CHAPTER-II

HISTORICAL BACKGIUHJNJ) OF RAIPUR DlSTIUCT

The study of the origin and evolution of a region is of

mainly the study of different stages of its growth through which the life of

the region has passed. Thus it gives a living and interesting study of the

physical and cultural development, which the region has attained so far.

ORIGIN:

Raipur claims its origin in the beginning of the 15th

century under the rule of the Haihaivans period. It belongs to the medieval

age. The word Raipur means Rai-ka-pur (town to Rai). It must have been

given after the name of either Rai Brahmadeva or his father Rai

Ramchandra Deva. Brahmapuri is a part of Raipur and it is known by

Brahmapur fort. Its symbols are still existing near Budhatalab. It was the

previous kingdom of this state.

OLD SITE OF RAIPUR: The old site of Raipur lays on the bank of river

Kharoon, about four miles south west of the present site.

CHANGING OF THE SITE: The old settlement of Raipur was shifted to

the present site ofthe Burha talab, which was defensive.

EVOLUTION: It has passed through many stages of its evolution which

can be broadly divided into following periods.

(1) THE HAIHAIV ANSI PERIOD:- This district became the capital in the

14th century. Laxman Dev was the 1st king of this region. The name of the

district originated from the name of Ramchandra Dev, the grandson of

Laxman Dev. This reign continued till 1741.

(2) THE MARATHA AGE (1741-1854): After the victory of the Maratha

over Chhattisgarh in 1740, Raipur became an administrative centre. On the

27

year 1818 Raipur became the headquarter in place of Ratanpur. This reign

lasted till 1830. During 1830 to 1854 Maratha again regained their power.

The Maratha reign collapsed in the year 1854.

(3) THE BRITISH PERIOD:

The British period started here in 1854. Raipur

remained an active centre during the freedom movement of 1857.

(4) THE POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (1947 onwards):

From 1947 onwards Raipur has been developed

as an industrial centre. Keeping in view the importance of the district and

its increasing population, Municipal Corporation was established in the

year 1972. On I i h of May 1986 Municipality was established here.

On the 1st of November 2000, Chhattisgarh

emerged as a new state and Raipur has been declared its capital, and then

started the phase of development. To accelerate the economic development

and to concentrate on the specific problems of the region this new state

was carved out. The major challenge of our socio economic reform

programme was that of balancing the growth process and bridging rural

urban divides.

Chhattisgarh after attaining its independent

existence, embarked on an ambitious programme of social and economical

development. It has been facing twin problems of unemployment and

poverty. Though the land is rich with diverse natural resources but is

unhamessed. The crucial task is to emphasize on these resources - land,

water, minerals, forest and all sort of natural wealth and to transform them

into productive wealth for the welfare and economic growth of the people.

Chhattisgarh is the 26th state of India. It is a part

of Madhya Pradesh formed by cutting of seven districts from the south-east

28

part and the same were reorganised again into sixteen new districts. Its

map sketch resembles the shape of a sea horse (fig 1).Due to its

agricultural dominances it is known as "Rice Bowl" in Hi'ndi "DHAN KA

KA TORA' , . The details of the new reorganised districts after

reconstruction are shown in the (table 2.01).

TABLE 2.01:- DISTRICTS BEFORE AND AFTER THE DIVISION

FROMM.P

Original districts New districts after reconstruction

Raipur Raipur, Dhamtari, Mahasamund

Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon, Kabirdham(Kawardha)

Durg Not divided

Sarguja Sarguja, Korea

Raigarh Raigarh, Jashpur

Bilaspur Bilaspur, Korba, Janjgir, champa

Bastar Kanker, Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Bijapur

Two new districts were formed in Nov. 2007;

they are Narayanpur and Bijapur- in Bastar districts. At present there are

eighteen districts. But the study is based on sixteen districts.

The new formed C.G is divided into three

administrative divisions; Raipur division, Bilaspur division and Bastar

division. Raipur division comprises of six districts, Bilaspur division has

seven districts and Bastar division has five districts.

29

TABLE NO 2.02 - DIVISIONS OF CIIIIATTISGARH

Raipur division Bilaspur division Bastar division

Raipur Bilaspur Bastar

Durg Janjgir, Champa Kanher

Rajnandgaon Korea Narayanpur

Dhamtari Korba Bijapur

Mahasamund Raigarh Dantewada

Kabirdham Jashpur

Sarguja

TABLE (2.03) :- CHHATTISGARH AT A GLANCE

Number of districts:- 16 (now 18)

Number ofTehsil 97

Number of blocks (sub districts): 146

Number of villages 20.4 thousand (20308)

Number of towns 97

Geographical area (4.11%)-135191 km2

Rural area (4.27%)- 133325.25 km2

Urban area (2.39%)-1865.75 km2

Source:- Census of India 2001, map profile 2001, India state and union territories. Office of Registrar General India

page l74 to l76. Chhattisgarh Vistrit Adhyayan P-74.

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND OF RAIPUR DISTRICT

PHYSICAL SETTINGS OF RAIPUR DISTRICT:

The geography of an urban settlement usually

begins with the consideration of its setting, which bears a profound

influence of its fonn functions and regional relationships.

30

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RAIPUR DISTRICT GEOLOGY

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LOCATION AND EXTENT:

Raipur district is a part of Chhattisgarh and lies

to the middle east ofC.G. region. It extends from 19° 45' N to 21°53' N

latitudes and from 81 °33 , E to 82°58' E longitudes. It covers an area of

13017.99 sq.km. It forms a part of the upper Mahanadi Basin. It is the 3,d

largest district in the state bordered by Bilaspur in the North, Bastar in the

west.

The river Mahanadi transverses the area from

south-west to north-east and forms its northern border. Some tributaries

and sub tributaries of Mahanadi have formed the boundary of the district.

Kharoon flows on its western border, parts of the eastern border are formed

by Jonk and Tel rivers. The length of the Raipur district is 226km. from

north to south and 172 km. wide from east to west and ranks 3'd in area and

1 st regarding the population of Chhattisgarh.

SITE: The site of Raipur district is low ridge on the north west of the

Kharoon river forming of part of the Chhattisgarh basin which is

characteristically flat and open. The bed of the Kharoon river rises at the

rate of only two feet per mile. Raipur district is the heart of C.G.

SITUATION: The situation shows the position of a district in relation to

its surroundings. The advantage of site has been enhanced by the unique

situation of Raipur in the heart of the C.G. basin (certain geographical

characteristics ofthe situation have made this district most significant).

The physical structure of the basin region has

been very helpful in developing a good network of transportation and

communication by joining the districts with different places within and

outside Chhattisgarh.

31

Rai pur district is one of the biggest of the 18

districts of Chhattisgarh. Situated in the centre of the state it is bounded by

Bilaspur, Janjgir, Raigarh, Mahasamund, Dhamtari and Durg. Raipur

district is growing extremely rapidly due to its religious, political

economical and commercial importance and agricultural dominations.

table 2.04 depicts Raipur district at a glance

TABLE 2.04 - RAIPUR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Geographical area 9.68 % 13083 km2

Rural area 9.63% 12839km2 .

Urban area 13.04% 243.34 km2

No.of sub districts 13

No.oftowns 14

No.ofvillage 2191

Source:· Census of India 2001 Map profile page 174·176, Chhattisgarh Vistrit Adhyayan p. 74.

