Chapters 8.2 and 15:Africa

C. Spread their ironworking skills and adapted their farming methods to suit the new lands 1. learned new customs Migration Map

I. BantuA. People of the savanna region south of the SaharaB. Farmers and nomadic herders, who were skilled in

ironworking 1. used slash and burn farming techniques 2. land lost fertility requiring them to move

A. Cause of Migration 1. as populations increased, needed more land to farm & graze 2. Needed hardwood for ironworking

II. Bantu Migrations (3000BCE – CE 1100)

B. Effect of Migration 1. Population distribution 2. Cultural blending through contact and intermarriage 3. Increased pop. destiny 4. Shared technology a. forging tools and weapons from copper, bronze, iron

I. Sudanic Kingdoms

A. Hunting-gathering

B. Social structure - leader = oldest male

C. Lineage = same ancestors

D. Stateless society

1. No centralized power

Trade Routes

Chapter 15

1. Development: Sonike peoplea. Emerged when camel introduced to trade

2. Trade = gold, salt3. Became rich by taxing traders4. By 800 an empire5. Palace, army, bureaucracy6. Islam spread through trade - most mixed Islam

and animistic beliefs = religious syncretism7. Decline: Defeated by N. Africa Muslims

II. Three West African Sudanic Kingdoms

A. Ghana 800-1076

B. Mali 1235-14001. Development: Mande people, became

powerful after fall of Ghana

2. Trade = gold , salt

3. Capital = Niani

4. Decline: weak successors and gold trade shifted east

4. Sundiata, Mali’s first great leadera. Mali’s first great leaderb. All of his 12 brothers were murderedc. Grew up and avenged their murdersd. Became emperor of Mali about 1235e. Military leader - took over Ghanaf. Led to peace and prosperity =

established bureaucracy and administration

g. Agriculture, established gold & salt trade

5. Mansa Musa, Mali’s second great leader 1312-1332

a. Grandnephew of Sundiata

b. Military leader

c. Gold & salt trade

d. Expanded empire

i. needed Governors,

provinces

e. Devout Muslim

i. went on Hajj to Mecca

ii. gave away so much gold that the value declined in

Egypt & Europeans learned of the wealth of the

kingdom

iii. Built mosques – Timbuktu great city of learning and

Islam in Africa

6. Ibn Battuta, Muslim geographer and historian

a. Began travels in 1352b. Traveled for 27 years, 75,000 miles

throughout Muslim worldc. Muslim world’s Marco Polod. Provides most of what we know about this

part of the world (see page quote p. 416 in text)

e. Geography

C. Songhai = largest of the Sundanic Kingdoms

1. Development: took over Mali upon its demise2. Wealthy through gold trade3. Capital = Gao4. Islamic kingdom5. Trade routes 6. Decline: Lacked modern weapons of 1500s… Destroyed by gunpowder weapons - Arabs

A. East Africa - Swahili City-States1. Not unified

a. language & culture came from a blending of Arabic and Bantu

b. Cities included: Mogadishu, Sofala, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa

2. Trade since Roman times - Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, India, Indonesia

3. Traded ivory, slaves, cinnamon, cloth, iron tools, gold, leopard skins, rhinoceros horns

4. Muslims migrated to area after death of Muhammad

5. Trade w/ Muslims6. Portuguese took over seaside cities

III. African - trade and religion

7. Muslims kidnapped Africans to sell in markets since 9th century a. Used in Arabia, Persia, and Iraq b. Shipped to India to be used as soldiers c. Worked on docks and as household servants in China

IV. Role of geography in trade

Gold trade

Salt

SlavesShipped fromAfrica to India, Arabia & China

SlavesShipped fromAfrica to India, Arabia & China

IV. Role of geography in trade

V. Salt, Slaves, and Gold

A. Intro. of camel impacted trade across desert areas

B. Trade stimulated salt and gold mining 1. Need for slavesC. Salt taken from Sahara – taken south to

trade for goldD. Gold shipped to Europe, Asia, N. AfricaE. Slaves - 2nd largest export

Used in armiesDemand high because of high death rate

A. Intro. of camel impacted trade across desert areas

B. Trade stimulated salt and gold mining 1. Need for slavesC. Salt taken from Sahara – taken south to

trade for goldD. Gold shipped to Europe, Asia, N. AfricaE. Slaves - 2nd largest export

Used in armiesDemand high because of high death rate

VI. Religious Syncretism

A. Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile different or contradictory beliefs.

1. This often results in mixing practices of

various schools of thought.

2. The term also means any attempt to combine and relate several originally distinct traditions.

*allows for religious toleration!*

Bantu Migration + Trans-Saharan Trade + Conquest = Religious Syncretism

B. Where does it occur?

1. This phenomenon occurs in areas where multiple religious practices come in close contact.

2. Usually: among trading nations, in conquered nations, or invaded areas

1. Islam in Northern and parts of Eastern Africa2. Blend of traditional African beliefs

(animism) w/ Islam and Christianity3. Spread of Islam created new cultures4. Base some governments on Islamic laws –

with differing interpretations, for instance a. East Africa - women wear veils b. West Africa - women no veils

C. Result of religious syncretism in Africa =