Chapter01 Ethics

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Chapter 1:

Catalysts for Change

Ethics for the Information Age

Forth Edition

by

Michael J. Quinn

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley



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Organization of Chapter

• 1-1 Introduction

• 1-2 Milestones in computing

• 1-3 Milestones in networking• 1-4 Information technology issues



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. Introduction

Information Age

• Characterized by unprecedented access to

information

• Catalysts

!ow-cost computers

"igh-speed communication networks

• #$amples of ad%ances in past two decades

Cell phones #mail

&orld &ide &eb

M'3 players



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. Introduction !cont."

#echnology and $alues

• (ynamic between people) technology 'eople adopt technology *echnology changes society

•

(ifferent ways people are affected by technology 'hysical changes +e,g,) pains accompany the use oflaptops

'sychological changes +e,g,) cell phones make you feelsafer

• *echnologies can sol%e problems) create new problems .utomobile /efrigerator and the 0zone !ayer !ow-cost international communication

uclear weapons and radiation the 0zone !ayer



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Control o%er &e' #echnologies

• 'eople can control whether to adopt new

technology

uclear power moratorium in nited tates

uclear power ad%ances in rest of world

• 'eople can influence rate at which technologies

are de%eloped Intellectual property laws +make money from creati%ity

*a$ structure +accumulate great wealth

. Introduction !cont."



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.( Milestones in Computing

• .ids to manual calculating

• Mechanical calculators

• Cash register

• 'unched card tabulation

•'recursors of commercial computers

• 6irst commercial computers

• 'rogramming languages and time-sharing

• *ransistor and integrated circuit

• I7M ystem8359• Microprocessor

• 'ersonal computer


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Aids to Manual Calculating

• *he three important aids to manual calculating are; tablet)

the abacus)

and mathematical tables< *ables of logarithms +1:th century

< Income ta$ tables +today,

• "owe%er) e%en with them manual calculating is

slow) tedious) and error-prone,



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Early Mechanical Calculators

•Calculators !from )

th

* +th

century"• ,ocial Change Mar-et for Calculators

>ilded .ge +late 1?th century .merica

< /apid industrialization

< #conomic e$pansion

< Concentration of corporate power

ew) larger corporations

< Multiple layers of management< Multiple locations

< eeded up-to-date) comprehensi%e) reliable)and affordable information



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Early Mechanical Calculators

• Calculator Adoptions ,ocial Change

6ierce competition in calculator market

< Continuous impro%ements in size) speed) ease of use

< ales increased rapidly

@(eskillingA and feminization of bookkeeping

< 'eople of a%erage ability Buite producti%e

< Calculators 5 faster than adding by hand< &ages dropped

< &omen replaced men



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Cash egister

•tore owners of late 1=99s faced problems eeping accurate sales records for

department stores

're%enting embezzlement from clerks

• /esponse to problems; cash register

Created printed) itemized receipts

Maintained printed log of transactions

/ang bell e%ery time drawer was opened



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#abulators /ata0processing ,ystems

• 'unched cards +late 1?th century 0ne record per card

Cards could be sorted into groups) allowingcomputation of subtotals by categories

< #arly adopters ,, 7ureau of the Census

/ailroads

/etail organizations

"ea%y industries

• (ata-processing system /ecei%es input data

'erforms one or more calculations

'roduces output data



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First Commercial Computers

• 'recursors of Commercial Computers mall-cale #$perimental Machine; C/* memory, .

fully electronic computer system that had both programand data stored in its memory, It successfullye$ecuted its first program in 1?4=,

• /emington-/and Completed ID.C in 1?1 (eli%ered to ,, 7ureau of the Census 'redicted winner of 1?2 'res, #lection

• I7M +entered the commercial market in 1?3

!arger base of customers 6ar superior sales and marketing organization >reater in%estment in research and de%elopment (ominated mainframe market by mid-1?59s



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1rogramming 2anguages

• .ssembly language ymbolic representations of machine instructions

'rograms Eust as long as machine language programs

• 60/*/. +1?: 6irst higher-le%el language +shorter programs

(esigned for scientific applications

• C070! +1??