CLIMATE: C.G is a land blessed with a pleasant climate. The rainy

season is from 15th of the June to October 15th• The annual average rainfall

varies between 1200mm to 1400mm. and the winter season for the next

four months. Summer stretches its wing from March to June. The highest

temperature recorded in summer season in nearly 47°c.

Monsoon is the main source of rainfall. C.G.

being a state of agricultural importance, depends heavily upon rainfall. In

spite of expansion of irrigation facilities agriculture in the large part of

cultivated area is still rain- fed. The agricultural calendar is therefore

governed by the monsoon. Any fluctuation in the monsoon may lead to

conditions of droughts or floods and the agricultural production suffers.

This has an adverse effect not only upon primary sector of economy but

32

also on the secondary activities as a number of industries depend on raw

materials from agricultural activity.

Failure of monsoon thus means not only a

shortfal1 in food production but it also affects industrial production. Beside

this, as a large majority of population depends directly upon agriculture,

any adverse effect on farming directly affects the purchasing power, thus

affecting the demand for industrial goods as well.

Due to these factors, it is not only the farmers but

the entire population who await eagerly for the burst of the south west

monsoon. The monsoon is aptly cal1ed the real finance minister of the

country.

RESOURCES: Rich is the nation, rich in its resources. Regional equality

leads to optimum use of the potentialities and resources of a region giving

its inhabitants the ful1 benefit of possible economic progress in relation to

overall economic growth. This brings the level of per capita real income as

near as it is possible in different regions. Improper utilization that is

underutilization or mis-utilization of resources results in low level of

national income and gives birth to inter-personal inequalities. The latent

resources would be idle and will be of no use if not exploited. So the

dormant resources are to be made alive by their proper exploitation. The

history of man is a record of his conquest over nature. Man creates wealth

while he acts upon Nature. This possesses the problem of the utilization of

natural resources by a country.

Fortunately, Chhattisgarh's existience and future

potential resources are practically unlimited. These abundant resources are

of high quality and are found length and breadth across the state. With this

perspective, a glimpse of our forests, soils, rivers and mineral resources are

presented in this chapter ahead.

33

LAND RESOURCES: The land area of Chhattisgarh is about 1.35 lakh

square kilometer. 44.2 percent of the total area is under forest. About 36

percent area is cultivated, 4828 thousand hectare land is sown, and to the

net sown area per head sown area is 0-24 hectare. The gross sown area is

5,327 thousand hectare. The highest percentage of land under agriculture is

in Durg, Janjgir, Champa, Mahasamund (all above SO percent) followed by

Raigarh, Bilaspur, Kawardha, Rajnandgaon and Raipur( all above 40

percent).The lowest percent of net sown area to total area is Korea (18.7

percent), followed by Dantewada (19 percent) and Bastar (21 percent).

TABLE 2.05 - DIFFERENT KINDS OF SOIL AND CROPS IN C.G

Soil type Suitable crops Region

Red yellow Paddy Sarguja, Korea, Jashpur, Korba, Kawardha, Bilaspur, Durg, Raipur, Mahasamund, Raigarh and Dhamtari District

Red sandy Loam Cereals, Kodo, Kutki, Dantewada, Bastar, Jawar, Bajra, Potato, kanker, Rajnandgaon Oil seeds

Red soil Kharif crops Dantewara

Laterite Cereal crops Kabirdham

Black soil Wheat, Cotton, Gram, Kawardha, Raipur, Chillies and coriander Mahasamund

Source:- Human Development Report- Chhattisgarh page -268

C.G state has atleast five different types of soil. In the

district of Bilaspur, Sarguja, Durg, Raipur and Bastar red and yellow

loamy soil is dominant, both are low in nitrogen and humus contents. A

major part of paddy production comes under this area. In the hilly area, the

soil is sandy loam. This soil is also suitable for paddy. Laterite soil is

34

found in Kabirdham district which is suitable for cereal crops. Black soil

found in Raipur, Mahasamund and Kabirdham districts. This type of soil is

useful for cotton, wheat, chillies, coriander, Red soil found in Dantewada

district is suitable for kharif crops. (Table 2-04) depicts the different types

of soil and crops grown in CG state.

FOREST RESOURCES: The people ofC.G have a symbiotic relationship

with forest. There is religious reverence and a grateful recognition of.

nature's benevolence. There is also an appreciation and understanding of

the impact of the environment on the lives of the people.

The state has the second largest area under

forests in the country after Assam. It is known for its Sal forests which

accounts 40.56percent of the forest area. Teak forest accounts 9.42percent

of the forest area. The forest provides food for the people and for the

animals, raw materials for household based industries, firewood, medicinal

plants and minor forest produce like tendu patta (tendu leaves) and lac.

There are more than 10,000 forest product based industrial units in

Chhattisgarh of which three hundred and six (306 units) are registered

manufacturing units.

These small scale industrial units include

sawmills, household furniture manufacturing units, beedi industries and

kosa-silk units. Major forest products are timber bamboo, lac, tendu leaves,

firewood. Minor forest products are sal-seed, fruits, gond, Katha, herbals,

honey, wax, oil, resham, match, spices, cattle rearing.

The indirect benefits of forest are that it reduces

the temperature of atmosphere gives oxygen checks pollution, soil erosion,

encourages tourism and increases income of the state. It provides shelter to

the birds and animals and support ecological balance.

35

Distribution of forest in the state is unequal. The

forest area is more in the Bastar, Dantewada, Kanker, Rajnandgaon,

Kabirdham, Mahasamund, jashpur, Sarguju, Korba, Korea districts,

whereas in Raigarh, Raipur, Durg, Bilaspur, Dhamtari, Junjgir- Champa

the forest area is comparatively less.

According to economic survey of C.G. 2002-03,

the total forest area in C.G state is 59,772 km2 of 44.2% of the total C.G

area. Further, the forests are of three types. They are reserved forest,

protected forest and unclassified forest. Table 2.06 shows the area of forest

under different categories and their percentage.

TABLE 2.06 :-AREA UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST OF e.G

Type offorest Area Percentage of total forest area ofeG.

Reserved forest 25,782km2 43.13%

Protected forest 24,036km2 40.21%

Unclassified / 9,954km2 16.66% Undemarcated forest

Total 59,772km2 100.00%

The forest area of Chhattisgaarh is divided into

SIX (6) zones or circles. They are Bilaspur, Kanker, Durg, Jagdalpur,

Raipur and Sarguja zone respectively. Table 2.07 depicts the total forest

area in different circles.

According to the (table 2.07) given below

Jagdalpur circle has the highest (60.57% of the total forest area) followed

by Sarguja 52.7% standing second. Bilaspur circle stands third 40.14%.

Fourth is Kanker circle 33.39%. Durg circle (30.40%) and Raipur circle

(30.11) are fifth and sixth respectively.

