CHAPTER TWENTY-ONEThe Muslim Empires

World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire BuildersII. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsIII. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat SeljuksOttomans emerge dominant

Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries1453, take Constantinople

ExpansionMiddle East, north Africa, EuropeDominate Mediterranean

A. A State Geared to WarfareMilitary dominant

Turkic horsemen become warrior nobilityJanissary infantry

Conscripted youth from conquered peoples The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

B. The Sultans and their CourtUse factions against each other

VizierOversees large bureaucracy

Succession No clear rules

C. Constantinople Restored and the Flowering of Ottoman Culture

Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century

Commercial centerGovernment control of trade, craftsArtisan guilds

Turkish prevails

Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline

Strong until late 1600s

DeclineExtendedInfrastructure insufficientDependent on conquest

End of conquest brings deficienciesRegional leaders divert revenueSultans less dynamic

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman RetreatJanissaries

ConservativeStop military, technological reform

Lepanto, 1571Defeated by Spain, VeniceTurks lose control of eastern Mediterranean

Portuguese outflank Middle East tradeSail around Africa into Indian OceanVictories over Muslim navies

InflationCaused by New World bullionComes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

The Safavid Empire

II. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsSafavid family

Sufi preachers, mysticsSail al-Din

Leads revival1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz

Named shah

Chaldiran, 1514Safavids defeated by Ottomans

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids

A. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs

Tahmasp I Becomes shah

Abbas I (1587--1629) Height of Ottoman EmpirePersians as bureaucrats

B. State and ReligionAdopt Persian after Chaldiran

Also Persian court traditions

Shi'ism modifiedSpreads to entire empire

C. Elite Affluence and Artistic SplendorAbbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture

Building projectsMosques in Isfahan

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids

D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid ComparisonsCommonalities

Warrior aristocraciesMove to rural estates after conquestThreat to central power

Imperial workshopsArtisans patronized

International trade encouragedWomen lose freedom

Subordinate to fathers, husbands

E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid EmpireAbbas I

Removes heirsWeak grandson inherits

Decline begins

Internecine conflict, outside threats1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis

Nadir Khan AfsharShah, 1736

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in IndiaBabur

Driven from Afghanistan Invades India, 1526TurkicPanipat, 1526

Defeats Muslim Lodi dynastyKhanua, 1527

Defeats Hindu confederation1530, death

Succeeded by HumaynFlees to Persia

Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556

A. Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire

AkbarHumayn's 13-year-old son Reconciliation with Hindus

New religion, Din-i-IlahiBlend of Islam and Hinduism

Toleration

The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

B. Social Reform and Social ChangeWomen

Position improvedWidows encouraged to remarryChild marriages discouragedSati prohibitedSeclusion undermined by women's market days

C. Mughal Splendor and Early European ContactsDeath of Akbar

Reforms don't surviveEmpire strong

Cotton textiles to EuropeEspecially among laboring and middle classes

D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal EraJahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century

Continue tolerationLess energeticSupport arts

Taj Mahal

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite andOrdinary Women

Nur JahanWife of JahangirHead of powerful faction

Mumtaz MahalWife of Shah JahanAlso powerful

Ordinary womenPosition declinesSati spreads among upper classes

Other of Akbar's reforms die out

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in Indi

F. The Beginnings of Imperial DeclineAurangzeb

Succeeds Shah JahanPrograms

Rule all IndiaCleanse Islam of Hindu taint

1707, controls most of IndiaExpensive, distractingOther developments disregarded

RevoltAutonomy of local leaders

Hindus exluded from high officeNon-Muslims taxed

Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule