CHAPTER FIVE POWERPOINT

LESSON ONE – 7.3, 7.5, 7.6 ARABIC LIFE

• BEGAN AROUND A.D. 630S.

• ISLAM WAS MAIN REASON FOR EMPIRE

• WITHIN 100 YEARS, IT SPREAD TO PARTS OF ASIA, NORTHERN AFRICA, AND EUROPE

• ARABIAN PENINSULA – HOMELAND OF THE ARAB PEOPLE – CENTER OF ISLAM

• LAND BETWEEN RED SEA AND PERSIAN GULF

• VERY DRY PLAINS AND DESERT THROUGHOUT

• SUMMER – 122 DEGREES FARENHEIT – CLIMATE HELPED TO LESSEN INVASIONS

• WATER IS LIMITED ONLY AT SCATTERED SPRINGS OR WATER HOLES CALLED OASIS – PLACE WHERE TREES CAN GROW

• SOUTHWESTERN PART – MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS – ENOUGH RAIN FOR JUNIPER AND OLIVE TREES

• EGYPTIANS TO THE WEST, MESOPOTAMIA TO THE NORTH, PERSIANS TO THE EAST, AND JEWS, GREEKS, AND ROMANS TO THE FAR NORTH

DESERT VS. TOWNS • BEDOUIN PEOPLE:

• MOST WERE NOMADIC HERDERS

• LIVED IN TENTS

• RAISED CAMELS, GOATS, SHEEP

• ATE FRESH OR DRIED DATES AND DRANK MILK

• AT TIMES ATE GOAT OR SHEEP

• FORMED TRIBES TO SURVIVE – EXPECTED LOYALTY

• LEADER OF TRIBE WAS A SHEIKH

• TRIBES FOUGHT OVER LAND, WATER, AND CAMELS

• ENTERTAINMENT: CAMEL AND HORSE RACES, ORAL STORIES, POEMS

• FARMED, RAISED ANIMALS, AND TRADED GOODS

• MERCHANTS WOULD USE CAMELS FOR TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS

• TRAVEL IN CARAVANS – GROUPS OF MERCHANTS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM BEDOUIN

• MOST IMPORTANT TOWN: MAKKAH OR MECCA – CLOSE TO RED SEA

• MECCA WAS CENTER OF THE KAABA – LOW, BLOCK-LIKE BUILDING

• MONOTHEISTIC GOD – ALLAH (USE TO BE POLYTHEISTIC UNTIL MUHAMMAD)

• CENTER OF HAAJ OR PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA

MUHAMMAD AND HIS MESSAGE • MUHAMMAD:

1. BORN INTO A MERCHANT FAMILY IN MAKKAH IN A.D. 570

2. ORPHANED AT AGE OF 5 OR 6 3. TEENAGER – CARAVAN LEADER AND

MERCHANT 4. HATED THE GREED, DISHONESTY,

NEGLECT OF THE POOR, AND DISREGARD FOR FAMILY LIFE OF WEALTHY MERCHANTS

5. SPENT TIME IN A CAVE OUTSIDE OF CITY – HAD VISION – STANDING ON A ROCK WHEN ANGEL GABRIEL VISITED

6. MESSAGES : PREACH ISLAM (SURRENDERING OF THE WILL OF ALLAH) –TOLD PEOPLE TO WORSHIP ONLY ALLAH AND DESTROY STATUES OF FAKE GODS

7. EVERYONE EQUAL IN GOD’S EYES 8. RICH MUST GIVE TO THE POOR 9. MUST DO GOOD DEEDS 10. PREPARE FOR THE DAY OF JUDGEMENT –

PUNISH EVIL AND REWARD JUST

FIVE PILLARS:

1. YOU MUST BELIEVE IN ALLAH AND MUHAMMAD AS HIS PROPHET

2. YOU MUST PRAY 5 TIMES A DAY

3. YOU MUST GIVE ALMS (CHARITY) TO THE POOR

4. YOU MUST FAST DURING MONTH OF RAMADAN (OCTOBER) (OCTOBER 31 – NIGHT OF POWER)

5. YOU MUST TRAVEL AT LEAST ONCE IN YOUR LIFE TO THE CITY OF MECCA TO VISIT KAABA

OPPONENTS VS. ISLAMIC STATE• OPPONENTS:

• WEALTHY MERCHANTS AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS OPPOSED HIM AT FIRST – THOUGHT HE WAS TRYING TO DESTROY AUTHORITY