36

TABLE 2.07:- ZONE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF C.G. FOREST

Zone Total forest Reserved Protected Unclassified % of the total area km2 forest forest forest forest area in

sq.km C.G

I. Bilaspllr 14,002.52 4.196 9.805.04 0.01 40.14 zone.

1. Kanker 10,001.85 3743.35 3028.15 3229.95 33.39

3. Durg 5201.11 1931.16 3169.95 - 30.40

4.Jagdalpur 12,417.83 6458.56 4002.30 60.57 60.57 zone

5 .Raipur zone 7262.48 3839.62 3173.71 249.2 30.11

6.Sarguja zone 12091.19 3997.35 8093.84 - 52.7

Source:- www. cg forest org FMIS Division Forest Departm

TABLE NO:- 2.08

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS ON THE BASIS OF SPECIES

Sagon (teak) forest Sal forest Mixed forest Bamboo

85,151 hectare area in 2/3 area forest

Dongargarh Makdi, Kanker tehsil Bastar tehsil Konta

Bijapllr,Dhamtari Gariabandh Mahasamund Narayanpur

Konta, Kawardha Jagdalpllr, Narayanpur Sonakhan

Kondagaon Katghora

Rajnandgaon Jashpur

Narayanpur, Ambagarh Bijapur tehsil

The total forest area is classified into four

different categories on the basis of species. They are Sagun forest, Sal

forest, Mixed forest and Bamboo forest.

WATER RESOURCES: C.G. abounds in water bodies, rivers and

streams, lakes and tanks. It also receives, in normal years, rainfall adequate

to replenish water resources and to meet the needs of population. Despite

37

the abundance of water, people have learnt to conserve water and use it

judiciously and equitably, through systems and practices that have evolved

over hundreds of years.

The state of C.G. forms part of the extended river

basin of four major rivers - the Mahanadi, Godavari, Narmada and the

Gangas. The combined river length flowing through the state is 1885. kms.

These rivers provide a large network of surface water and prove to be one

of the chief major sources of irrigation in the state. (Table 2.09) provides

district wise information regarding rivers in the C.G. state.

The other important source of water is ground

water. The unpredictability of monsoon gives rise to water shortage in this

case ground water fulfills the demand of the population. Wells, tube wells,

tanks are the means to obtain ground water. The main rivers of

Chhattisgarh are Mahanadi, Shivnath, Maniyari, Lilagar, Indravati, Kotri,

Dankhi and Shankhi, Narangi, Gudra, Mari, Sabri, Bagh, Hasdo Arpa,

Tandula, Kharun, Pairy, Jonk, Surangi, Mand, Rihand, Kanhar, Haaf,

Borai, Ib(Eib). Table 2.09 depicts the rivers of C~attisgarh, their

origination length, extension and tributaries.

TABLE 2.09:- RIVERS OF CHHATTISAGRH

Origination km length extension Tributaries (Districts)

1. Mahanadi Shihava 286km Dhamtari, Arpa, Pairy, Mountain near Mahasamund, Jonk, Eib Dhamtari Raipur,

Bilaspur, Janjgir, Champa, Raigarh, Bastar, Dantewada

2. Indravati Kalahandi 264km Bastar and Kotri, Dunkni (Orissa) Dantewada & Shankani,

Narangi,

38

Gudra, Mari

3. Shivnath Near 200km Rajnandgaon, Lilagarh, Ambagarh Durg, Bilaspur, Maniyari, Tehsil Janjgir, Agar, Hamp, Pambaras Champa Surhi, region. Kharoon, Arpa

Tandula etc.

4. Hasdo Korea 1 76km Korea, mountain Bilaspur, Mancndragarh Korba, Janjgir, Tehsil Champa

5. Sabri Bailadila 173km Dantewada mountain

6.Mand Ambikapur 155km Sarguja, Mainpat Jashpur,

Raigarh, Janjgir, Champa

7. Rihand Mataringa hills 145km Sarguja Ambikapur

8. Kanhar Bakhora hills 115km Jashpur, Bagicha Sarguja

9. Arpa Khondri IOOkm Bilaspur Khong-Sara hills, Pandra

10. Kharoon Sanjari (Balod) 96km Durg, Raipur

11. Haaf Kandawani 88km Kabirdham, Hills (Kawardha,

Durg)

12. Eib Pandrapat, 87km Jashpur Jashpur

Source:- Human DeVelopment Report, e.G. p. 267

IRRIGATION AND POWER: .

Irrigation is again very important in view of the

overwhelming significance of agriculture in the regional and national

economy. Chhattisgarh state has good resources for irrigation in the form

of ground water and surface sources such as rivers, dams etc. The other

means of irrigation are wells, tube wells, tanks and canals. At the time of

formation of Chhattisgarh the total irrigated land was 13.28 lakh hectare.

39

Upto March 2001 this area was 13.40 lakh hectare and by March 2002 the

total irrigated land was 14.111akh hectare. Table 2.10 depicts the irrigated

land by different means and sources.

TABLE 2.10 :- AREA UNDER DIFFERENT MEANS OF IRRIGATION

Source 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002

1. Canal 8,02, 137 6,77,930 8,34,737

2. Tank 60,085 54,663 54,944

3.Well 40,236 39,304 38,955

4.Tubewell 1,75,981 2,12,261 2,22,645

Total 10,78,439 9,84,162 11,51,281

Source:~ Commissioner Land Revenue, Chhattisgarh

POWER PROJECTS : Power is generated mainly in three ways, Hydro­

electricity, Thermal power and Nuclear power.

1. KORBA project near Korba coal fields C.G. thermal power.

2. Banasar Project river Sone (Joint project of Madhya Pradesh and

Chhattisagrh irrigation ).

In addition to the projects mentioned here these

are restrain other projects aiming at development of irrigation facilities, \

power generation, food control and development of inland waterways,

besides other objectives.

ELECTRIFICATION:

Though the rate of electrification has increased

in Chhattisgarh but the district wise scenario is indicating negative rate of

change in some districts. Districts like Dantewada and Jashpur has

negative rate of change where as rest of the districts have shown a positive

change. Janjgir-Champa has shown a great improvement in electrification

40

since 1991 to 2001 which is 34.63 percent followed by 34.44 percent in

Raigarh district (table -2.11) shows district wise change in electrification.

TABLE - 2.11:-ELECTRIFICATION IN CHHATTISGARH DISTRICTS

Local code. No. Name of districts 1991 2001 Rate of change

01 Korea 21.95 44.36 +22.41

02 Sarguja 21.95 28.36 +6.41

03 Jashpur 36.22 19.97 -16.25

04 Raigarh 26.22 60.66 +34.44

05 Korba 30.31 49.73 +19.02

06 J anj gir-Champa 30.31 64.49 +34.63

07 Bilaspur 30.31 52.87 +22.56

08 Kawardha 37.39 43.90 +6.51

09 Rajnandgaon 37.39 64.49 +27.1

010 Durg 42.24 69.39 +27.19

011 Raipur 36.66 65.7 +29.04

012 Mahasamund 36.66 56.91 +20.25

013 Dhamtari 36.66 68.34 +31.68

014 Kanker 24.33 49.79 +25.46

015 Bastar 24.33 34.03 +9.7

016 Dantewada 24.33 22.19 -2.14

Source:- District level Data, Housing Atlas oflndia 2001 Census ofIndia, Office of Registrar General, India Human

Development Report, Chhattisgarh.

MINERAL RESOURCES:

C.G. is fairly rich in minerals and has sufficiently

large reserves of iron, ore, coal, manganese, bauxite and mica. Two district

41

belts of minerals can be identified in the country. The first identified in the

country. The first lying in lharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa yields most

of the iron are, coal, and limestone and a fairly large proportion of the

manganese and bauxite.

