Characterizing of Radiative Heat Transfer in a Spark ...projet.ifpen.fr/.../2019-01/lhenrion-les4ice_presentation_12_10_2018.… · Characterizing of Radiative Heat Transfer in a

Characterizing of Radiative Heat

Transfer in a Spark-Ignition

Engine through High-Speed

Experiments and Simulations Lucca Henrion1, Michael C. Gross2, Sebastian Ferreryo Fernandez3, Chandan Paul3, Samuel Kazmouz3, Volker Sick1, and Daniel C. Haworth3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2Southwest Research Institute, Ann Arbor 3Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

0

6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018

Radiative heat transfer • Broadband soot radiation

• Modest et al. [1] and

Fernandez et al. [2] have

demonstrated need to study

molecular radiation

• Molecular radiation occurs in

the infrared (IR)

Molecules in combustion • H2O, CO2, CO

1


Simulated Diesel-engines emission spectrum [3], data

provided by D. C. Haworth

1,0E-05

1,0E-04

1,0E-03

1,0E-02

1,0E-01

1,0E+00

1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0

Rad

iati

ve P

ow

er [

W/n

m]

Wavelength [µm]

Soot

Soot

CO

CO₂

H₂O

[1] M. F. Modest. Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Combustion Systems:

Theory and Applications. 2015

[2] S. F. Fernandez, Combust. Flame, vol. 190, pp. 402–415, 2018.

[3] C. Paul. U.S. National Combustion Meeting, 2017, vol. 10.

Molecular radiation in engines

2


Reabsorption

• Energy redistribution • Change local conditions

• Exhaust gas recirculation • Burnt gas made of H2O and CO2

• Radiative trapping [1]

Radiative Variance

• Multi-cycle experiments [2]

• Large eddy simulations [3]

[1] M. F. Modest . Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Combustion

Systems: Theory and Applications. 2015.

[2] V. Sick, 13th AVL Intl. Symp. on Propulsion Diagnostics

Proceedings, 2018.

[3] Y. Shekhawat. Oil Gas Sci. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, 2017.

Flame Wall

EGR

Radiation

TCC-III Engine • Third-generation Transparent

Combustion Chamber (TCC-III) engine [1]

• Operated on stoichiometric and homogenous propane - air mixture

• Optical access provided through cylinder

Operating Conditions • Engine ran at 1300 rev/min

• Spark at -18° aTDC

• Intake pressure 40 kPa, exhaust pressure 101.5 kPa

3


Courtesy of the TCC Engine Collection on the University of

Michigan Deep Blue Data Archive [1]

[1] D.L. Reuss,TCC Engine Collection,”

Deep Blue Data. [Online].

Experimental setup

• Sensitive from 1-5.5 µm

• Windowed operating >4 kHz

• Spectral range up to 460 nm

• Spectral resolution of 2.43

nm/pixel

• Spectra captured every 2 CAD

4


Schematic of high-speed spectroscopy experimental

setup (not to scale)

Simulation setup

LES simulations using STAR-CD

• 19 consecutive cycles

• Smagorinsky subgrid-scale turbulence model

• Modified thickened flame combustion model [1]

• Radiative heat transfer not considered

5


[1] Y. Shekhawat. Oil Gas Sci. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, 2017.

Radiation post-processing

• Emission obtained from HITEMP spectral database [1]

• 2 radiation models used for radiative reabsorption [2]

• Photon Monte-Carlo method with line-by-line spectral resolution

• Lowest order spherical harmonics method (a P1 method) with full-

spectrum k distribution (P1/FSK)

6


[1] L. S. Rothman, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat.

Transf., vol. 111, no. 15, pp. 2139–2150, 2010.

[2] C. Paul, Combust. Flame, vol. Accepted, 2018.

Experimental Results

7


100-cycle ensemble-average of crank angle resolved net radiation

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1

Rad

iati

ve P

ow

er

[a.u

.]

Wavelength [µm]

16° aTDC

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150Ra

dia

tive

Po

we

r [a

.u.]

Crank Angle Degree [°aTDC]

1.85 µm

Radiative variation peaks at MFB50

8


Radiative power peaks at MFB90

Spectral variation of radiation

9


H2O

H2O & CO2

H2O

Crank angles used for model assessment

10


Mean Cycle 9 Cycle 1

-8° aTDC

8° aTDC

16° aTDC

Unburned gas region

Near MFB50 and max

radiative variation

Peak net radiation

Simulated cut planes

High pressure cycles have higher radiative properties

11


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

800 1200 1600 2000

Ra

dia

tive

Po

we

r [W

]

Pressure (kPa)

+16° aTDC

R² = 0,8871

R² = 0,994

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Ra

dia

tive

Po

we

r [W

]

Pressure (kPa)

+8° aTDC EXP2

Simulated Emission

Simulated Absorption

Simulations capture spectral details of radiative emissions

100-cycle average of three experimental locations (normalized)

19-cycle average of LES simulations 12


0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6

Rad

iati

ve P

ow

er

[W/n

m]

Wavelength [µm]

+16° aTDC Average Simulated Net

EXP1

EXP2

EXP3

Normalization point

13


0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6

Rad

iati

ve

Po

we

r [W

/nm

]

Wavelength [µm]


EXP1

EXP2

EXP3

0,00

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

Rad

iati

ve

P

ow

er

[W/n

m] -8° aTDC Average Simulated Net

EXP1

EXP2

EXP3

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

Rad

iati

ve

P

ow

er

[W/n

m]


EXP1

EXP2

EXP3

Photon Monte Carlo spectral simulations

Total reabsorption varies for fast and slow cycle 14


Cycle 1 (fast) Cycle 9 (slow)

+8° aTDC +8° aTDC

Normalization shows impact of radiative trapping

15


Cycle 1 (fast) Cycle 9 (slow)

Normalization shows the relative change of features

Spectral shape contains information on thermodynamic conditions

L. A. Kranendonk, Appl. Opt., vol. 46, no. 19, pp.

4117–4124, 2007.

16


0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

No

rma

lize

d R

ad

iati

ve

P

ow

er

[a.u

.]

Slow Cycle

Fast Cycle

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2

No

rma

lize

d R

ad

iati

ve

P

ow

er

[a.u

.]

Wavelength [µm]

Slow Cycle

Fast Cycle

Measured

Simulated

• Normalized fast and slow

cycles

• Wings larger for fast cycle

• Trends consistent

• Potential to develop robust

method to extract

thermochemical quantities [1]

Conclusions

• Combined experimental and simulated approach to characterizing

radiative heat transfer

• Influence of pressure, burn time, and mass fuel burn on radiation

• Relative spectral features are captured well in wavelength

• Radiative variation captured in both experiments and simulations

17


Acknowledgments

• The information, data, or work presented herein was funded in

part by the Department of Defense, Tank and Automotive

Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)

and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S.

Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-EE0007307.

• The University of Michigan’s Rackham Graduate School

provided Mr. Henrion with partial tuition and stipend support

via the Rackham Merit Fellowship 18


Cycle to cycle variation in radiation

19


-8° aTDC +16° aTDC +8° aTDC

High pressure cycles have higher radiative properties

20


-8° aTDC +16° aTDC +8° aTDC

Cycle 1

Cycle 9

Mean

cycle

34.8% reabsorbed 44.1% reabsorbed 46.4% reabsorbed

Documents

Characterizing of Radiative Heat Transfer in a Spark ...projet.ifpen.fr/.../2019-01/lhenrion-les4ice_presentation_12_10_2018.… · Characterizing of Radiative Heat Transfer in a