric bound-ary layer depth (i.e., the inversion height) is variable in time andspace, ranging from tens of meters in strongly statically stable situa-tions, to several kilometers in convective conditions over deserts.

BenthicPertaining to the sea bed, river bed, or lake floor.

BiodiversityThe numbers and relative abundances of different genes (geneticdiversity), species, and ecosystems (communities) in a particulararea.

Biogeochemical cycleThe cyclical system through which a given chemical element istransferred between biotic and abiotic parts of the biosphere.

BiotaAll living organisms of an area; the flora and fauna considered as aunit.

BloomA reproductive explosion of microscopic organisms in a lake, river,or ocean.

CatadromousAn adjective describing fish which exhibit migratory behaviorbetween fresh and marine waters that is characterized by spawningin marine waters and feeding and early rearing in freshwaters.

ClimateClimate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the “average weather”

or more rigorously as the statistical description in terms of the meanand variability of relevant quantities over a period of time rangingfrom months to thousands or millions of years.The classical periodis 30 years as defined by the WMO.These relevant quantities aremost often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation andwind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statisticaldescription, of the climate system.

Climate changeClimate change refers to a statistically significant variation in eitherthe mean state of the climate, or in its variability, persisting for anextended period (typically decades or longer).

Climate feedbackAn interaction between processes in the climate system, where theresult of an initial process triggers a second process that in turninfluences the initial one. A positive feedback intensifies the originalprocess, and a negative feedback reduces it.

Climatological baselineA period of years representing the current climate, the latter beingunderstood as a statistical description in terms of the mean and vari-ability over the period. A baseline period should: be representativeof the present-day or recent average climate in the region consid-ered; be of sufficient duration to encompass a range of climatic vari-ations; cover a period for which data on all major climatologicalvariables are abundant, adequately distributed in space, and readilyavailable; include data of sufficiently high quality for use in evaluat-ing impacts; and be consistent or readily comparable with baselineclimatologies used in other impact assessments.

Co-managementA system for management of wildlife populations in which responsi-bility is shared between the users of the resource and governmententities with legal authority for management of wildlife.

ConservationThe protection of environmental values associated with natural sys-tems through planned management of natural resources to assuretheir continued viability and availability for human appreciation anduse by preventing overexploitation, and protection from destructionor neglect.

ConspecificBelonging to the same species.

ContaminantA substance that is not naturally present in the environment or ispresent in unnatural concentrations that can, in sufficient concentra-tion, result in potential negative effects on the health of humans,other organisms, and ecosystems.

Continental shelfA shallow submarine plain of varying width forming a border to acontinent and typically ending in a steep slope to the ocean abyss.

CryosphereThe component of the climate system consisting of all snow, ice, andpermafrost on and beneath the surface of the earth and ocean.

DemersalLiving at or near the bottom of a sea or lake but having the capacity for active swimming.

DiadromousMigrating between fresh water and seawater.

DoseDose rate integrated over a time period of exposure (units = J/m2

(effective)).Dose rate

Spectral irradiance weighted by a biological action spectrum (units = W/m2 (effective)).

EcosystemA system of interacting living organisms together with their physicalenvironment.The boundaries of what could be called an ecosystemare somewhat arbitrary, depending on the focus of interest or study.Thus the extent of an ecosystem could range from very small spatialscales to, ultimately, the entire earth.

Ecosystem functionEcosystem function includes carbon and nutrient cycling, soilprocesses, controls of trace gas exchange processes, primary andsecondary productivity, and water and energy balance.

Appendix F

Glossary

1040 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Ecosystem servicesEcological processes or functions that have value to individuals orsociety.

Ecosystem structureThe spatial structure of an ecosystem, trophic interactions, andcommunity composition in terms of biodiversity.

EcotoneA zone of transition from one major plant community to another.For example, the forest–tundra ecotone in high northern latitudes isa zone of patchy and often stunted tree growth intermixed with areasof tundra.

Emissions scenarioA plausible representation of the future development of emissions ofsubstances that are potentially radiatively active (e.g., greenhousegases and aerosols), based on a coherent and internally consistent setof assumptions about driving forces (such as demographic and socio-economic development, technological change) and their key rela-tionships.

ENSOEl Niño in its original sense is a warm water current that periodical-ly flows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, disrupting the localfishery.This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation in theintertropical surface pressure pattern and circulation in the Indianand Pacific Oceans, called the Southern Oscillation.This coupledatmospheric–oceanic phenomenon is collectively known as El Niño–Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.