The second extends across Madhya Pradesh,

Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra contains a large deposite of

mica, coal, iron, limestone, manganese, diamond and other minerals.The

different varieties of minerals are listed below-

Iron are, Bauxite, Coal and lignite, Nickel,

Diamonds, Gypsum, Gold,Tin, Manganese, Thorium, Rock Phosphate,

Mica, Uranium, Salt, Limestone, Berglium, Sulphur, Lead and zinc,

Uranium,Chromili, Copper, Magnesite, Barytes, Dolomite, Graphite ,

Asbestos, Antimony, Silver, Marble, Granite, Gypsum.

"Development of minerals means the

development of the state". Different types of minerals are available in the

state and the state stands second in the mineral deposit in the nation.

India's NGP (National Gross Profit) minerals are 28,420.47 crores and of

Chhattisagarh state it is 3,929 crores which is 13.76% of the NGP

minerals. Percentage contribution of Chhattisgarh in the total mineral

deposite of the nation is - 1. Tin are (100%), 2. Iron are (23%) 3. Coal

(17%) 4. Dolomite (14%) 5. Limestone (5%) 6. Bauxite (4%).Thus, this

is the only state in the country where tin is found. Diamond and semi

precious stones like corundum, quartz and garnet are also mined here.

Mining of these minerals provides employment and adds substantial

revenue to the state's income. Table 2.12 shows district wise availability of

certain minerals in CG.

42

TABLE 2.12:- AVAILABILITY OF MINERALS IN C.G. AT A GLANCE

Sl.no Minerals District Deposits in Area lakh tonnes

Raipur 18,772.5 Mandhar, Silyari, Tilda,

I. Limestone Sonadhi, Hirna, Chandi, Gobar, Mohra, Pawni, Gaitra etc.

Durg 5,180.8 Jamul, Nandini, Samria, Atholi, Matra etc.

Rajnandgaon 250 Bhatagaon, Chharabhata, Ranii1pur regions etc.

Kabirdham 130 Poknar, Raikot, Deora, Dongri, Junagarh, Baraji, Manjhi, etc.

Bastar 3,180 Chhillhati, Tendua Bilaspur 5380 Akaltara, Aarmenta, Janjgir 2550 Bargaon Raigarh 1,370 Kharsia, Sarangarh

2. Doloimite Raipur 140 Bhatapara, Tikuli Durg 280 Kodwa,Tiria, Machkota Bastar 450 Hirri,Bilpan,Madanpur, .

Ghuma Janjgir 5190 Lagra Kabirdham 67 Bodai, Daldali

3. Bauxite Korba 30 Fotka, Pahar

Bastar 103 Keshkal, Kiritgaon, Aasna, Budhiyar, Mari

Sarguja 670 Mainpat, Jamirapat region

Jashpur 80 Sarnripat 4. Coal Sarguja 36,580.3 Sonhat, Bishrampur,

Chirmiri

Raigarh 1,53,581.7 Mandh, Raigarh region Korba 1,51,432.9 Korba belt

Korea 12,154.1 Sohagpur, Chirmiri etc. Dantewada 13,435.3 Bailadila region.

5. Iron-ore Kanker 8,081.5 Raoghat, Chargaon, Bastar 353.l Chhota dongar Durg 1647.4 Dalli-Rajhara Rajnandgaon 100 Boria, Tibbu

43

6. Quartzite Durg 200 Danitola

Bastar 50 Dilmili

Rajnandgaon Figure Pillakachhar notavailable

7. Tin ore Raigarh 120 Rampur, Chhiraipani

Dantewada 2889 Chacheli, Katekkalyan region.

8. Coranbum Dantewada 25 tonnes Bhopalpattnam

9. Gold Raipur 2780kg. In sands ofEib-Maini rivers

10. Diamond Raipur No record Mainpur area of deposite

11. Alexandrite Raipur No record Deobhog region of deposite

12. Garnet Raipur 16 tonnes Dhupkot

Dantewada No record Bhopalapattnam of deposite

Source:- Human Development Report, C.G. Page 268, Chhattisgarh EK. Vistrit Adhyayan.

In Korea, Sarguja, Raigarh and Korba districts of

C.G deposits of coal is very large (35,375.90 million tonnes). Thus, Raipur

district is rich in mineral resources. Maximum deposites of limestone

(18,772.5Iakh tonnes), diamond mines, gold, alexandrite, garnet and

dolamite are available. Chhattisagrh Mineral Development Corporation

was formed on 7-6-2001 and started functioning from 1-8-2001. Table

2.13 gives the iron-ore area and its deposites in million tonnes, in

Chhattisagrh, where mining is being done by NMDC (National Mineral

Development Corporation). Table 2.13 presents the iron ore area and its

deposites in Chhattisgarh state.

44

TABLE 2.13:IRON ORE AREA AND DEPOSITES IN CHIIATTISGARH.

Sl.No District Area (Region) Depositcs (in million tonnes)

1 Dantewada I3ailadila 1,343.53

2 Bastar Chhota Dongar 35.31

3 Kanker Rowghat 731.93

Chargaon 21.80

Metabodli 15.60

Hahaladdi 12.82

4 Rajnandgaon Boria Tibbu 10.00

Source:- Mineral Development Corporation C.O.

HUMAN RESOURCES: The question of population has· attracted the

attention of statesman and philosophers since long. Plato and Aristotle

were interested in the question of population size in context of city states.

Even census were taken long back. The first census was conducted under

Ceaser Augustus in the year when Christ was born. Major census was

taken in China in the year 2 A.D. Population registers in Scandinavia in

1876 and in Sweden and Denmark in 1769. However, scientific decenneial

census was initiated in U.S.A in 1790 and in France in 1801. But, Malthus

made the first systematic approach to this problem. The term demography

for the study of population was first coined in 1855 by Achille Guillard,

though this field was explored much before him in 1662 by John Grant and

William Petty. Recently data methods are used in demography as inter

disciplinary subject with strong roots in economics, sociology, human

ecology, etc.

Human resources constitute one of the greatest

assets of any regIOn. It is one of the most deliberate and critical

determinants of groWth. Often the term "Human resources" is considered

synonymous with the term "Man power" or population of the state. In real

45

sense of the term human resources refer to human strength which is more

productive.

It is an inevitable reality that Chhattisgarh's

population has crossed the two crores mark. According to 2001 census its

population is 2.08 crores and it holds 17th state rank. (Table 2.13)shows

that the Raipur district is having the highest population. Growth rate is

more in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. The decadal population

growth rate from 1991 to 2001 is highest of Sarguja district (24.58%)

where as it is lowest of the Mahasamund district (8.72%). The state has

low density of population 154 persons per square km. According to 2001

census Janjgir - Champa district has got the highest density of population

(342 persons Ikm2) and Dantewada has got the lowest population density

(41 persons I km2).

The sex ratio for the state is 989 females per

thousand males in 2001 which shows an improvement as composed to

1991census, carving a way towards lowering gender inequality.

Rajnandgaon (1023 women per 1000 males) and Dantewada (1016 women

per 1000 males) have shown drastic improvement in the sex ratio. There

are several ways to look at the huge population base. A majority considers

it a bane, however, since the factor of this population explosion cannot be

ignored, it is prudent to convert the curse into blessings. Thus, proper

human resource management would be a vital issue not only for the

present, but also for the future on the road to made Chhattisgarh a social

and economically developed region

46

~ -..I

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Location code no.

