CHAPTER-V

MOBILITY OF ADSORBED LEAD IN SANDY LOAM AND CLAY

LOAM SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE

SURFACTANT

INTRODUCTION

Soil contamination by itad is one of the n~ost coninion pnlhlcms found nt

landfills and hazardous waste sites across tile counlry. Rccaux of' its toxicity. excess

levels of lead present in the environment pose suhscantial health risk concerns. Soils

containing high levels of lead are a potential source of frlrther cr\nt~unina!iirtr of surface

water through runoff and ground water by leaching1. Muin x~urces of lcod ant the

manufacture of storage batteries. pigmen~s lcud glass. mining, ~nctal electroplating,

painting, coating, smelting, petrochemical, plumbing fuels, photographic nia~crinls.

matches and explosives. Apart from this, lead is also used in insccticidcs. plastic water

pipes, beverages, ointments and medicinal cc~nctxtions Ib flnvoriny and swcelening.

'These industries discharge lcad inlo thu environn~ent without adrquate treatmen12, l'he

current Environmental Protection Agency (!:PA) standard for lad in waste water and

drinking water is 0.5 and 0.05 my 1." rcspectivel y'. 1,ead hits b ~ h wutc and chronic

effects in humans. It may cawe anemia, h d ache. chills, diarrhea md reduction i n

haemoglobin formation. Lead poisoning causes, scvcre damage lo kidncyr, ncrvom

system, reproductive system, liver and brain'.

Heavy metals have densities generally greater chan 5 p cm 'I. 1x4, zinc, capper,

cadmium are the commonly encountered hazardw htavy metals and are in the EPA's

list of priority pollulants'. Environmental hazards derived from heavy metals are ciodely

linked to metal mobility and thus to the concentrations of the metals in the mil wlulim.

The mobility of heavy metals in Lcmrs of leachability depends not only on the total

concentration in soil but also on soil properlies and mvironrnental f8cton. The

movement of heavy metals in soil profiles has nyxivcd consi-le amtion, sinw

even a slow transport through soil and subwil materials may msdt in an i n c d

content of heavy metals in the ground water. Lead and o~her heavy metals in sails occur

in five fractions, exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic: and residual fraction&.

The adsorption of heavy metal ions by soil particles involves canion exchange,

specific adsorption. organic complexation and co-pncipitation mnchunisrns'. Heavy

metals are highly persistent in soil with residence tinic in the order of thousands caf y a m .

Excessive accumulation of heavy metals can hate deleterious cKc.cts in soils fertility,

affect ecosystem functions and constitute a health risk to animals and human beings! 1%~

leachabilty or mobility of heavy metals in a soil n~ainly depend on biogmhemical

processes such as adsorption and dissolution which ore in turn rflixlad by soil pH, ionic

strength and composition of the soil solutian. dw clay aid organic niattcr content af the

soil and the amount of kind of heavy metals in the X)~P ' ""~ '~" " I ' . Ihe Icuching agmw,

pH adjustor and surfactants and chelnting agents may he u d d d to the warh wutcr for the

enhanced metal removal from soil16. Among thew. surlhcrnnt enhanced removal of

henvy metals appears to be an attractive n~cthod since surlhctunts arc low cost nnd bio-

degradable and hence they would not accumulate in soils. Ihc mohility of 1%. Zn, Cd in

soils as affected by poultry litter extract using soil columns was studied hy Zhcnbi 1.i

et d." and found that poultry li~tcr mcrhilired the %n and C'd lutd did not mobilir, Pb in

the soils. Henna et al." examined the elulinn of Pb and %n in column experiments by

using acetic acid at pH 5 and EIYl'A at pi1 7 by upplying thc surface comple~tion

model. Changrui Gong et al." reported that IJb along with thc other heavy metals

became mobile in sandy loam soils aner prolonycd applications of spiked wiietc wtltcr

solution by conducting the column cxpcrimcnts. Soil column lruchiny tcrts were carried

out to investigate the transport and fate of 1%. C'd, C'dVI) and As(V) in soil mnes

derived from farmland by Xingmin Zhuo ct d.'" and they rctponcd that rhc trnnspon ratc

of the four trace toxic elements in the stril zones dccreaxd in the order of Cr (VI) > AS