• POOR WAS ATTRACTED TO HIS MESSAGE

• FIRST MUSLIMS OR FOLLOWERS WERE HIS FAMILY MEMBERS

• HAD TO MOVE TO YATHRIB FOR SAFETY – KNOWN AS THE HIJRAH (BREAKING OFF RELATIONSHIP) WITH MECCA

• FIRST YEAR OF MUSLIM CALENDAR – A.D. 622

• CITY OF YATHRIB ACCEPTS MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGES AND CHANGES NAME TO MADINAH (CITY OF THE PROPHET)

• ISLAMIC STATE:

• MUHAMMAD USED LAWS GIVEN TO HIM BY ALLAH TO SETTLE PROBLEMS IN MADINAH

• SET UP A GOVERNMENT THAT USED THE ISLAM RELIGION AS ITS LAWS – THEOCRACY

• MUST PLACE LOYALTY TO THE ISLAMIC STATE BEFORE YOUR TRIBE

• SET UP AN ARMY TO DEFEND HIS NEW STATE.

• FOUGHT A BATTLE TO REGAIN MECCA AND MADE IT A HOLY CITY

• BY HIS DEATH IN A.D. 632 – ENTIRE ARABIAN PENINSULA WAS PART OF THE ISLAMIC STATE

BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF MUSLIMS• FIVE PILLARS - BELIEF, PRAYER, CHARITY, FASTING, PILGRIMAGE

• ONE GOD – ALLAH

• GOD SPOKE TO PROPHETS OF ADAM, ABRAHAM, MOSES, JESUS, AND MUHAMMAD

• MUHAMMAD IS THE LAST AND GREATEST PROPHET

• RECEIVED MESSAGES FOR 20 YEARS

• HE WROTE THEM DOWN IN COLLECTION WHICH BECAME KNOWN AS THE QURAN (KORAN) – CONTAINS TEACHINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIVING

• GUIDELINES FOR LIVING: MUST BE HONEST, TREAT OTHERS FAIRLY, MUST RESPECT PARENTS, BE KIND TO NEIGHBORS, DO NOT MURDER, LIE, OR STEAL, MUST OBEY ALLAH

• MUST FOLLOW SHARI’AH AND SUNNA – DO NOT GAMBLE, EAT PORK, DRINK ALCOHOL

CHAPTER 5 – LESSON TWO – 7.4, 7.7, 7.9, 7.11, 7.12 – FOUNDING AN EMPIRE

• NO INSTRUCTIONS WERE GIVEN AS TO WHO WOULD BE THE NEXT LEADER AFTER MUHAMMAD DIED IN A.D. 632.

• A NEW CALIPH OR SUCCESSOR WAS CHOSEN – FIRST ONES WERE CLOSE FRIENDS AND RELATIVES OF MUHAMMAD.

• GOAL – PROTECT AND SPREAD ISLAM

• A.D. 660 – ISLAM INCLUDED ALL OF SOUTHWEST ASIA AND NORTHEAST AFRICA – KNOWN AS ARAB EMPIRE

UMAYYADS• NEW CALIPHS WERE CALLED THE UMAYYADS – RULED FROM

DAMASCUS IN SYRIA

• SUCCESSES – EXPANSION OF ISLAM FROM 661 TO 750 – FARTHER INTO ASIA AND AFRICA

• ARAB SOLDIERS – EXPERIENCED HORSE RIDERS, FIERCE WARRIORS, RAIDED RIVAL TRIBES, BELIEVED THEY HAD A RELIGIOUS DUTY TO SPREAD ISLAM

• MANY OF THE PAGANS IN BYZANTINE EMPRIE WERE PERSECUTED BY CHRISTAINS AFTER THEODOSIUS SO THEY EASILY BECAME MUSLIM WHEN ATTACKED

• MUSLIMS ALSO ALLOWED PEOPLE TO PRACTICE THEIR RELIGIONS: JEWS AND CHRISTAINS ARE REFERRED TO AS “PEOPLE OF THE BOOK”

ISLAMIC SPAIN • INVADED IN THE YEAR A.D. 700S

• CITY OF CORDOBA BECOMES CENTER OF ISLAM – PEOPLE BROUGHT RELIGION, CUSTOMS, AND TRADITIONS

• MANY GREAT THINKERS – IBN RUSHD (AVERROES) – LAW AND MEDICINE AND WROTE FROM ARISTOTLE – HE INFLUENCED CHRISTIANS AND JEWS

• SOLOMON BEN GABIROL – JEWISH – BOOK THE WELL OF LIFE – INFLUENCE OF THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

