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Chapter-Vi TRIBAL PROBLEMS AND PLANNING
160
CHAP TER-VI
TRIBAL PROBLEMS AND PLANNING
6.1 General Introduction
A deliberate problem always calls for a planning strategy and its practicality of
strategy determines the productive results for development programmes. In real sense,
nature of strategy depends on problem, situation and objectives. The definition of
problem and goals are, therefore, pre-requisite for understanding the strategy. Nashik
district accounts 23.71 percent tribals population. For the upliftment of tribals several
development programmes have been undertaken by Central and State Government
from time to time involving huge human, financial and material resources too. The
present chapter, has attempted to find out tribal problems and to suggest planning
strategy for tribal development in study region. Such study will enable to get a new
direction for tribal development in study region. Education, health, economy and TSP
plans and other aspects are studied in this chapter.
6.2 Programmes Implemented Through Five Year Plans.
Tribal population in Maharashtra accounts 8.85 percent to total population in
2001 and it is largely concentrated in northwest hilly Sahyadri region in Nandurbar,
Dhule, Nashik, Thane, Jalgaon and in east districts namely, Gadchiroli, Bhandara,
Gondia, Chandrapur and Nagpur. According to Government of India (1975-76)
villages having more than fifty percent tribal population is considered for Integrated
Tribal Development Project (ITDP) and where less than fifty percent tribal population
have implemented Additional Tribal Sub Plan (ATSP) and Modified Area
Development Approach (MADA) and Mini MADA in other areas. Tribal Sub Plan
(TSP) approach was adopted from the beginning of fifth five year plan (1974-75) in
India. Table-6.1 shows budget proposed on tribal programmes in Maharashtra state
from fifth five year plans from 1974 to 2014. Initially 4.75 percent was alloted for the
period from 1974 to 1979 which was increased upto 8.94 percent in eleventh plan.
This total expenditure accounts 3 percent to total budget of state and averagely 90
percent to provision (Arthsanklpiya Andaj Pustika, Tribal Development Department).
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Table-6.1: Budgatory Provision on Tribal Development in Maharashtra State
Sr.
No. Plans Rupees in Crores Tribal Sub Plan Percent
1 Fifth Five year (1974-1979) 2627.57 124.99 4.75
2 Sixth Five Year (1980-1985) 6537.24 341.11 5.22
3 Seventh Five year (1985-90) 10500 525 5.00
4 Eighth Five year (1992-1997) 24735 1818.47 7.35
5 Ninth Five year (1997-2002) 33914.82 2793.59 8.24
6 Tenth Five year (2002-2007) 48561.15 4049.77 8.34
7 Eleventh Five year (2007-2012) 150117 13418.35 8.94
8 Annual Plan (2012-2013) 45000 4005 8.90
9 Annual Plan (2013-2014) 46938 4177.46 8.90
Source : Annual Tribal Sub Plan, 2013-2014
According to constitutional provision, state Government should promote in
education and economy of tribals as well as protect them from social injustice and
exploitation. There are two ITDP plans have implemented in Nashik and Kalwan
tahsils with an objective for integrating at village level. Beside this, various tribal
schemes have implemented by Government of Maharashtra state. Some major area of
scheme are as below :
6.2.1 Educational Schemes
Maharashtra State Government has emphasized on tribals education who are
undoubtedly far behind. Ashram school started to impart tribal education where
lodging, boarding, text books, uniforms are free provided. Government providing
grants for construction of primary school buildings and are appointing of school
teachers. Even year slotted grant was given for secondary education for private
institution and instructional material scheme up to secondary schools belonging tribal
region. In order to motivate tribal population for getting self-employment, vocational
schools were started and certificate were 90 percent grant were spent for play grounds
development and this budget was increased to 7.5 lakh in 2005-2006.