22

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

16

Name of state! district

Chhattsgarh

Korea

Sarguja

Jashpur

Raigarh

Korba

Janjgir-Chmapa

Bilaspur

Kawardha

Rajnandgaon

Durg

Raipur

Mahasamund

Dhamtari

Kanker

Bastar

Dantewada

Total population

1991 2001

17614928 20833803

500758 586327

1581872 1972094

1694883 743160

1110200 1265529

1065939 1011823

825891 1317431

656352 1998355

1089047 584552

513496 1283224

2397134 ~10436

2529166 3016930

791197 860257

587679 706591

1100980 650934

548076 1306673

622267 719487

Population growth rate 1991-2001

Rank 2001 Rural Urban Total Rank

--14.23 36.24 18.27 --15 22.54 5.54 16.91 11

4 22.52 6065 24.58 I

II 11.87 33.22 12.71 15

8 18.01 23.25 18.68 6

9 -2.9 22.55 22.55 2

5 18.08 22.48 18.55 7

3 12.75 35.92 17.59 10

16 12.64 30.87 13.86 5

7 18.5 14.2 17.7 9

2 II. 77 26.26 16.88 12

I 9.14 49.77 18.97 4

10 6.7 27.5 8.72 16

13 20.88 12.7 19.72 3

14 17.42 5503 18.84 14

6 18.17 19.28 18.28 8

12 13.05 61.44 15.56 13 -

Density of populatIOn per sqlkm

1991 2001 Rank 2001

130 154 --

76 89 14

101 125 12

112 127 II

150 179 7

125 153 9

288 342 I

205 241 3

122 138 10

135 159 8

280 328 2

193 230 4

165 180 6

174 208 5

84 100 13

74 87 15

35 41 16

Sex ratio

1991

985

926

966

1001

1000

952

10007

973

996

1016

967

983

1015

1009

1000

999

1009

2001

989

946

972

999

994

964

998

971

1002

1023

982

980

1018 I

1004 ,

1005

1011 !

1016

...., > = t"" t"l

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=i ... o z o ""l t"l C:"l

8 t"l ~

-'" '" -~ <= <= -

TABLE 2.15 :- nEMOGRAl'lIIC FIGURES OF C.(;. AT A GLANCE

Persons Male Female

Total workers 9,679,871 5,531,859 4,148,012 --

Main workers 7,054,595 4,742,935 2,311,660

Marginal Workers 2,625,276 788,927 1,836,352

Cultivators 4,311,131 2,466,477 1,844,654

Agricultural labourers 3,091,358 1,262,559 1,828,799

Household industry workers 198,691 115,860 82,831

Others workers 2,078691 1686963 391728

Sex ratio 989

Child sex ratio 975

Literacy rate 64.7% 77.4% 51.9%

Work participation ratio 46.5% 52.8% 40.0%

Main workers 72.9% 85.7% 55.7%

Marginal workers 27.1% 14.3% 44.3%

Categories of total workers

Cultivators 44.5% 44.6% 44.5%

Agricultural labourers 31.9% 22.8% 44.1%

Household industry workers 2.1% 2.1% 2.0%

Other workers 21.5% 30.5% 9.4%

Source;- Human Development Report, C.G. Chhattisgarh EK. Vistrit Adhyayan.

EDUCATION: The purpose of workers education is to inculcate among

them the ability to take right decisions to identify what is good and what is

bad for them and what is relevant and irrelevant for them. This has become

necessary because of an increase in incidences of industrial sickness in

recent times, which is at times due to the mismanagement of the owners

(employers) or at times owing to their selfish motives or personal reasons.

48

So, for effective intervention workers need to

know the whole system of the working of an industrial unit, the industry

and the economy. If workers want to seek a better deal for their sweat, it is

essential for them to know the facts rigourously, so that, they must be as

equipped as the employers or the management are. Educated workers can

equip themselves with different branches of knowledge and could learn the

requisite skills for successful bargaining and negotiations:

The last decade has shown a marked

improvement in the literacy rate in Chhattisgarh. According to 1991 census

the literacy rate in C.G. was 42.91 percent, as against the national literacy

rate was 54.21percent. According to Census of India, 2001, the literacy

rate of C.G. is 64.7% and it is at par with the national average of 64.8%.

Better enrolment reduced dropout rates, better access to schools for

children and some success in adult literacy programmes have enabled the

state to be parallel with the national average, just in a decade and it is

presented in (Table 2.16).

TABLE 2.16: LITERACY RATE IN C.G. AND INDIA 1991 AND 2001 IN %

Census 1991 Census 2001

C.G. India C.G. India

Total literacy 42.91 54.21 64.70 64.80

Male literacy 58.07 64.13 77.40 75.3

Female literacy 27.52 44.69 60.48 58.7

Urban literacy 71.31 73.08 80.58 79.9

Rural literacy 28.69 29.62 19.42 20.1

Source:· Census oflndia,2001

The state has achieved a marked progress in the

field of education due to the establishment of educational institution. The

49

data reveals that some more efforts are to be done yet, to increase the rate

of literacy.

TABLE 2.17: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN C.G.

Sl.no Level of Education (standard) Number of institutions in C.G.

I Pre primary schools 839

2 Primary schools 35335

3 Middle schools 7098

4 High School 1176

5 Higher Secondary school l386

6 Universities 9

7 Graduate colleges 289

8 Post graduate colleges 227

9 Training colleges (ITI) 104

Source:- Human Development Report, C.G. (2004), Page 272

HEALTH CENTRES AND MEDICAL FACILITIES:

The basic objective of health care of an

individual is the prevention of disease and injury rather than the cure of

disease. The modem concept of hygiene differs from the traditional

concept. The later is concern with "the mere absence of an ascertainable

disease or infirmity", while the modem concept refers to "The health

which is the outcome of the interaction between the individual and his

enrolment." The aim of hygiene is the promotion and maintenance of the

highest degree of the physical, mental and social well being of individuals.

III health trusts and disturbs the independency of

an individual and makes him dependent which is a curse. So, health

50

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Since a large number of individuals spend a great deal

of their time in an environment which is not usually conducive to a healthy

life. Moreover, malnutrition, insanitary and psychological conditions and

the strains and stresses (tension) under they live impair their health. On the

one hand efficiency in work is possible only when an individual is healthy,

on the other hand the place where he or she is working exposes him to

certain hazards which he would not meet elsewhere, and which may affect

his health.

The symptoms of bad health are a high rate of

absenteeism, poor performance and low productivity, discontent and

indiscipline, which decreases the economic development of the individual

first and then the region second.

The question arises how to identify or measure

good health and bad health and the simple answer is "till an individual is

capable of working hard and earning he is said to be in good health, when

his body doesn't allow him to work or his body doesn't have the strength

to work and he needs the support of others, he is said to be in bad health."

DEVELOPMENT OF IRON AND STEEL RE-ROLLING MILLS INC.G.

Indian heritage is popularly known for previous

metals. In India's womb several previous, useful and of much economic

importance metals are hidden, and so it is also called 'The land of

minerals'. These natural resources are very much useful and important for

the socio economic development of the country and helps in building a

strong and prosperous nation. The only thing remains is, the optimum and

proper utilization of these resources which is a gift to us from the 'God

Nature.'