EnvironmentThe complex of climatic, edaphic, and biotic factors that act uponan organism or an ecological community and ultimately determineits form and survival. From the human perspective, also inclusive ofthe aggregate of social and cultural conditions that influence the lifeof an individual or community.

ErythemaReddening of the skin. Commonly called sunburn, it is most effec-tively caused by UV-B radiation.

EvapotranspirationThe combined process of evaporation (the process by which a liquidbecomes a gas) and transpiration (loss of water vapor from anorganism through a membrane or through pores).

ExtantExisting or living at the present time.

ExtinctionThe complete disappearance of an entire species.

ExtirpationThe disappearance of a species from part of its range; local extinc-tion.

Fast ice (or land-fast ice)Fast ice (or land-fast ice) is immobilized for up to 10 months eachyear by coastal geometry or by grounded ice ridges (stamukhi).

Finite-difference modelA model based on finite-difference approximations – the differencesbetween the values of a function at two discrete points are used toapproximate the derivatives of the function. Same as grid-pointmodel.

Flux adjustmentTo avoid the problem of coupled atmosphere–ocean general circula-tion models drifting into some unrealistic climate state, adjustmentterms can be applied to the atmosphere–ocean fluxes of heat andmoisture (and sometimes the surface stresses resulting from theeffect of the wind on the ocean surface) before these fluxes areimposed on the model ocean and atmosphere.

Food chainA sequence of organisms on successive trophic levels within a com-munity, through which energy is transferred by feeding; energyenters the food chain during fixation by primary producers (mainlygreen plants) and passes to herbivores (primary consumers) andthen to carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers).

Food webThe network of interconnected food chains of a community.

FreshetA rush of freshwater from rain or melted snow.

Gas hydrates or methane hydratesIn the presence of high concentrations of certain gases in the water,at low temperatures and high pressures, gas hydrates can form (i.e.,open-structured water ice hosting gases such as methane, carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide).When the gas trapped in the icycompound is methane, this is known as methane hydrate. Methanehydrate is by far the most common naturally occurring gas hydrate.Other gases, including larger hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, alsoform hydrate compounds.

GiardiasisAn infection caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia.

Greenhouse gasesGreenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere,both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation atspecific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emit-ted by the earth’s surface, atmosphere, and clouds.This propertycauses the greenhouse effect.Water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrousoxide, methane, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in theearth’s atmosphere. A major proportion of these gases derive frompast and present life processes on the earth, including decomposi-tion of organic matter, respiration of plants and animals, burning offorests and other plant material, and burning of coal, oil,and other fossil fuels.

HaloclineA zone of marked salinity gradient.

Indigenous peoplePeople whose ancestors inhabited a place or a country when personsfrom another culture or ethnic background arrived on the scene anddominated them through conquest, settlement, or other means andwho today live in more conformity with their own social, economic,and cultural customs and traditions than those of the country ofwhich they now form a part. Such people are often referred to inthe Arctic as “aboriginal”, “Native”, “first nations”, or “tribal”.

IrradianceRadiant power per unit area (units = W/m2).

NativeOfficial legal term used in Alaska for indigenous people as a result ofwording in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971.

Net ecosystem productionNet gain or loss of carbon from an ecosystem. Net ecosystem pro-duction is equal to the gross primary production (carbon fixed byplants through the process of photosynthesis) minus the carbon lostthrough heterotrophic respiration.

Net primary production The increase in plant biomass or carbon of a unit of a landscape.Net primary production is equal to the gross primary production(carbon fixed by plants through the process of photosynthesis)minus carbon lost through autotrophic respiration.

NivalPertaining to snow.

North Atlantic OscillationThe North Atlantic Oscillation consists of opposing variations of baro-metric pressure near Iceland and near the Azores. On average, a west-erly current between the Icelandic low pressure area and the Azoreshigh pressure area carries cyclones and their associated frontal sys-tems towards Europe. However, the pressure difference betweenIceland and the Azores fluctuates on timescales of days to decades,and can be reversed at times. It is the dominant mode of winter cli-mate variability in the North Atlantic region, ranging from centralNorth America to Europe.

Northeast Passage (Northern Sea Route) The route of potential ship transit through the Arctic Ocean northof Eurasia between the Barents and Bering Seas.

Northwest PassageThe route of potential ship transit north of North America betweenthe Labrador and Bering Seas.