,, (epartment of (efense standard (esigned for business applications



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#ime0,haring ,ystems and 3A,IC

• *ime-haring ystems +In the early 1?59s

(i%ide computer time among multiple users

sers connect to computer %ia terminals

Cost of ownership spread among more people >a%e many more people access to computers

• 7.IC +In the early 1?59s

(e%eloped at (artmouth College

imple) easy-to-learn programming language

'opular language for teaching programming



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Other Ad%ances

• *ransistor

/eplacement for %acuum tube In%ented at 7ell !abs +1?4=

• emiconductor 6aster

Cheaper More reliable More energy-efficient

• Integrated Circuit ; emiconductor containing transistors)capacitors) and resistors

.d%antages o%er parts they replaced< maller < 6aster < More reliable

< !ess e$pensi%e



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I3M ,ystem4567

•7efore ystem8359 I7M dominated mainframe market in 1?59s

I7M computers were incompatible

witch computers→ rewrite programs

• ystem8359 +1?54

eries of 1? computers with %arying le%els of

power .ll computers could run same programs -

Compatible

pgrade without rewriting programs



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Microprocessor and 1ersonal Computer

• Microprocessor; Computer inside a singlesemiconductor chip In%ented in 1?:9 at Intel

Made personal computers practical

• #$ample of first 'Cs .ltair ==99 +1?:

'ersonal computers become popular

< .pple Computer; .pple II (e%elopments draw businesses to personal

computers< I7M launches I7M 'C



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05 Milestones in &et'or-ing

• (isco%eries in electromagnetism +early 1=99s

• *elegraph +1=44 . telegraph is a machine used to transmit messages

in the form of electrical impulses that can be con%ertedinto data

• *elephone +1=:5

• *ypewriter and teletype +1=:3) 1?9=

In 1?9= a typewriter was modified to print a message transmitted o%er a

telegraph lineF the in%entors called the in%ention) a teletype • /adio +1=?

• *ele%ision +1?2:



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Other Milestones in &et'or-ing

• /emote computing +1?49

• ./'.#* - Ad%anced esearch 1ro8ects Agency &et'or- +1?5?

• #mail +1?:2

• Internet +1?=3

network of networks communicating using *C'8I'• 7roadband +2999

• 7roadband "igh-speed Internet connection

.t least 19$ faster than dial-up connection

#nhanced by fiber optic networks

outh orea is the world leader in broadbandnetworking,384 of homes ha%e broadband connections



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Other Milestones in &et'or-ing

• ewspapers

• >raphical ser Interface

• &orld &ide &eb +1??9

'rotocols based on *C'8I'→ general

!ater browsers

< Mosaic

< etscape a%igator

< etscape Mozilla

< Microsoft Internet #$plorer +most popular

• earch #ngines - >oogle) .ltaDista) M

• Information *echnology



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Information #echnology

• (efinition; (e%ices used in creation)storage) manipulation) dissemination ofdata) sound) and8or images

• #$amples; Computers) telephones) %ideocameras) M'3 players

• 'eople making greater use of I*

Costs keep falling Capabilities keep rising



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09 I# Issues

• #mail

#asy way to keep in touch pam has become a real problem

• &eb 6ree access to huge amounts of information

"armful conseBuences of some sites• C(s) M'3s) M'4s

6ree or cheap copies readily a%ailable May be unfair to musicians

•

Credit cards Con%enience o%er cash and checks Increases possibility of identity theft &ho owns information about transactionsG



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09 I# Issues !cont."

•*elecommuting a%es time) allows more fle$ible work hours

Can lead to longer work hours

May result in fewer chances for promotion

• Impro%ed global communication network

.llow companies to sell to entire world

.llow companies to mo%e Eobs out of their

home countries,• &orld &ide &eb

. conduit for democratic ideasG

.nother tool for totalitarian go%ernmentsG



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Conclusions

• /e%olutionary disco%eries are rare

• Information technology has long history

• /ate of technological change accelerating

• &rong Buestion; @&hat will the computerdo to usGA

• /ight Buestion; @&hat will we make of the

computerGA+Buoting eymour 'apert

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Chapter01 Ethics