(V) > Pb > Cd. Runping Wan a al." employed column studies for rcmoval of Copper

(11) and lead (11) from aqueous sulution in fixed-bed columns by manganese oxide

coated zeolite and found thst lead was more rcmoval than wppet, Dc Mat08 a conducted leaching column experiments for the metals Zn, Cd, Cy Pb with three t y p s

of Brazilian soils and determined that the mobility of mettiis in the mils is in the order

Zn > Cd > Cu > Pb. Mark F m i l et a~.~%elaped column leaching experimmta to

determined the mobility of the heavy metals Pb, Zn. Cu in clay loam sail and found that

the mobility of the metals in the soils was in thc ordcr %n > Cu Ph. Ramm h i et al? conducted column studies on the cxwction of the heavy metals Zh Pb in m u l -

contaminated soil using citric acid as an exntlcmt and the results indicated that citric

acid was more efficient in the extraction of heavy met& h m the soil. l'he behavior of

ionic lead in soils of diverse characteristics was invtsdgatcd by Robert L Zimdahl

et al.15 and found that the fixation of lead was principally caused by insoluble organic

materials.

The aim of this study was to deternine the extent of luachiny of Ph(ll)) in soils

in the presence of 0.01M KC1 background electrolyte and difkrcnt c.c>ncentmtions of

alkylbenzene sulphonate in presence of 01M KC1 in diflertnt types of mils that are

present in Chittoor district. In order to study the extent of mobility or leaching of lend

in soil, firstly soil column experiments were corrductcii with 00lM KC1 background

electrolyte, 0.01% alkylbenzene sulphonate in 0.0lM KC'I, or 0.03% dkyltu.nxcnc

sulphonate in 0.01M KCI. Secondly soil column cupcrimcnts were conducted with

50 mg L" lead metal ion solution in 0.01M KC]. SO nry I," lead metnl ion solution and

0.01 % alkylbenzene sulphonatc in 0.01M KC'I or 50 mp I , ' lead metnl ion solutinn and

0.05 % alkylbcnzene sulphonatc in O.OIM KC1 in order to study the m~xialed

breakthrough c w e s of lead as influenced by d i k n t concentrations of nlkylhenrfine

sulphonate.

5.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1.1 Mobility of Lead in toils

Leaching of lead from two typ~s of wils namely clay loam soil columns of

Ramachandrapuram village and sandy loam soil columns of Merlepako village wen

studied with 0.OlM KC1 as background electrolyte. The leaching of Pb fmm clay loam

soil of Ramachandrapuram village is sham in Fiyurc-5.1 and Table-5.1. Concentrution

of Pb in the eftluents of soil columns trcaled with 0.01M KC1 was almoat same up to

near 12 pore volumcs (VNn 2 I t ) (Figure-5. I). However, from thc beginning of 12 pore

volumes, Pb concentration in the emwnt of 0.01 M KC1 wns incnased with imd in

the number of porc volumcs (Figurc3.1).

The leaching of Pb fmm sandy loam soil of Mrrlapltka village is shown in

Figure-5.3 and Table-5.2. The changes in the mnds of ~ u m u l a t f d Pb in the efllucnts

of sandy loam soil columns of Merla&a village leached with 0.01M KC1 WE

different from those of clay loan soil columns of Kamachandropum villogc (Figures-

5.3 and 5.1). Concentration of Pb in the emwnts of sandy lorn soil columns trwted

with 0.01M KC1 was almost same up to nenr 12 pn: volun~cs (VN , 2 12). the

beginning of 12 pore volumes, Pb conccnmtion in thc emuent of 0.01M KC1 was

increased with increased in the number of porr volumes (Figure-5.3). At h c same pore

volumes, the concentration of Pb in the ctlluel~ts of sandy loam soil columns of

Merlapaka village bas less than thc concentration of Ph in thc cmuenlr of clay lo~m

soil columns of Ramachandrapuram village (Ihhlcs-5.1 and 5.71. 'Ibis indicates that the

accumulated Pb is more in clay lonnl soils than sandy lotnn soils. This is due lo the

presence of more amount of clay and organic matter in clay loum soil than sandy 1 1 ~

soil.

