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THE INTERNET,
WEBSITES,
AND
MEDIA
CHAPTER No. 6
INTERNET
TECHNOLOGY
The Internet
Lots of people use the word "Internet" to mean going online.
Actually, the "Internet" is nothing more than the basic computer
network
It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of
thousands of individual networks all over the world.
The popular term for the Internet is the “information highway”.
Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your
ideas and information through cyberspace – the space of
electronic movement of ideas and information.
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Evolution of the Internet
The Internet has its roots in a networking project started by the
Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an
agency of the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPA’s goal was to
build a network that
I. allowed scientists at different physical locations to share
information and work together on military and scientific
projects and
II. could function even if part of the network were disabled or
destroyed by a disaster such as a nuclear attack.
That network, called ARPANET, became functional in September
1969, linking scientific and academic researchers across the
United States.
Evolution of the Internet
The original ARPANET consisted of four main computers, one
each located at the University of California at Los Angeles, the
University of California at Santa Barbara, the Stanford Research
Institute, and the University of Utah.
Each of these computers served as a host on the network.
A host, more commonly known today as a server, is any
computer that provides services and connections to other
computers on a network. Hosts often use high-speed
communications to transfer data and messages over a network.
By 1984, ARPANET had more than 1,000 individual computers
linked as hosts. Today, millions of hosts connect to this network,
which now is known as the Internet.
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Internet Usages
Electronic mail.
Research.
Downloading files.
Discussion groups.
Interactive games.
Education and self-improvement.
Electronic newspapers and magazines.
Social Networking.
Job Hunting.
Shopping.
Internet Service Providers
An Internet service provider (ISP), sometimes called an
Internet access provider, is a business that provides individuals
and organizations access to the Internet.
ISPs often charge a fixed amount for an Internet connection,
offering customers a variety of plans based on desired speeds,
bandwidth, and services. In addition to Internet access, ISPs may
include additional services, such as email and online storage.
Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a
network. A higher bandwidth means more data transmits. Data
sizes typically are stated in terms of megabytes and gigabytes.
Data Usage - Example
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Broadband - Wired Technologies
Cable Internet service
Provides high-speed Internet access through the cable
television network via a cable modem
DSL (digital subscriber line)
Provides high-speed Internet connections through the
telephone network via a DSL modem
Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)
Uses fiber-optic cable to provide high-speed Internet
access via a modem
Popular Broadband Internet Service Technologies
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0
Popular Broadband Internet Service Technologies
Broadband - Wireless Technologies
Mobile broadband
Offers high-speed Internet connections over the cellular radio
network to computers and devices with built-in compatible
technology (such as 3G, 4G, or 5G) or a wireless modem or
other communications device
Fixed wireless
Provides high-speed Internet connections using a dish-shaped
antenna on a building, such as a house or business, to
communicate with a tower location via radio signals
Satellite Internet service
Provides high-speed Internet connections via satellite to a
satellite dish that communicates with a satellite modem
Domain Name System (DNS)
The domain name system (DNS) is the method that the Internet uses
to store domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.
When you enter a domain name (i.e., google.com) in a browser, a DNS
server translates the domain name to its associated IP address so that
the request can be routed to the correct computer.
A DNS server is a server on the Internet that usually is associated with
an ISP.
Domain Name System (DNS)
This figure shows how a user’s entered domain name (google.com) uses a DNS server
to display a webpage (Google, in this case).
How Internet Works?
• Because the Internet is a global network of
computers each computer connected to the Internet
must have a unique address.
• This address is known as an IP Address.
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IP Addresses
The Internet uses two IP addressing schemes: IPv4 and IPv6.
Domain Names
A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IPaddress of a server that hosts a website. A domain name is partof the web address that you type in a browser’s address bar toaccess a website.
The IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, along with the domain name for Google’s website.
Top-Level Domain (TLD)
The suffix of the domain name, called the top-level domain (TLD),
identifies the type of organization associated with the domain. For
example, the .com is the TLD.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
The organization that approves and controls TLDs is
called ICANN (pronounced EYE-can), which stands for
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
For websites outside the United States, the suffix of the
domain name may include a country code TLD (ccTLD),
which is a two-letter country code, such as au for
Australia.
For example, www.philips.com.au is the domain name
for Philips Australia.
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that
permits file uploading and downloading to and from other
computers on the Internet.
Uploading is the process of transferring files from your
computer or mobile device to a server on the Internet.
Recall that downloading is the process of transferring files
from a server on the Internet to your computer or mobile
device.
Webpage developers, for example, often use FTP to
upload their webpages to a web server.
FTP
Many operating systems include FTP capabilities. If yours
does not, you can download FTP programs from the web,
usually for a small fee.
An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload
and/or download files using FTP. An FTP site is a collection of
files that reside on an FTP server.
Many FTP sites have anonymous FTP, whereby anyone can
transfer some, if not all, available files.
Some FTP sites restrict file transfers to those who have
authorized accounts (user names and passwords) on the
FTP server.