Amongst all the precious metals iron and steel is

one, the most useful and plentiful of substances found abundantly in the

52

earth's outer crust, comprising over 5% of all leading elements and

exceeded only by oxygen, silicon and aluminium. Accounting for about

three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals,

ferrous minerals constitute the most important mineral group after the fuel

minerals. India's position is almost enviable in the reserves of these

minerals and the country exports substantial quantities of these -besides

meeting the internal demand fully.

Iron is an element found generally in nature in

chemical combination with oxygen, sometimes with carbon, water and

with sulphur. It mostly occurs in the iron oxygen compounds, found along

with earthy materials called "gangue". Iron or always contains impurities

including alumina, lime, magnesia, silica, sulphur, phosphorous, titanium,

arsenic and copper. Iron is extracted from its chemical compounds and

separated from the impurities.

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES - A BRIEF HISTORY:

Iron and steel is the key industry. It is one of the

most useful metals in this modern materialistic civilization. Agricultural

appliances industries (large, medium or small), transport services, dams,

bridges, building construction, electricity production and distribution,

cable wires all are incomplete without this metal. Iron and steel industry is

not a new entity rather it has been in its most dignified and exalting

situation from the very beginning. Even the ancient people were very well

acquainted with the technique of smelting and manufacturing iron. And "

Ashoka Pillar in Delhi, which was erected before 300B.C. is a witness to

prove that ancient people were aware of this technique.

Prof. J.M.Heath, regarding the iron industry has

said that primitive Indian society and especially the Hindus of southern

India were accomplished and properly acquainted with iron and steel

53

industry from the day when no country in the world have had heard the

name even. Mr. Heath only started the first iron and steel factory in 1830

near Madras, but due to certain reasons his attempt was not successful and

lost its existence.

In 1904 Sri. J amshed Ji Tata established an iron

industry with modem techniques in Sankai-Bihar now Jamshedpur. In

1911 pig iron and in 1913 steel industries were annexed, and till date it is

one of the biggest industries and Tata is called as "The father of iron and

steel industry."

In 1908 " Indian Iron and Steel Industry" was

established at Hirapur in Bengal and this industry flourished ujtil the First

World War.The Second Steel Plant" Mysore Iron and Steel Works" was

established at Bhadrawati in Mysore by the state government in the year

1923.

After the First World War due to the lack of

economic development, the government imposed tax for the export of iron

and steel and held the industrialist economically. This continued till 31st

March 1947. The Second World War gae the iron and steel industries a

progressive break. During the war period the demand of iron increased and

a proportionate increase in the production was also observed.

After independence the iron and steel industry

showed a remarkable and magnificent progress. The successive five year

plans also supported and provide shelter to the development of this

fundamental industry and this key industry flourished under the five year

plan.

At this juncture, Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh ,

Rourkela Steel Plant- Orissa, Bokaro Steel Plant- Jharkhand, Durgapur

54

Steel Plant - West Bengal and Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)­

Jamshedpur are functioning in full swing and have proved to be synonym

of development.

There is no controversy in the notion that with

the establishment of indispensable large industry in a region, several small

and ancilliary industries automatically come into being. And, the

importance and contribution of these small and ancilliary industries are no

way estimated less than that of large industry in the development

programme. The scope of utilization of the resources and the extent of

labour market and employment aggravates.

Principally, three types of iron and steel

industries are found they are large steel plant,· mini steel plant and re­

rolling mill units. Large steel plants normally is produce for' production'

but, the mini steel plants produce for production and consumption both.

Whereas, rolling mills produce for consumption and is directly concerned

and associated with the consumers.

RE-ROLLING MILLS ITS MEANING:

Re-rolling mills are the units where iron scrapes

like billet- cuttings, ingot cuttings, plat cuttings etc. serve as basic raw

materials. These scraps are cut to size and heated and then are rolled on the

rolling machines to get the ultimate finished products. Frorn above, it is

clear that the raw materials are heated only and are not melted so rolling

mill doesn't come under foundary units where raw materials are melted

and then casting is done.

ROLLING MILLS ITS HISTORY IN CHHATTISGARH :

In Chhattisgarh, the history of re-rolling mills is

connected with the installation of Bhilai Steel Plant; a joint venture of

55

India and Russai, located in Durg district of Chhattisgarh. The construction

of the plant initiated in 1955 and the first melting furnace was set in the

year 1959, and was ready for the production by March 1961. The initial

production capacity of it was ten lakh million tonnes per annum. Later on

the production capacity was increased to twenty five lakh million tonnes

per annum, which at present is forty lakh million tonnes per annum.

The residues (iron scraps) obtained from the

BhiIai Steel Plant are provided to the re- rolling units. So, BhiIai Steel

Plant is the main and major supplier of raw material to these units. This

allured the state government department of industry, sales tax department,

industrialists, nationalized banks to establish re-roIling units. With the

combined efforts of them today there are 125 re-roIling mills functioning

in the Chhattisgarh state and is at the top in the country.

The history of re-rolling mills commenced with

the foundation of 'A.P.J.RoIling mills' by Shri Amirchand Pyarelal at

Kumhari village in Durg district of Chhattisgarh in the year 1962. Another

unit "M.P. RoIling Mill" was established by Takkar family of Bombay at

Bhilai in Durg district. But, later on both these units were shut down due to

their personal reasons.

Smt. Pramila Kumar in her book, "Regional

Geography of Madhya Pradesh" has stated that "After the establishment of

Bhilai Steel Plant, in the year 1962, M.PJ. Private Limited, to produce

M.S. round, flats, angles and gate channels and in 1963 a casting unit

Himmat Steel Foundry was enacted at Kumhari in Durg district."

In March 1963, "Ganga Steel Rolling Mills" at

Kumhari in Durg district started its production. And at present it is the

oldest of all the units existing in the Chhattisgarh state, which is yet in

production. After the commencement of this rolling mill the installation of

56

new units was nil. After a long spell of time in the year 1971 at Dumtarai

in industrial area in Raipur district 'Ashok Steel Rolling Mill' was

founded. With this the establishment of new rolling units started again.

By the year 1980 only twelve (12) re-rolling

units came into existence and out of them two units were shut down due to

their own cause. The general information regarding the remaining ten units

has been listed in the following table 2.19.

TABLE:- 2.19: NAME OF THE RE - ROLLING UNITS AND ADDRESS

Sl.no Name of the rolling units and Year of installation Registered capacity in address million tonnes p.a.

I Ms. Ganga Steel Rolling 1963 29100 Mill, Kumhari, Durg. J/SSII MP/631 Drg. 218IFsti Dt. 3.1. 64.