5.1.2 The effect of alkylbenzene sulphannk surfactrnt on Pb mobility in soils

Both sandy loam soil columns of Mcrlilpuka village and clay loum wil calumns

of Ramachandrapuram village were Icachcd with 0.01M KC'I or 0.01% alkylhcnrxnc

sulphonate in O.QI M KC1 or 0.05% alkylben/cne sulphontltc in O,QIM KCl. 'lhc effect

of alkylbenzene sulphona~c on the leeching of 1% from clay loam soil of Ramachandra

Puram village is shown in Figure-5.2. Concentration of 1% in thc cfflucnu of soil

colun~ns treated with 0.01M KC]. and 0.01% alkylbcnrxnc sulphonate in 0.01M KC!,

and 0.05% alkylhenitnc sulphonate in 0 01 M KC'] was almost the same up to neat

12 pore volumcs (VIV, = 12) (1;iyurc-5.2 and 'l'uhle-5,l). Howcvcr, aflcr 12 pow

volumes. Pb concentration in the clnucnt in 0.01 M KC'I treatment ( control) was higher

than that of 0.01 % alkylberuxne sulphonate in OlM KC1 trcatmcnt which wau a little

higher than that of 0.05 % alkylbenrienr sulphurrnte in 0.OlM KC1 mtmcnt. AAcr 26

pont volumes, significant diflerence in concentration of Ph in cmwnts hetween 0.01M

KC1 treament, 0.01% alkylberwmc sulphonate in 01M KC1 trcstmrnt, 0.05%

alkylbenzene sulphonate in 0.0 1 M KC1 trrotmcnt was obrrvcd with higher cancentnuion

of lead in the etlluent of 0.01M KC1 rrealrnmt than with the other two Irc:almcnB

(Figure-5.2 and Table-5.1).

Table-5.1: The nccumulatd Pb in the ~ r n ~ r n g of Clay loam soil of H*machrndn

Purnm village

1 1 Accumulrted Pb in the elYlucnb (mg) 1

Volume V N o 0.01M KC1 sulphonate sulphonate 1 1 treatment 1 in 0.01M KC1 i in0.OIMKCl I

I 1 treatment I treatment 1

Figure-5.1: Tbe accumulated Pb in the effluents of clny loam soil column lcaehcd

with 0 . 0 1 ~ KC1

1

6 - A .

E' - 5 - U1 c. C .

4 - 5 0) = 3 - c .- n a 2 - -0 Q, M .

m -

I ': 4 0-

1

I -.- 0.01 M KC1 treatment 1

/-• I 1 I 1 I 1

0 10 20 30 40

"No

Figure-5.2: The accumulated Pb In thc cmucnta of clay loam noil column leachcd

6 - n

F 5 - V

V) 44

2 a, 4:

.c 3- P a 3 L. 2- m - 3 . 6 1-

a . 0 -

1

with 0.01M KC1 in ah~ence md in the pmcnce of alkylbmu?nc

-n- 0.01M KC1 treatment -*- 0.01% ABS In 0 01M KC1 treatment

1 1 I 1 1 I

~ulphonate (ABS)

0 10 20 30 40

The changes in the trends of accumuIa~d Ph in the cfiluents nf sandy loam sail

columns of Merlapaka tillage leach4 ~ 4 t h 0.01M KC1 or 0.01% alkylknzmc sulphcna11:

in 0.01M KC1 or 0.05% alkylbenzene sulphonatc in 0.01 M KC1 wttrc d i f h n t h n ~ thost of

clay loam soil columns of Rarnachandrnpunun \liIIag~ (Fiyum-5.4 Rnd 5.2). Front the

beginning of 16 p o ~ volumes, Pb commtntion in Ihe emuen4 of QOlM KC! m?atmcnl

(control) is higher than that of 0.01% dkglhc.nrxnc sulphonntc in 0.01M KC1 which

was little higher than that of 0.05% alkylknrtnc: sulphonua in O.QlM KC'I mutnlcnt

(Figure-5.4 and Table-5.2).