6.2.2 Health Schemes
Government of Maharashtra has attempted to provide medical facilities for
tribals. National Malaria Eradication Programme is being implemented and 1416.7
lakhs rupees have allocated 2013-2014. The Programme of Polio Education has
undertaken by Government of India in 2005 and for this 18.6 lakhs rupees has
provided for 2013-2014. The supply of diet facilities to indoor tribal patient‟s in rural
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hospitals and primary health centers is another scheme for which 141.1 lakhs rupees
have been proposed 2013-2014. For the establishment of Rural Hospital (331 Lakh),
Primary Health Centre (14.1 lakh) and Health Sub centre (307 lakh rupees) have
proposed budged in 2013-2014 on tribal sub plan.
6.2.3 Welfare Schemes for Economic Upliftment
Government of Maharashtra has made provision in TSP for economic welfare of
tribal population in the form of scholarship to students, hostels, ashram schools for
which 10000 lakhs rupees for 2013-14 have allocated as below.
(1) Government Ashram Schools : Tribal development department running 552
Ashram Schools in hilly and remote areas in Maharashtra state.
(2) Junior Colleges : The Government of Maharashtra has started 67 junior colleges
in 1999-2000 for tribal students and provide free lodging, boarding, educational
materials and amenities.
(3) Government Hostels for Tribal Students : In order to attract tribal students
pursuing higher education, tribal development department started 479
Government Hostels at district and tahsil level have build up and seats in these
hostels have reserved for different education for triabls.
(4) Maintenance and Travelling Allowance : The government gives person 100
rupees as traveling allowance and 100 rupees as maintenance allowance per
month per student and 500 rupees scholarship for handicap students.
(5) Pre-Metric Scholarships : For reducing drop out rate in schools “ Pre Secondary
Golden Jubilee Tribal Scholarship” has been started in 2010 and Rs. 1000/- for
1st to 4
th, Rs. 1500/- for 5
th to 7
th and Rs. 2000/- for 8
th to 10
th students
(Annually) for regular attendance of tribals students.
(6) Eklavya Model English Medium Residential School : The Government of
Maharashtra with assistance of Central Government has established four
residential school english medium among them one is at Mundhegaon in study
region to provide quality education to tribal students.
(7) Computer Training : This scheme imparts to six month computer training course
to tribal students studying 8th
to 12th
in Ashram Schools.
(8) Pre-Military, Police and Motor Driving Training : In order to fulfill the backlog
in police force and army, government has established training centers. The
duration of training is six months and two sessions are held during a year. One
training center is functioning from 1990 in study region.
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(9) Supply of Electric Motor Pumps and Oil Engines : The tribal cultivators have
provided with electric motor pumps and oil engines who has 1.5 acres to 16
acres cultivable land on subsides basis.
(10) Thakkar Bappa Tribal Village Integrated Improvement Programme has
implemented in MADA and Mini-MADA pockets by integrated approach
(2013-2014).
(11) Khavati Loan finance scheme has introduced in 1978 in TSP area. This provides
consumption requirements of needy tribal families during the lean employment
season at the rate of 7.5 percent interest for one year.
(12) Financial Assistance to Shabari Vitta Vikas Mahamandal : This scheme
provides financial assistant for self-employment since 2000-2001.
(13) Kanyadan Yojana : For reducing extravagant amount on marriages and forbid
unfair practices in marriage, Government has initiated “Kanyadan” scheme by
supply financial assistance Rs. 10000 to tribal couples from 2003-2004.
(14) Shabri Gharkul Yojana : From 2013-2014, this scheme has introduces to
provide shelter for tribal families and 500 corers rupees were allotted.
Besides above schemes, Government of Maharashtra has introduced special
schemes for tribal women and children. It includes supply of bicycles to girl students
studying in 5th
to 10th
classes, opening of new Balwadi, free sewing machine,
construction of toilets and laboratories for rural women, training to Panchayat Raj
women representative, supply of uniforms to students, financial assistants to Mahila
Mandals and self-help groups for industrial training purposes are other schemes in
study region (2013-2014). Integrated child development scheme is sponsored by
Government of India and a package of services to children below 6 years of age and
pregnant women like supplementary nutrition, immunization, heath checkup. Nav
Sangeevan Yojana scheme aims at integrated and coordinate, implement and
strengthen the drinking water facilities, health facilities by agencies at several levels.