2 Ms. Ashok Steel Rolling Mil, 1971 3600 Dumtarai, Raipur. 10/27/3625IPMT/SSII Dt. 21.1.71.

3 Ms. Chhattisgarh Iron and 1973 2750 Steel Works, Bhilai, Durg. 10/12/10222IPMT/SSII Dt. 5.12.71

4 Ms. Oswal Ispat Udyog , 1973 14500 Tatibandh, Raipur. SSIIOIIMPI RPRI 10211 351721II-741 Dt.119751.l0.72.

5 Ms. Mahamaya Steel Roling 1974 1750 Mill, Tatibandh (Raipur). SSIIDIIMP/RPRlI167/35, 73I174II, Dt. 11.5.73

6 Ms. Jai Iron and Steel Co. 1975 4650 Dewada (Rajnandgaon) 10/4511 035IPMT/SSII Dt.24.3.75

7 Rapur Brite and Power Weld 1977 20,700 Industries, Bhanpuri, Raipur 10/27/2370IPMT/SSI Dt.21.7.77.

8 Ms. Bhagat Iron and Steel 1977 2000 Rolling Mill, Kumhari(Durg). 10112/1 628IPMT/SSII

57

Ot. 10.10.77 9 Ms. Rajesh Tradcrs, 1978 10.500

Bhilai(Durg). 10/12/1687/PMT/SSI 0t.1.5.78

10 Ms. Batra Iron and Steel 1978 26,500 Works, Kumhari (Ourg) 10/12116771 PMT/SSII Ot. 14.3.78

Total production p.a. 1,160.50

Source:- District industry centre, Ruipur, Durg and Rujnandgaon.

From the table- 2.19 it is clear that the total

production capacity of these ten rolling mills was 1, 16,050 million tonnes

per annum. This production was not sufficient to fulfill the internal

demand of the region. Along with this the existing units were not capable

of utilizing completely raw material obtained from Bhilai Steel Plant. The

state government and the department of industry felt the necessity and

encouraged the industrialist towards this industry. As a result there was a

tremendous increase in the figure. Table no 2.20 shows the number of iron

and steel rolling units established in different interval.

TABLE - 2.20 ESTABLISHMENT OF RE- ROLLING MILLS

Sr.no Time period Rolling units Total rolling units established m the left at the end interval

1 By 1980 12 10

2 1980-1985 21 31

3 1985-1990 42 73

4 1990-1995 23 86

5 1995-2000 20 98

6 2000-2005 27 125

Source:- District industry centre, Raipur, Durg and Rajnandgaon

58

ESTABLISHMENT OF RE· ROLLING MILLS

45r-----------------____ . ________________________ ~

40

35

30

JIJ 25

'" " C> :§

& 20

15

10

5

o By 1980 1980·1985 1985·1990 1990·1995 1995·2000 2000·2005

1!3 Rolling units established in the interval

RE-ROLLING INDUSTRY - ITS IMPORTANCE:

The importance of iron and steel re-rolling

industries functioning in the Chhattisgarh state is illustrated on the

following capes.

1. UTILIZATION OF SCHAPES08TAINED FHOM HSP:

Bhilai steel plant is a large scale venture

established in e.G.state. Scraps like billet- cuttings, ingot-cuttings, bloom­

cuttings, plot -cuttings are obtained in abundance. These scraps are the

primary raw material for re-rolling structures; they consume the maximum

scraps, that is, it can be said that re-rolling units are the chief consumer of

the scraps and their demand is fulfilled by B.S.P.

2. IN CONSTRUCTION DEEDS:

The produce of re-rolling mills are extremely

valuable in all sort of construction process.The production of re-rolling

units meets the internal demand of the construction work, so its

contribution is of much esteem.

3. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY:

Re-rolling units provide openmg to the

unemployed. Since it is a labour intensive industry, it provides job to the

local and regional mass, especially to the illiterate or less educated,

landless, rural gentry and to poor and unemployed urban mass.

4. UTILIZATION OF REGIONAL RESOURCES:

Maximum and proper utilization of other

resources like - water, coal? electricity etc. as they are the fundamental

requiremenst of a re-rolling industry.

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5. DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION:

With the establishment of iron and steel re­

rolling industries, the transportation facility and business have also

advanced. For transporting raw material, coal, and then the finished

product trucks and lorries are required. The transport agencies get

bountiful job and have enormously developed.

6. CONTRIBUTION IN REVENUE:

Re-rolling industries contribution towards

revenue is distinguishing.The government every year collects million of

rupees as sales tax, entry tax, etc. and this income is spent on the other'

development programmes of the state.

7. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER TRADE AND BUSINESS:

With the development of iron and steel re-rolling

industries, the steel trading, the fabrication business and other iron-steel

related business has expanded. It is directly meeting the demand of

consumer; providing jobs to the unemployed and needy and increasing the

governments income.

8. BROUGHT REPUTATION AND NAME:

Today, iron and steel industry of Chhattisgarh is

at the top. The second position is carried by Mandi, Govindgarh of

Haryana. So this 'industry has gained name, fame and reputation and has

irradiated the name of the region in the field of iron and steel production.

MANUF ACTURING PROCESS:

PROCESS FLOW CHART

Weighing ofraw material in the form of billets and ingots

~ Testing of raw materials

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+ Cutting of raw materials by gas cutting device

~ Heating it in furnace

~ Rolling it on rolled CTD bars manufacturing machine

~ Cooling at cooling bed tank

~ Testing

~ Sizing ofCTDbars

~ Bundling of CTD bars

~ Weighing of finished products

~ Despatching of the finished product

The above flow chart describes the stages

involved in the production process. The raw materials are cut according to

weight and size and the size of the finished product which is to be

produced. It is heated in the furnace where the temperature is nearly

1250oc. Normally, half an hour is required for heating the raw material.The

heated raw material is then rolled in the rolling machines, which are five to

seven in number. Since manual work is involved in the production process

labourers playa considerable part.

The processing of rods in the machinery is very

fast and the hot steel makes the temperature of the plant and shed still high.

The workers working are unable to stand at this high temperature for a

long time and due to this the workers working in furnace and rolling stands

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work for an hour, take rest for the next hour and then again gct back to

their job. For cooling the environment there are fans and continuous water

supply for the workers as they need water in every 10-15 minutes for

drinking and for wiping their faces.

The sizeable cut ingots are fed to pusher machine

from where they are pushed into the furnace. The furnace is oil fired

furnace. Furnace oil is used to heat these re-heating furnace. Air is blown

with the help of blowers. The furnace is made up of fire bricks of special

quality to withstand high ternperature approximately 12000c which is

required to re-roll the raw material into the CTD bars.

Recupirator is also used to pre-heat the inlet air

into the furnace to save the oil consumption in this type of furnace. There

are nearly eight doors in the furnace. The furnace hearth is made of cast

iron and rails and magnesite bricks. Oil is fed through oil film type

burners.

CHIMNEY:

Chimney in the factory is used for preventing air

pollution. The oil fired furnace does not create any pollution due to

maximum consumption of fuel. The height of a chimney is usually

hundred feet above from the ground.

ROLLING MILLS:

The hot ingot is pushed to the roller table by

ejector and from the table it is fed into the number of rolling stands where

it is rolled horizontally and vertically from both the sides. Rolling mill

consists of motor, fly- wheel, reduction gear, pinion gear, 3 stands of M.S.

having number of rolls through which ingot is passed and its cross­

sectional area is enlarged.

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ROLLS:

The rolls are mainly made up of cast iron or mild

steel. Necessary grooves (passes) are made in the central part of rolls

known as barrel through which material passes.

There are two rolling mi11s known as roughing

and finishing mill in this unit. Finishing mill has eight stands.The finished

bar comes from the last stand and then cut into fixed size (length) by a

revolving machine operated automatically and it is driven pneumatic.