NunatakA mountain peak or rocky outcrop projecting above an ice cap.

Ocean outfallA discharge pipe used for the final disposal of wastewater extendingfrom a wastewater treatment works to the point of discharge inmarine waters.

Ontogenetic migrationThe occupation by an animal of different habitats at different stagesof development.

Ozone layerThe stratosphere contains a layer in which the concentration ofozone is greatest, the so-called ozone layer.The layer extends fromabout 12 to 40 km.The ozone concentration reaches a maximumbetween 20 and 25 km.This layer is being depleted by human emis-sions of chlorine and bromine compounds.These compounds inter-act photochemically with the ozone to allow increased ultraviolet-Bradiation to reach the earth’s surface.

Pack iceIce formed on oceanic surfaces in polar regions, often encompassingice bergs derived from calving of glaciers as glaciers enter the seafrom land.

PaludificationThe process of bog expansion.

ParameterizationIn climate models, this term refers to the technique of representingprocesses that cannot be explicitly resolved at the spatial or tempo-ral resolution of the model (sub-grid scale processes) by relation-

Appendix F • Glossary 1041

ships between the area- or time-averaged effect of such sub-grid-scale processes and the larger scale flow.

PathogenA microbiological agent capable of causing disease.

PelagicPertaining to the water column of the sea or lake; used of organismsinhabiting the open waters of an ocean or lake.

PermafrostGround (soil or rock and included ice and organic material) thatremains at or below 0 ºC for at least two consecutive years.

PhenologyThe study of seasonal changes in plant and animal life and the rela-tionships of these changes to weather and climate.

Phenotypic responsesChanges in the physical expression of a characteristic of an organismwhen experiencing a change in the environment and without geneticchange.

PhotokeratitisSunburn of the cornea resulting from overexposure to UV-B radia-tion that is usually reversible. It can occur after long periods on thesnow, especially on bright, clear, sunny days, without adequate eyeprotection. It can be very painful for a couple of days and can resultin transitory loss of vision.

PhotoperiodThe relative lengths of seasonally alternating periods of lightness anddarkness in the 24 hour day that affect the growth, activity, andreproductive timing in organisms.

PhytoplanktonThe plant forms of plankton. Phytoplankton are the dominant plantsin the sea, and are the basis of the entire marine food web.Thesesingle-celled organisms are the principal agents for photosynthetic carbon fixation in the ocean.

PiscivorousFeeding on fish.

Pit privy (outhouse)A structure that receives urine and excrement that is not water-borne; and is the final disposal site and not a temporary storagefacility.

PlanktivorousFeeding on planktonic organisms.

Polar stratospheric cloudsClouds that form at extremely low temperatures (below 195 K) inthe stratosphere, mostly in the polar regions, and play a role inozone depletion chemistry.

PolynyaA Russian term meaning an area of open water, possibly containingsome thin ice, within the ice pack. A polynya is distinguished from alead by being a broad opening rather than a long, narrow fracture.

Post and pad foundationA building foundation system constructed with posts for verticalsupport and pads on the ground to distribute the load of each verti-cal support.

Prognostic variableA variable that is described by an equation that contains a timederivative of this variable (a differential equation), and therefore itsvalue can be determined at a later time when the other terms in theequation are known.

Proxy climate dataA proxy climate indicator is a local record that is interpreted, usingphysical and biophysical principles, to represent some combinationof climate-related variations back in time. Climate-related dataderived in this way are referred to as proxy data. Examples of prox-ies are tree ring records and various data derived from ice cores.

Quasi-biennial oscillationAn oscillation in the zonal winds of the equatorial stratosphere hav-ing a period that fluctuates between about 24 and 30 months.Thisoscillation is a manifestation of a downward propagation of windswith alternating sign.This phenomenon is sometimes referred to asthe stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation to distinguish it fromother atmospheric features that also have spectral peaks near twoyears.

RefugiumAn area that has escaped major climatic changes typical of a regionas a whole and acts as a refuge for biota previously more widely dis-tributed; an isolated habitat that retains the environmental condi-tions that were once widespread.

Regime shiftA rapid change in regional climate.

ResilienceSynonymous with “adaptive ability”, or the ability of a system toundergo change without changing its state or identity.

RuderalInhabiting disturbed sites.

RunoffThe water from rain or melted snow that travels over the groundsurface.

Saline wedgeA salt-water layer flowing below a lower density freshwater layerthat tends to form the shape of a wedge as it intrudes into a riversystem.