Entrepreneurial development programme implemented by Directors of industries for
up gradation of skills among educated and unemployed tribal youth and give them
training based on entrepreneurship development for 12 days residential for which Rs.
4000/- are given per candidate per month. Apart from above schemes Government of
Maharashtra has implemented Indira Awas Yojana and Jawahar Rojagar Yojana since
1996 to improve the quality of life among tribals. Table-6.2 shows sectorwise
distribution of outlay of 41177.48 crore rupees for 2013-2014.
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Table-6.2 : Sectorwise Distribution of Outlay in 2013-2014.
Sr.
No.
Name of the
Sectors
Percent
to Total
Outlay
Sr.
No. Name of the Sectors
Percent
to Total
Outlay
1 Welfare of Backward
Classes 40 7 Irrigation 7
2 Rural Water Supply 3 8 Animal Husbandry/ Fisheries 2
3 Health 17 9 Nutrition 3
4 Education 6 10 Soil Conservation 2
5 Power Development 2 11 Other all Sub Sectors 3
6 Roads Development 15 Total 100
Source : Annual Tribal Sub Plan, Tribal Development Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, 2013-2014
Table-6.2 reveals that backward sector alloted maximum outlay (40 percent)
but important sectors related to malnutrition (3), education (6) and health (17) lacking
behind in this budget.
6.3 Tribal Problems
It should be noted that British ruler had recognised need of special protection
for tribals and it was the pioneers consideration of tribal policy in India. Jawaharlal
Nehru appreciated spirit, operational feasibility of Elwin's policy suggestions. Nehru
belives trust that development should not be at the cost of inherent qualities and
accumulated experiences of these people. This basic philosophy underlies the famous
'Panchasheel' or five principles given by him for administration of tribal areas (Govt.
of India, 1954). These five principles are:
(i) The tribal people should develop lines of their own genius and encourage their
arts and culture.
(ii) Tribal rights on land and forest should be respected.
(iii) Encourage tribal to train them to build up a team in the field of administration.
(iv) Make awareness to tribal to work through and social harmony and cultural
institutions.
(v) To judge the tribal development not by statistics or money but by quality of
human character.
These principles are waiting to transmit up to root level after sixty six years of
Independence. During fieldwork researcher through interviews and personal
discussions has found that even today tribals number of problems have many
problems as below:
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Education is measured by rates of literacy, enrolment and drop out in schools
and colleges. In five year plans, priority was given to educational development of
scheduled tribes. The scheduled tribes development department has been spending
money an tribal population by providing scholarship and finance for boarding. Even
then it is noticed that tribal has motivated for imparting education in study region.
Firstly, low of male literacy (49.3 percent) and female literacy (37.2 percent) and it is
increasing very slow resulting poor enrollment of tribal children is first problem.
Secondly drop out rate has increased in education as there is less awareness about
education. Apart from this, attendance allowances are given to 5th
to 10th
standard
students is insufficient now a days. Thirdly, how can community fully involve and
support education system are major problem in study region. Fourthly Ashram
schools are not working in good condition. Finally though outlay is 6 percent on
education, actual expenditure was only 3.82 percent in 2011-2012 (Karykram
Andajpatrak, Tribal Development Department). Due to lack of awareness of
education have high birth rate, unemployment and poverty have problems have arised
in study region. The tribal population is situated at isolated areas away from urban
centers, hospitals and health centers. Tribals can not timely able to use of available
medical facilities. Mostly tribals prefer medicinal plants for traditional treatments.