VoIP
VoIP
VoIP, short for Voice over IP (Internet Protocol), enables users
to speak to other users via their Internet connection. That is,
VoIP uses the Internet (instead of the public switched
telephone network) to connect a calling party to one or more
local or long-distance called parties.
To place an Internet phone call, you need a broadband
Internet connection, a microphone and speaker, both of which
are included with a standard computer or mobile device, and
VoIP software, such as Skype. Some VoIP services require
that you purchase a separate phone and VoIP router, and
subscribe to their service
WEB
TECHNOLOGY
World Wide Web (WWW)
World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a worldwide
collection of electronic documents.
Each electronic document on the web is called a webpage, which
can contain text, graphics, animation, audio, and video.
A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or
focus is called a Web site.
The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are
organized around and link back to is called the site’s home page.
Some webpages are static (fixed); others are dynamic
(changing).
WEBSITE AND WEB APPLICATION
A website is defined by its content, while a web application is defined by
its interaction with the user. That is, a website can probably consist of a
static content repository that's dealt out to all visitors, while a web
application depends on interaction and requires programmatic user input
and data processing.
For example, a news site would be a "website", but a spreadsheet or a
collaborative calendar would be web "applications". The news site shows
essentially the same information to all visitors, while the calendar
processes individual data.
Practically, most websites with quickly changing content will also rely on a
sophisticated programmatic (and/or database) backend, but at least in
principle they're only defined by their output. The web application on the
other hand is essentially a program that runs remotely, and it depends
fundamentally on a processing and a data storage backend.
Browsers
Browsers
Web Addresses
A webpage has a unique address, called a web address
or URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
For example, the web address of http://www.nps.gov
identifies the U.S. Department of the Interior National
Park Service home page.
WEB 1.0
Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide Web
evolution.
Read Only
Websites
Some of the key technologies that are being developed during
this stage of the Web include:
• Content and Enterprise Portals
• Search Engines (AltaVista, Yahoo!)
• E-mail (Yahoo!, Hotmail)
• P2P File Sharing (Napster, BitTorrent)
WEB 2.0
Web 2.0 or “the Social Web”
Read and Write
Web Applications
Some of the key technologies that are being developed during this
stage of the Web include:
• Blogs (Blogger)
• Wikis (Wikipedia)
• Social Networks (Facebook, MySpace, YouTube )
• Instant Messaging (Yahoo!, Google Talk, AIM)
• Auction Web sites (eBay)
• Professional Networking (Linked-in, Plaxo)
WEB 3.0
Web 3.0 or “Semantic Web” or “the intelligent Web”.
Combining this capability with natural language processing, in Web
3.0, computers can understand information like humans in order to
provide faster and more relevant results. They become more
intelligent to satisfy the needs of users.
Some of the key technologies that are being developed during this stage
of the Web include:
• Ontologies (YAGO, DBPedia)
• Semantic Social Networks (Twine)
• Semantic E-mail (IBM Omnifind)
• Context-Aware Games
• Better Natural Language Processing
Search Engine
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A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to
locate information on the World Wide Web.
Popular examples of search engines are Google, Yahoo!,and MSN Search.
How Search Engine Works?
All search engines work using a 3 phase approach to managing ,
ranking and returning search results.
But a lot of people have no idea what is happening behind that
search box when they type in their search queries.
So just how do Google, Bing and the rest of them work out what
is on the web, what is relevant to your general query and which
specific websites should be ranked highly?
There are three functions which need to be done:
1. Web Crawling
2. Indexing
3. The Algorithm
Web Crawling
A crawler is a program that visits Web sites and reads their pages
and other information in order to create entries for a search
engine index. The major search engines on the Web all have such
a program, which is also known as a "spider" or a "bot."
This is the means by which search engines can find out what is
published out on the World Wide Web. Essentially, crawling is
copying what is on web pages and repeatedly checking the
multitude of pages to see if they are changed and make a copy of
any changes found.
How Search Engine Works?
Indexing
Once a spider has crawled a web page, the copy that is made is
returned to the search engine and stored in a data center. Data centers
are huge, purpose built collections of servers which act as a repository of
the all the copies of webpages being made by the crawlers. Google
owns dozens of them dotted around the world, which it guards very
closely and which are among the most hi-tech buildings in the world.
The repository of web pages is referred to as the ‘Index’, and it is this
data store which is organized and used to provide the search results you
see on the search engine. Indexing is the process of organizing the
masses of data and pages so they can be searched quickly for relevant
results to your search query.
How Search Engine Works?
The Algorithm
The aim of the search engine algorithm is to present a relevant set of
high quality search results that will fulfil the user’s query/question as
quickly as possible.
The user then selects an option from the list of search results and this
action, along with subsequent activity, then feeds into future learnings
which can affect search engine rankings going forward.
How Search Engine Works?