Species adaptationCharacteristics of an organism that have been selected by specificselection pressures exerted by other organisms or the physical envi-ronment and that have lead to a new genetic constitution.

Spectral irradianceRadiant power per unit area (units = W/m2/nm).

Spectral modelA model in which the prognostic field variables are represented assums of a finite set of spectral modes rather than being given at gridpoints.The spectral modes may be Fourier modes in the one-dimen-sional case or double Fourier modes or spherical harmonics in thetwo-dimensional case. One advantage of a spectral model is thathorizontal derivatives can be calculated exactly for the spectralmodes represented in the model. Spectral models are, in general,computationally more efficient than a grid-point model with anequivalent resolution.

Stamukhi zoneThe zone of heavily broken ice which marks the contact betweenland-fast ice and the moving pack-ice zones.

StenothermalA tolerance of a narrow range of environmental temperatures.

Storm surgeA temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the seadue to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pres-sure and/or strong winds).The storm surge is defined as being theexcess above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at thattime and place.

SubpermafrostLocated beneath the permafrost.

Subsistence activityAn aspect of human existence involving derivation of food and otherneeds directly from the locally available natural resources.

SustainabilityThe ability of a natural system (e.g., ecosystem, plant community,population of organisms) or a human-generated system (e.g., com-munity, economy, culture) to maintain itself over time. Often usedin reference to the ability of a renewable natural resource to yield astable annual harvest over time.

TaigaRussian term for the boreal or northern coniferous forest biome;the ecosystem adjacent to the arctic tundra.

TalikA layer or body of unfrozen ground occurring in a permafrost areadue to a local anomaly in thermal, hydrological, hydrogeological, orhydrochemical conditions.

ThermoclineA boundary region in water bodies (lakes or oceans) between twolayers of water of different temperature, in which temperaturechanges sharply with depth.

Thermohaline circulation Large-scale density-driven circulation in the ocean, caused by differ-ences in temperature and salinity. In the north Atlantic, the thermo-haline circulation consists of warm surface water flowing northwardand cold deepwater flowing southward, resulting in a net polewardtransport of heat.The surface water sinks in highly restricted sinkingregions located in high latitudes.

ThermokarstIrregular, hummocky topography in frozen ground caused by melt-ing of ice.

Traditional knowledgeThe accumulated knowledge of indigenous peoples about the envi-ronment in which they live that has been passed on via the elders ofa community.

Trophic levelsThe sequence of steps in a food chain; from producer to primary,secondary, or tertiary consumer.

TundraA type of ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, anddwarf woody plants.Tundra is found at high latitudes (arctic tundra)and high altitudes (alpine tundra). Arctic tundra is underlain by per-mafrost and is usually saturated.

Urocanic acidA photoreceptor for the induction of UV immune suppression.

1042 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

UV-AThe longest UV wavelengths (315–400 nm). Atmospheric gasesabsorb little UV-A radiation, so most reaches the earth’s surface.

UV-BSolar radiation within a wavelength range of 280–315 nm, thegreater part of which is absorbed by stratospheric ozone. EnhancedUV-B radiation suppresses the immune system and can have otheradverse effects on living organisms.

UV-CThe shortest UV wavelengths (100–280 nm). UV-C radiation isalmost entirely absorbed by atmospheric oxygen and ozone.

UV indexA number reflecting the daily risk of overexposure (sunburning) tosunlight. Measured on a scale of 0 to >10, where 0 indicates mini-mal exposure and >10 indicates high to very high risk.

UV-induced immune suppressionA change in cell-mediated immunity induced by UV-B radiation.Theresult of UV-induced immune suppression is the production of regu-latory T-cells (suppressor cells) as opposed to effector (antigen-attacking) T-cells.

VarveA layer of sediment deposited in a lake during the course of a singleyear.

VernalPertaining to the spring.

WastewaterWaterborne human wastes or graywater derived from dwellings,commercial buildings, institutions, or similar structures; “waste-water” includes the contents of individual removable containers usedto collect and temporarily store human wastes.

WeatherState of the atmosphere with regard to temperature, precipitation,wind, and degree of cloud cover.

ZooplanktonThe animal forms of plankton.They consume phytoplankton orother zooplankton.

δ18OAn expression for the ratio of the 18O to 16O atoms (stable isotopesof oxygen) in a sample relative to a standard, used as an indicator oftemperature change over time, and defined as: δ18O = (18O/16Osample - 18O/18O standard)/(18O/16O standard).