Secondly, unaware about HIV and family planning. Thirdly, tribal are addicted to
alcohols and similar habits. Though there is provision of 17 percent budget were
allotted to health (Table-6.2), available outlay is 7.82 percent in 2011-2012 (Annual
Sub plan 2008-09 and 2011-2012). Hence, health problems like infant mortality,
malnutrition and less life expectancy are burning problems in study region.
Economic condition of tribal in study region is below average due to marginal
land holdings, traditional agriculture, unemployment, high growth of population.
These are the main causes of poverty among tribal in study region. Small
landholdings, low productivity, traditional cropping and unemployment are some
issues are found in study region which leads economic problems. Marginal
landholding is problem fallowed by less availibility of irrigation. Unemployment and
marginal workers are the problems in tribal community which led poverty in tribal
region. Why there is shortfall in percentage of recruitment of tribal people in
government sector? Due to poverty tribals are unavailing facilities like health,
education, infrastructure etc. It is unaided fact that Government of Maharashtra not
sending more than 3 percent to total budget for tribal development.
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Tribal sub-plan approach has now been orientated for five year plan. It is
special plan introduced to ensure share as a matter of right for satisfied needs of tribal
population. There is gap between plan and implementation of Tribal Sub-Plan in
study region. Whatever the economic provisions are made in tribal sub-plan show less
success not expended 100 is big problem. In last 17 years tribal sub plan balance is
8804 crore rupees in Maharashtra state (Annual Sub Plan). During the field survey it
was revealed that tribal people are unaware about their rights and schemes
implemented by Government for them. The Government has found fail to implement
schemes effectively in study region and it was noticed that there is a gap between
tribals and Government.
6.4 Planning Strategy for Tribal Development
There are three components of strategic planning (Fig 6.1). First is problem
solving by issue analysis; second is management by fulfilling objectives for results
and third is team building among tribals.
The priority should be given for educational imparting to scheduled Tribes
population. The following strategy can be adopted in regards to education for tribals
development in study region.
(i) Awareness should be created regarding education in tribals, it holds key
position.
(ii) Scheme for raising enrolment of scheduled tribe children in schools and for
drops-outs.
(iii) Financial assistance should be given to higher education in tribals area.
(iv) Schemes for incentive to especially talented tribal youths in arts and sports.
All education schemes should implement at root level very effectively for
upliftment of tribal community.
The various measures have undertaken by central and state Government for
timely medical attention to scheduled tribes as tribals live far away from hospitals and
health centres and are not able to make use of available medical facilities. Fallowing
strategies are useful for heath conditions of tribals.
(i) There should be visiting vehicle clinic for remote tribal Padas located in Peint
and Surgana tahsil in study region.
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Fig.-6.1 :
168
(ii) Necessary training and awareness should be created among tribal women
regarding health, hygiene and nutrition.
(iii) There should be eradication of alcohol, tobacco and smoking habits among
tribals.
(iv) There should be proper implementation of scheme for food support and
hygienic conditions in five tribals tahsils namely Peint, Surgana, Dindori,
Trimbakeshwar and Kalwan.
Agriculture activity and agriculture labours work are backbone of tribal
economy and therefore it is necessary to implements the schemes to improve
agriculture and allied activities. In addition to this provide employment opportunities
for increasing income and standard of living. In this context following strategies
should be adopted.
(i) Tribal concentrated tahsils namely Peint, Surgana, Dindori, Trimbakeshwar
and Kalwan receive high amount of rainfall between 2500 to 3500mm and it is
possible to construct small-small irrigation tank with the help of tribals
participation as ideal village Ralrgoan Sidhhi developed. For the beneficial of
agriculture and employment generation too.
(ii) There should be assuring work and payment for tribal workers and marginal
landholders throughout the year.
(iii) Financial assistance should be given for adaptation of technology in
agriculture.
(iv) Free supply of higher yielding varieties of seeds and chemical fertilizers to
tribal cultivators.