WEBSITES
AND
MEDIA
Social Networks
Social Networks Sites
Examples: Facebook, LinkedIn
A social networking site is a social media site that allows you to connect
with people who have similar interests and backgrounds. Facebook,
Twitter, and Instagram are three of the most popular examples of a social
network website.
These platforms allow us to connect with our friends, family, and even
brands. Most social network sites let users share thoughts, upload photos
and videos, and participate in groups of interest.
Bookmarking Sites
Bookmarking Sites
Examples: Pinterest, Flipboard, Diggs
Bookmarking sites allow users to save and organize links to
any number of online resources and websites. A great feature
of these sites is the ability for the users to “tag” links, which
makes them easier to search, and invariably, share with their
followers.
StumbleUpon is a popular example of a bookmarking site.
Bookmarking Sites
Social News
Social News Sites
Examples: Digg
A social news site allows its users to post news links and other
items to external articles. Users then proceed to vote on said
items, and the items with the highest number of votes are
most prominently displayed.
A good example of a social news site is Reddit.
Social News
Media Sharing
Media Sharing Sites
Examples: Pinterest, YouTube, Vimeo, Dailymotion
Media sharing websites allow users to share different types of
media, with the two main ones being image sharing and video
hosting sites.
As you might have guessed, YouTube still remains the most
well-known media sharing site in the world.
Blog comments and forums
Forums and Blog Sites
An online forum is a site that lets users engage in
conversations by posting and responding to community
messages. Example: StackOverflow
A blog comment site is the same thing except being a little
more focused. The comments are usually centered around
the specific subject of the attached blog. Google has a
popular blogging site aptly titled, eBlogger, Wordpress
Microblogging
Microblogging Sites
Examples: Twitter
These are just what they sound like, sites that allow the users
to submit their short written entries, which can include links to
product and service sites, as well as links to other social
media sites. These are then posted on the ‘walls’ of everyone
who has subscribed to that user’s account.
The most commonly used microblogging website is Twitter.
Microblogging
Social Review Sites
Social Review Sites
Examples: TripAdvisor, Yelp, FourSquare
What’s one of the first things you see when you are planning
to buy a new product or try out a new restaurant? If you are
anything like us, you will first head to the reviews.
Wikis
Wikis Sites
A wiki is a type of collaborative website that allows users to
create, add, modify, or delete the website content via a
browser. Wikis can include articles, documents, photos, or
videos. Some wikis are public, accessible to everyone.
Many companies, for example, set up wikis as an intranet for
employees to collaborate on projects or access information,
procedures, and documents. (An intranet is an internal
network that uses Internet technologies.)
Wikis
Portals
Portals (Old Style of Content Aggregation)
A portal is a website that offers a variety of Internet services
from a single, convenient location
A wireless portal is a portal designed for Internet-capable
mobile devices.
Most portals offer these free services: search engine; news,
sports, and weather; web publishing; yellow pages; stock
quotes; maps; shopping; and email and other communications
services.
Portals
Portals, such as MSN, offer a variety of Internet services from a single location.
Content Aggregation
Content Aggregation (New name of Portals)
A content aggregation website or web app, sometimes
called a curation website, allows users to collect and compile
content from a variety of websites about a particular topic or
theme.
Types of content that may be compiled includes news,
reviews, images, videos, podcasts and blogs. Content
aggregation websites save users time because they need to
visit only one website (the content aggregation website)
instead of visiting multiple websites to obtain information.
Content Aggregation
A content aggregation web app that compiles news from a variety of online
sources.
Instant Messaging and Chatting
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Examples:
MSN Messenger
Yahoo Messenger
Snap Chat
Instant messaging is a form of written
communication that allows you to
send messages from one computer to
another.
The message appears immediately on the
screen of the computer you send it to,
provided the computer is using the service.
The abbreviation IM is also used. They keep
in contact through instant messaging
Video Conferencing
Video Conferencing
• A videoconference or
video conference is a set
of interactive
telecommunication
technologies which allow
two or more locations to
interact via two-way video
and audio transmissions
simultaneously.
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Webinar and Podcast
Webinar is a live, virtual event that is executed online. It is an
educational or instructive session that includes audio and visual
communication between a speaker and attendees.
Webinar software enables the sharing of slides and interactive
participation through chat boxes and Q&A features.
Podcasting is the preparation and distribution of audio files
using RSS to the computers of subscribed users. These files
may then be uploaded to digital music or multimedia players like
the iPod. A podcast can be easily created from a digital audio
file. The podcaster first saves the file as an MP3 and then
uploads it to the Web site of a service provider. The MP3 file
gets its own URL, which is inserted into an RSS XML document
as an enclosure within an XML tag.
Netiquette
Netiquette, which is short for Internet etiquette, is the code
of acceptable behaviors users should follow while on the
Internet; that is, it is the conduct expected of individuals
while online.
Netiquette includes rules for all aspects of the Internet,
including the web, social media, Internet messaging, chat
rooms, online discussions, and FTP
Netiquette