For the leached port volu~nes mund 21 to 24 sipaiticair dilTcrcncc in the

amount of Pb accun~ulated between the t\ro mil colun~ns Isachd wih 0.01M KC\.

0.01% alkylbenzene sulphonatc in 0 OlM KC1 end O.OSU:r alAylhcnrcne sulphonutc in

0.01M KC1 were observed. From neur I:! pore ~olun~cs. the Ph conccntmtion in the

emuent of 0.OIM KC1 [reurnlent was aignifictintlq higher rllm that in the cflluent of

0.01% alkylhenzcne sulphonare in 0.01M KC1 uhich nus a lirtlc llighcr than thal of

0.05% alkylbenzene sulphonate in O OIM KC'I (kigure-5.4 and l'ahlc-5.2) .

Table-5.2: The accumulated Pb in the emuenh of sandy loam soil of Mcdapaka

village

I . I Accumulated Pb in the efllucnts (mR) I Fractional I / O,Ola/edkylbcntene 1 O.M% alkylbenzcac I

Volume V N o rulphanate sulphonata treatment / OeOIM 1 in OdlM Y(1 1 in 0.01MKO I

. _ . I...... ". . .a. -.-*-,- "- .--._-" ll.l._-, ---* ----

I I _ l _ . l _ _ - _ ,- "" . , " . ." _.4.1-." + : _ . 1 . , . . . . :: 1 :: 1

Figure-53: Tbc accumulated Pb in rhc effhcntr of randy loam soil column lcnchcd

wi~h a.OlM KC1

5 -

V) u

5 4 -

% - t 3 - C .- . n a 2 - '0 a, C (D - - i 1 -

1 . a 0 - 1

I -m- O.01M KC1 treatment ] I

N' >m"'

/?

i' /

i

/m

, j

./I ---I ----

I I 1 1 I i

0 10 20 30 40

"1%

Figure-SA: The accumulated Pb in the emucnts of nrndy loam @oil column leached

with O.OlM KC1 in abmcnce and in the prrnrncc of alkylbcmnr!

~ulphonate (ABS)

- 5 -

h

E 4 - Y

V) U

5 2 3 - Q,

E

a" 2 -

B (II - Y

1 - i - < 0 -

-.- 0 01M KC1 treatment -0- 0.01% ABS In 0 01M KC1 treatment -A- 0.05% ABS In 0 01M KC1 treatment

T I I I - 0 10 20 30 40

"No

These results clearly indicated that the input of the anionic swlirumt alkylbcnaww:

sulphonate retarded the mobility of Pb in soil. Further at thc cmcmtmtion of

alkylbenzene sulphonate increased, the mobility of Pb in soil also d~rcased. 'lhc

reasons for the above trend is due to the fact !hat lead strongly bound la oryanic and

mineral components of the soil. Hence its lcuchability is very low. In thc prcsrrncc of

anionic alkylbenzene sulphonate leachability of Icod funher dcc~ascs m Ph is hound to

anionic alkylbenzene sulphonate which was strongly ~dsorbcd in thc soil campc>ncnts.

The adsorption of Pb by the two soils and the niohiliry d l 'b in Ihc soil columns

were analysed by the breakthrough cuncs (R'l Cs) of' Ph in soil colurnns. Thc Ph BTC's

of the two soils showed that the added f'b in influent can br retained hy soil compcwcnts

to some extent. For both soils, the added 1% Mas leuched oul in cflluents, whcn the

influent used was above 16 pore volumcs (1:igurcs-5.5 i~nd 5.6). 'l'hc I'h hrcukthmuyh

point (C/C,,=I) for clay loam soil of Ran~uchandrapwnm village tmted with the influent

of 50 mg L;' Pb in 0.01M KC1 was 40 pore volumes. while thc ('/C',, was only 0.5 ut

near 36 pore volumes tbr soil colulnn rreutcd with the intlucnt of50 my I." Pb nnd 0.01

% alkylbenzene sulphonate in 0.01 M K('1 and while the ('I(',, was only 0.5 ot new 4R

pore volunies for soil column treated with the ir~lluent of 50 my I," 1% md 0.05%

alkylbenzene sulphonatc in 0.01M KC'I (I:iym-5 5 and l'ahlc-5.3). This indicates !kc in

the absence of anionic surfactant alkylben/cnr zulphonutc lcachohillity of lcsd is more

than in the presence of the added alkylhen/xt~c sulpltonalc.