• MOSES MAIMONIDES – JEWISH - PHYSICIAN IN MUSLIM ROYAL COURT AND WROTE PHILOSOPHY AND COLLECTION OF JEWISH LAWS

• SUFIS – GROUP OF PREACHERS WHO TAUGHT ISLAM

• MERCHANTS – USED TRADING POSTS TO TEACH ISLAM - INDONESIA HAS MORE MUSLIMS THAN ANY OTHER COUNTRY

• 1300S – TIMBUKTU – ACROSS THE SAHARA BECAME A MUSLIM CENTER OR LEARNING AND CULTURE

DIVISION IN ISLAM SUNNI• MUSLIMS OTHER THAN MANY

IN IRAN AND IRAQ

• BELIEVED THAT ABU BAKR, MUHAMMAD’S FATHER IN LAW, SHOULD BE FIRST CALIPH

• BELIEVED THE UMAYYADS HAD RIGHT TO RULE

• BELIEVED IN ONE GOD, QURAN, AND FIVE PILLARS

SHIA

• PRESENT DAY IRAN AND IRAQ

• BELIEVED THAT ALI, MUHAMMAD’S SON IN LAW, SHOULD HAVE BEEN THE FIRST CALIPH

• ALL OTHER LEADERS SHOULD HAVE BEEN ALI’S DESCENDANTS

• BELIEVED UMAYYAD’S HAD NO RIGHT TO RULE

• BELIEVED IN ONE GOD, QURAN, AND THE FIVE PILLARS

GROWTH IN ISLAM • RISE OF ABBASID EMPIRE WHICH RULED THE ARAB EMPIRE FROM 750

TO 1258.

• THEY WERE SHIA MUSLIMS – OPPOSED THE FACT THAT ARAB MUSLIMS HAD BEST JOBS AND PAID LOWER TAXES – SO THEY REBELLED AND OVERTHREW UMAYYADS

• GOALS – IMPROVE TRADE AND CULTURE, BAGHDAD BECOMES CAPITAL CITY, LOCATED NEAR TIGRIS SO IT HELPED WITH TRADE

• KNOWN AS THE GOLDEN AGE – PERSIAN CULTURE AND INFLUENCES BROUGHT INTO ARAB EMPIRE

• MANY PROBLEMS – NEW CALIPHS IN EGYPT AND SPAIN, RIVAL RULERS TOOK OVER PERSIA, 1055 – SELJUK TURKS (NOMADIC WARRIORS) TAKE CONTROL OF BAGHDAD AND TAKES CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT AND ARMY

• LEADER OF THE TURKS – SULTAN OR HOLDER OF POWER – SULTANS RULE FOR NEXT 200 YEARS UNTIL MONGOLS STORM BAGHDAD KILLING 50,000 PEOPLE AND ENDING ARAB EMPIRE

THREE MUSLIM EMPIRES OTTOMANS IN PRESENT DAY TURKEY

1200S TOOK OVER ASIA MINOR AND BYZANTINE EMPIRE

CALLED OTTOMAN TURKS

1453 – RULER MEHMET II (MEHMED) – KNOWN AS THE CONQUEROR – TAKES OVER CONSTANTINOPLE AND RENAMES IT ISTANBUL

SPREAD TO SOUTHEAST EUROPE, SOUTHWEST ASIA, AND NORTH AFRICA

LEADER WAS CALLED A SULTAN

MOST FAMOUS LEADER WAS SULEIMAN I – 1500S – “THE LAWGIVER” – ORGANIZED OTTOMAN LAWS AND BUILT SCHOOLS AND MOSQUES

NON- MUSLIMS HAD TO PAY EXTRA SPECIAL TAXES IN ORDER TO PRACTICE THEIR RELIGION

AFTER SULEIMAN – EMPIRE KEEPS BREAKING DOWN, LOSING LANDS, CRUMBLES IN 1900S

SAFAVIDSSHIA LEADER NAMED ISMAIL PROCLAIMED HIMSELF SHAH (KING)

FOUNDED SAFAVID DYNASTY

RULED PERSIA FROM 1501 TO 1700S

PERSIAN CULTURE AND TRADE GREW

URDU, LANGUAGE IN PAKISTAN, WAS BASED ON PERSIAN INFLUENCE

INDIA’S MOGUL EMPIRE1500S – MONGOLS SET UP EMPIRE IN INDIA

AKBAR – MOGUL EMPIRE PROSPERED UNDER HIM

PEOPLE COULD PRACTICE THEIR RELIGIONS UNDER HIM

AFTER HIM, MUSLIMS LEADERS BECAME LESS TOLERANT

HINDUS AND SIKHS WERE PERSECUTED BY MUSLIMS

HINDUS – POLYTHEISITC, SIKHS – BELIEVED IN ONE GOD AND MUST DO GOOD DEEDS

MONGOLS LOST POWER WHEN HINDUS AND SIKHS REBEL AND EUROPEANS COME

LESSON 3 – 7.4, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10

• MUSLIM TRADE – MERCHANTS CONTROL MUCH OF ASIA AND AFRIC FROM 700S TO 1400S

• USED CARAVANS TO TRAVEL TO PREVENT RAIDS FROM GROUPS AND WENT FROM EGYPT TO MESOPOTAMIA TO CHINA

• SAILED INDIAN OCEAN

• GOODS THEY HAD – SPICES, CLOTH, GLASS, CARPETS, SUGAR, RICE, ORANGES, CHERRIES, AND COTTON

• THINGS THEY WANTED – SILK, RUBIES, SPICES FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA, GOLD, IVORY, ENSLAVED PERSONS

WHY WERE TRADERS SUCCESSFUL?