The material then is stored in Chatal which is

also Imown as platform. The Chatal is about 200 - 150 feet in length, 20-25

feet in breadth and 3 feet deep. The bars are cooled by air and cut into

proper length as per the demand of the market. These prepared bars are

then shifted to the twisting machines by labourers. After twisting, the

materials are cut to size and bundled. The bars. known as CTD bars i.e.

ecoid twisted deformed) bars are stocked and ready for dispatch. It is then

loaded manually with the help of chain pulley block.

TABLE NO:-2.21: PRODUCTION MACHINERY

Sl.no Equipments Purpose

I Weighing machine For weighing material

2 Heating furnace For heating material

3 Twisting machine F or twisting CTD bars

4 Electric motor For running machine

5 Water pump For cooling strip mill

6 Blower F or heating furnace

7 Chimney For disposal of heating furnace smoke

8 Chain pulley block For loading and unloading

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9 Transformer For high tension power line

10 Lathe machine For maching the rolls

II Shaper machine For routine maintenance work

12 Starter For starting motor

13 Gas welding / cutting For cutting raw material

14 Hacksaw machine For routine work

15 Reduction gear box For strip mill

16 Rolling machine For rolling iron and steel

17 Fly wheel For rolling machine

18 Pusher F or pushing raw material in the furnace

19 Grinding machine For grinding material

20 Workshop tools For running the workshop

21 Test equipments For quality control

22 Tools, JIgS and For machine operation fixtures

All these machines, equipments and tools are directly or

indirectly necessary for the production and for the routine maintenance of

the production machines.

(A)RA W MATERIALS:

The raw materials (inputs) can broadly be classified

into two categories as below

1) DIRECT RAW MATERIALS

Billets, ingots and BBM slabs are the major raw

materials for the production of rolling CTD bars and are easily available

from Bhilai Steel Plant.

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2) INDIRECT RAW MATERIALS:

These are the materials which do not form the part of

the final product but are used in manufacturing process. The materials like

lubricants, grease, oil, M.S.rolls, gloves, shoes, coak are of this nature

which comes under this category.

D) POWER:

The power used mainly in the production processes are

electric power, steam power and water and are available in plenty. The

electricity power is available from the (C.S.E.B.) Chhattisgarh State

Electricity Board. The steam power is generated with the help of coal and

Coal India Limited is the chief supplier. Water is required for both the

purposes that is, for the factory use and for the domestic use in the factory.

MAIN PRODUCTS:

The following products are produced mainly in the iron

and steel rolling mills.

BARS:

It is one of the major products of rolling mills. Bars are

of three types 1. Simple(round) bars 2. Twisted bars 3. Square bars.

Simple bars are smooth and round and it is also called

'plain bar' .Twisted bars are known as 'C.T.D.' bars or 'Tar' and are

twisted on twisting machines. Square bars according to its name are square

in shape.

ANGLE:

Angle is also another main product. Angles are of four

kinds. 1. T-angle 2. V-Angle (equal angle), 3. Z- angle, 4. Unequal angle.

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STIUI'S:

Strips are flat in shape. They are of two types I. Thin

strips 2. Thick strips. Thin strips are of 3m.m. or 4m.m. and thick strips

are Sm.m. or more and are also called 'flats'.

CHANNEL:

Channels are also produced in rolling mills. They are

small and big and are used for making channel gates. The big channels are

used to make industrial structures.

GADDER:

Generally, gaddars are produced in large scale iron and

steel rolling industries. They are used in supporting ceilings.

TABLE NO:2.22: MEASUREMENT OF PRODUCTS '

SLno Produce Measurement

1 Simple bars 6m.m, Sm.m, lOm.m, 6m.m, 12m.m

C.T.D. Bars 16m.m, ISm.m, 20m.m, 2Sm.m

2 Twisted Sm.m, lOm.m, 12m.m, 16m.m,

bars ISm.m, 20m.m, 25m.m, 36m.m

3 Square bars Sm.m, lOm.m, 12m.m, 16m.m, 20m.m

4 Thin strips IS x 3 m.m, 20x3 m.m, 25 x3m.m,

32 x3m.m, 35 x3m.m, ISx4m.m,

20 x 4 m.m, 25 x 4 m.m, 32 x 5 m.m, 35 x S m.m

5 Thick strips IS x 5m.m, 20 x 5m.m, 25 x 5 m.m

32 x 5 m.m, 35 x Sm.m , 45 x 5 m.m

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45 x 6 m.m, 45 x 8 m.m ,45 x 10 m.m

80 x 6 m.m, 80 x 8 m.m , 80 x 10 m.m ,

6 Angle 18 x 3m.m, 20 x 3m.m, 25 x 3 m.m

32 x 3m.m, 35 x 3m.m, 35 x4 m.m

35 x 6 m.m, 35 x 6 m.m, 75 x 6 m.m

75 x 8 m.m, 75 x 10 m.m,

7 Channel 75 x 40 m.m, 100x50m.m,

125 x 65 m.m, 150 x 75 m.m

8 Gadder 100 x 50m.m, 125 x 65m.m, 150 x 75 m.m ,

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF RE-ROLLING MILLS:

The organizational structure of any industry is of

tremendous value. It places a proportionate and balanced emphasis on

various activities and ensures an optimum use of human efforts through

specialization, facilitates coordination. The jobs of the different

departments and sections are welded together by the structural relationship

of the organization. Its basic task is development of planning and

management.

Alvin Brown states in his analysis "Organization defines

the past which each member of an enterprise is expected to perform and

the relations between such members, to the end that their concerted

endeavour shall be most effective for the purpose of the enterprise."

Organization is a plan by which a group of people pools their efforts

towards designated objectives through division of activities responsibilities

and authority.

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The overall arrangement and managerial control

over a rolling mill is divided into two sectors; the office and the factory

sections.The employees under office section contains managers,

accountants, cashiers, typists cum clerks, storekeepers, security staff

(guards), peons and drivers. The factory staff are technical staff and are

comprises of foreman, supervisor, mill operators, skilled workers, lath

operators, electricians, fitters, turners, welder, gas furnace operators and

other labourers.

Foreman has complete control over the labourers

working in the factory and all the functions of production are carried under

his command and guidance. Foreman is the head of the technical staff. The

commercial managers are totally responsible for the administrative affairs.

The organizational structure of a re-rolling mill is presented as below -

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A ROLLING MILL Partners Dirrctors

MAN1\GERS

TECHNICAL~MANAGER COMMERCIAL MANA ER

FOREtAN ELECT(CIAN

~ SU~ERVISOR ~

MI\LOPERATORS

SKIt-LED WORKERS

UNtKILLED WORKERS

PURCHASE OFFICER

FIJER WOR1HOP MECHANIC

WELDER Gts CUTTER

t

~ ~ SALES OFFICERS OFFICE ASSISTANTS

~

l r GUARDS PEONS

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1 ACCOUNTANT

T CASHIER

~ CLERKS ~

DRIVERS

The iron and steel re-rolling units flourishing in

the Raipur district can be categorized into two groups. 1. Partnership firms

2. Private Limited Company

And, since they be,long to two different

categories or types of their organizational behaviour and structure is also

divergent. In partnership finns, the industry is govern through The

Partnership Act (1956) and the partners (owners) have complete access,

total control and through influence and command over the management.

The Private Limited Company functions under the Company Act (1948)

and all the decisions are taken by the board of directors, and executed by

the managing director.

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