Table-5.3: The Pb breakthrough curves of clay loam soil column of hmachandtn

Puram village

Figure-5.5: The Pb breakthrough cuwa of clay loam mil column trcnted wlth

(i) pb 0.01M KC1 (ii) Pb and 0.01% rlkylhctrttne rulpbonntt in

0.01M KC1 and (iii) Pb and 0.05 YJ alkylbcnzcnc rulpbonrtc la 0.OlM

KC1

-I- Pb in O.0lM KC1 treatment -*- Pb and 0.01% ABS in 0.01M KC1 treatment

1.2-

1.0-

0.8 -

0.6-

3 0.4 -

0.2 -

0.0-

-A- Pb and 0.05% ABS in 0.01M KC1 treatment

- = t l . , . l ' l . l I *

0 10 20 30 40 50

"No

The Pb break through point (C/C,=I) was new 46 pore volumes for sandy Im soil of Merlapaka village, when treated with the influent of SO nlg L.' Ph in 0.01 M KC1

and while C/Co was only 0.5 at near 40 port voIun~cs for sandy loam soil of MctlapAn

village when treated with influent 50 mg L" Pb and 0.019'a alkglkntenc sulphonatc in

0.01 M KCI, ClCo was 0.5 at near 52 pore volume while trca~ed with inlluwr of 30 m y

L' Pb and 0.05% alkylbenzene sulphonate in 0.01 M KC1 (1:igurr-5.6 and Tahlc-5.4).

This clearly indicates that anionic alkylhenzene sulphonute shows negutivc cfftct on the

leachabillity of Pb from the soil column. 11 can he uttnbutcd that Icd can fun1 soluhlt

complexes with alkylbenzene sulphonate. thcsc complcscs may lw stnrngly adsorkd hy

soils matrix and has low mobility. As \ I I ~ conc:ntration of ulkylhcnt.cnc sulpk,~te

increased in the soil the leachabillity of lead decwssd.

Table-5.4: The pb bmkthmugh c u m of sandy loam soil column of Mtrlap.lu

village

llelativr Concrntrntion CICo

Fractional Volume pb in 0.0 1~ KCI

treatment

___._?Ccntmc!!t-. .*_.

Figure-5.6: The Pb breakthrough curves of aandy loam mil calumn treated with

(i) Pb in 0.01N KC1 (ii) Pb and 0.01% alkylbenucnt rulphanatc in 0.01

M KC1 and (iii) Pb and 0.05 % vlkylbcnzcnc sulphanatc in O.OiM KC1

5.2 CONCULSIONS

The soil column leaching experiments sho~spd thnr thc rrldirion of alkyl-

sulphonate in the influent decreased the Pb rn~tcentrations in tlxt cRlienrs of ~ h c IW mil

columns. Moreover Pb bbrttakthrough cmcs shuwrul dwl marc pn. kdunk4 w quirtxi

for the soils Waled with influent that conulinexi ulkylhrrvmc: sulphnwrc lhan those for the

corresponding soils wed with influen~ ht cuntailxul m alLylhmrxnc sulphnmlr. to wh

the relative concentration ratio of (CICo). 'The rcsulrs obraintrf hus inrplicate that

alkylbenzene sulphonate irnn~oblilzes the mclh~lily of I'h in thc wil md di~ tmsc Ihc risk

of ground water contamination by Pb originu~cd from Ph conraining wilu in rhc prrsuncc

of alkylbenzene sulphonate surfactmt released from urhnn \vastc wavr.

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