• ARABIC LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN AREAS - BECOMES LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS• ISLAM RELIGIONS SPREAD THROUGHOUT • RULERS PROVIDED MERCHANTS WITH COINS TO USE FOR

BUYING AND SELLING • COINS LESSENED THE NEED FOR BARTERING• RECORD KEEPING WAS EXCEPTIONAL – KEEP UP WITH

DEALINGS AND EARNINGS – CREATED NEW INDUSTRY OF “BANKING”

MUSLIM CITIES AND FARMS

MUSLIM CITIES • MAJOR CITIES – MAKKAH (MECCA),

BAGHDAD, CAIRO, DAMSCUS

• NARROW STREETS AND PACKED BUILDINGS

• MOSQUES (RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS) AND PALACES – SERVED AS SCHOOLS, COURTS, AND LEARNING CENTERS

• BAZAAR – MARKETPLACE – FULL OF SHOPS AND STALLS WHERE GOODS ARE SOLD

• INNS TO PROVIDE PLACE TO EAT AND REST

MUSLIM FARMS • DRY CLIMATE AND LACK OF RAIN MADE

FARMING DIFFICULT

• RELIED ON IRRIGATION TO WATER CROPS

• WHEAT, RICE, BEANS, CUCUMBERS. AND MELONS

• ORCHARDS OF ALMONDS, APRICOTS, FIGS, AND OLIVES

• USED FLOWERS TO MAKE PERFUME

• MOST LAND WAS OWNED BY WEALTHY AND USED ENSLAVED PERSONS AND HIRED FARMERS TO WORK THE LAND

MUSLIM CONTRIBUTIONS

• LANGUAGE – ARABIC LANGUAGE WAS MOST WIDELY SPOKEN AND HELPED WITH TRADING OF GOODS

• HOUSE OF WISDOM – RESEARCH CENTER FOR MUSLIMS, JEWS, AND CHRISTIANS WAS FOUNDED BY CALIPH MAMUN IN A.D. 830

• 700S -1400S – PRESERVED MANY ANCIENT MUSLIM WRITINGS UNLIKE EUROPEANS

• SCIENCE – MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF THE UNIVERSERE, COULD PREDICT SUN’S ECLIPSES AND PROVED THE MOON AFFECTED THE OCEAN TIDES, NAMED THE STARS, IMPROVED THE GREEK ASTOLABE OR TOOL THAT HELPED SAILORS NAVIGATE, CONFIRMED THE EARTH WAS ROUND, FOUNDER OF CHEMISTRY

• AL-RAZI – ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS CHEMISTS WHO LABELED SUBSTANCES AS ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, OR MINERAL

• MATHEMATICS – AL-KHAWARIZMI – INVENTED ALGEBRA, HE AND AL-KINDI BORROWED THE SYMBOLS 0 THROUGH 9 FROM THE HINDUS AND PASSED THEM ON TO THE EUROPEANS – ARABIC NUMERALS

OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS • MEDICINE – Arab doctors discovered that blood circulates to and from the heart.

They diagnosed diseases such as difference between smallpox and measles. They published their findings. Persian doctor Ibn Sina produced book called Cannon of Medicine that described how diseases spread and analyzed different types of medicines. They had to pass tests to be doctors and go to medical schools. Medical clinics were built to help the sick.

• LITERATURE – Quran was most important book. Non-religious books included: The Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) that described tales from India such as Alladin. Poet Omr Khayyam wrote one of the best poems ever called Rubaiyat which describes humans as mysteries. Historian Ibn Khaldun was one of the first to look for cause-effect relationships of historical events as well as climate and geography.

• ART AND ARCHITECTURE – Muslims could not paint images of people but created designs with flowers, leaves, stars, and beautiful writings. Mosques built throughout cities and included the minarets or towers where an announcer would call to Muslims to pray five times a day. Large palaces were built for rulers and included porches, fountains, and pools as well as walls for protection. One of the most famous palaces is located in Granada, Spain called Alhambra. Taj Mahal is a building in Agra, India built as a tomb for ruler Shah Jahan’s wife. It is made of marble and precious stones.