It is urgently necessary to establish that tribal development programmes
helped tribal communities to make a significant change in their occupational structure
showing positive impact on income pattern. Tribal sub-plan programmes should be
formulated with keeping in local conditions and ensuring actual participation of
beneficiaries. Awareness of tribal welfare scheme are most important for their socio-
economic transformation for tribals. It is found during the field work that despite
genuine efforts made by central and state government and various agencies for
promoting social and economic progress of tribals are far from satisfactory and tribals
are continue to lag behind than other social groups. In this regards following strategies
are adopted.
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(1) Government and Tribal Development Department should create awareness by
sending letters to each household, primary school and Grampanchayat
regarding every scheme before the implementation of scheme and at the
beginning of financial the year.
(2) Tribal Development Departments should implement all plans and schemes by
motivating tribals without corruption and without giving trouble to them.
(3) Literate tribal people should support for implementation of sub plans in their
regions by creating team for awareness.
(4) 100 percent allocated money should be utilized effectively.
The Government policies are good but it is very essential to remove gap
between tribals and Government administration. Government should create awareness
among tribal regarding their schemes by sending annual policy plan to each tribal
family by post. The provided information should be given in known language to
tribals. There should be easy asses, helpfulness and kindness to tribals at tribal
development offices and 100 percent perfect implementation is essential. Tribal
development department should utilize 100 percent budget annually. Tribal research
and training centres should carry out research finding for enhancement of tribal
community.
6.5 Proposed Model For Tribal Development
Education should give top priority among tribal as it enhance the quality
human resources for overall development of human being. First stage involves three
strategies. Firstly, it is essential to create awareness regarding education among tribal
especially among women. Secondly, to provide free quality education at their places
distance and have easy access to education. Second stage comprises creation of
quality human resources by gaining skills, avail of employment by family planning
and health. This stage will be helpful for enrich standard of living of tribal people and
lastly, utilization of these quality resources for creative work by adopting government
schemes for them. This will support for eradication of poverty among tribal
community. Hence, it is essential increase more budget for education upto 15 percent
annually (Fig.-6.2). Inclusive development of tribal is holding key position. While
considering welfare of backward tribals, rural development, agriculture, power,
irrigation, health and nutrition an attempt has made to proposed a model for tribal
development.
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Fig.-6.2 :
171
This model consists of five stages namely; need identification, participation,
programme designing, execution strategy and withdrawal strategy.
(i) Need Identification : This first stage includes aspect like why, whom and
what is need of development. What is scope and available resources? and
specific need based emerging problem identification. It required in depth
field surveys in study region.
(ii) Participation: Involvement of beneficiaries is second impotent aspect. For
that acceptable intervention and creation of awareness is required as
essential stage.
(iii) Programme Designing : While considering need base problems and
participation of tribal people be considered policy or plan should be
design perfectly.
(iv) Execution Strategy : After preparation of plan there should be exclusive
implementation of strategy with time limit to achieve desired goals.
(v) Withdrawal Strategy: After achieving the goals strategy should be
withdrawal by formation of people organization like self-help groups. This
will help to capacity building in particular tribal region.
6.6 Resume
The plan reports highlights several programmes have been introduced to
progress the economic conditions of tribal population in Maharashtra state and study
region in tribal regions. Tribal Sub-Plan outlay was in accordance with proportion of
scheduled tribe population as per the recommendations of Shri. Sukhatankar
Committees Report. It was found that tribal development schemes have brought less
change among tribal people. The study reveals that these efforts were made without
actual capable development of tribal people. For the successful implementation of
tribal development schemes, tribal people should more access to these schemes.
Tribal offices should be within their reach hence Integrated Tribal Development
Office should be established at tahsil level. Moreover, complicated procedure and
documentation of schemes should be reduced. More proportion of funds be used for
individual beneficiary schemes. At the same time necessary action should be taken to
control mass level corruption in implementation of tribal development plans. The
suggested models should be implemented genuinely for upliftment of tribal
population in study region.