Examples

Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cellsElements Animal cells Plant cells

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Synthesis of _____________________ compounds. For example ________________________________________.

Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

Sulphur (S) Component of some _________________________. Component of some proteins.

Phosphorus (P) Formation of bones and teeth. / _________________ of muscles / synthesis _____________________

Induces the formation of flowers and _______________. / Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids.

Sodium (Na) Regulates _______________ pressure in the cells. / Helps in the transmission of ___________________________. Not Required.

Magnesium (Mg) Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a _________________ for some enzyme.

Required for the synthesis of _________________________. / Activates enzymes in the cells.

Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting.

Synthesis of cell walls (________________________). / Maintain the semi-permeability of plasma membrane.

Iron (Fe) Synthesis of _________________ blood cells / Respiratory enzymes.

Synthesis of _______________________. / Act as an electron carrier during photosynthesis and respiration.

Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses. Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes.

Chlorine (Cl) Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys pathogens and maintains ______________ of the stomach.

_______________________ of water during light reaction in photosynthesis.

Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Contain carbon and hydrogen

Do not contain carbon and hydrogen

Medium of __________________ reactions

-digestive reactions such as breaking down of protein, lipids and sugars.

High surface tension and ___________ (tent to stick each other)

-Water can move in long unbroken columns through the vascular tissue in plants.

Water

The importance of water in the

cell

________ % of our body A polar molecules consists

of two _____________ atom dan one _____________ atom.

Present in

Structure

___________________

-can dissolve many ionic compounds such as salt and polar molecules (sugar)

__________________ Medium

-in the blood, lymphatic, excretory & digestive system (transport sugar O2, CO2)

Maintain __________________ balance and ______________

-maintain the stable internal environment within a living organism.

____________________

-support the structure of a cell (90% of the protoplasm is made up of water)

Maintain ___________________

____________ and _______________

-Provides moisture to respiratory surfaces (alveoli)

-Mucus assist the movement of food substances in the intestinal tract.

Nucleic Acidsare

2 types

structure structure

function function

Basic

units

Draw the structure

functions

Complex macromolecules which store _______ _________________ in the form of code.

• A __________-stranded nucleic acid, with the two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other to form a _________________________

• Found in nucleus of a cell.

• Genetic material that organisms ____________ from their parents.

• Store information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are linked to make a protein.

• ____________ - stranded nucleic acid.

• Found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus.

• _________________________ carries DNA’s genetic code into the cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of proteins.

Protein

Main function

Elements

2 X

Equation

Long chain

2 types

Plant proteinAnimal protein

2 classes

Structure

• Amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body.

• Can only be obtained from a healthy diet.

• Amino acids that can be synthesised by the body.

(contain all the essential amino acids)

(do not contain all the essential amino acids)

• Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

• Polypeptide chain that is coiled to form alpha-helix or folded into beta-pleated.

• The helix chains or beta-pleated sheets are folded into a 3D shape of polypeptide chain.

• Hormones, enzymes, plasma protein, antibodies

• Two or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains are arranged to form a large and complex protein molecule.

monomer

Carbohydrates

Elements Main function

• Simple sugar• C6H12O6

• combine with proteins and lipids to form ________ & ______ respectively

characteristics characteristics characteristics

3 types

3 types 3 types

Genaral Equation

3 types Equation

• _______________ sugar / complex sugars.

• Consists of 2 _____________ joined together through condensation

Sucrose

• Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked through _________________ to form a long chain of molecules.

• ___________________ in water• Do not taste sweet.• Do not crystallise.

Lipids

Main function

Elements

Fats Oils

Main component of plasma membrane

Fatty acids

Equation

plant

animal

structure

5 main types

_________ at room temperature

___________ at room temperature

Long chain molecules / water

proof.

• Found on the ____________ of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plants.

• ____________ that is excreted from oil glands in the skin contains wax that soften the skin.

Major component in plasma membrane.

Male sex hormone.

Female sex hormones.

The Differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Saturated Fats Differences Unsaturated Fats

The presence of double bonds

between carbon atoms in fatty acids

Ability to react with an additional hydrogen

atom

Condition at room temperature

Cholesterol level

Examples

Answers

Element

CompoundExamples

Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells

Elements Animal cells Plant cells

C, H, O, N Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

S Component of some proteins

P Formation of bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles / synthesis ATP

Induces the formation of flowers and seeds. / Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids.

Na Regulates osmotic pressure in the cells. / Helps in the transmission of nerve impulses. Not Required

Mg Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a cofactor for some enzyme.

Required for the synthesis of chlorophyll. / Activates enzymes in the cells.

Ca Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting.

Synthesis of cell walls (Cellulose). / Maintain the semi-permeability of plasma membrane.

Fe Synthesis of red blood cells / Respiratory enzymes. Synthesis of chlorophyll. / Act as an electron carrier during photosynthesis and respiration.

K Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses. Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes.

Cl Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys pathogens and maintains pH of the stomach. Photolysis of water during light reaction in photosynthesis.

Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

Contain carbon

Not contain carbon

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Water

High surface tension and cohesion (tent to stick each other)

-Water can move in long unbroken columns through the vascular tissue in plants.

Water

The importance of water in the

cell

70-90% of our body A polar molecules

consists of 2 hidrogen atom & 1 oxygen atomPresent in

Structure

Cell, lymph, blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

Medium of biochemical reactions

-digestive reactions such as breaking down of protein, lipids and sugars.

Solvent

-can dissolve many ionic compounds such as salt and polar molecules (sugar)

Transport Medium

-in the blood, lymphatic, excretory & digestive system (transport sugar O2, CO2)

Maintain osmotic balance and turgidity

-maintain the stable internal environment within a living organism.

Support

-support the structure of a cell (90% of the protoplasm is made up of water)

Maintain body temperature

Moisture and lubrication

-Provides moisture to respiratory surfaces (alveoli)

-Mucus assist the movement of food substances in the intestinal tract.

Nucleic Acidsare

DNA RNA

2 types

structure structure

function function

Basic

units

structure

functions

Complex macromolecules which store genetic information in the form of code.

nucleotides

• A double-stranded nucleic acid, with the two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other to form a double helix.

• Found in nucleus of a cell.

• Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents.

• Store information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are linked to make a protein.

• Single-stranded nucleic acid.

• Found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and its nucleus.

• Messenger RNA carries DNA’s genetic code into the cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of proteins.

• Transmission of genetic information.

• Store genetic information

Protein Main function

Elements

Amino acids

2 X

equation

Long chain

2 types

Plant proteinAnimal protein

2 classes

Structure

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Most proteins also contain sulphur and phosphorus.

dipeptide

polypeptide

Essential amino acids (20)

Non-essential amino acids (11)

• Amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body.

• Can only be obtained from a healthy diet.

• Amino acids that can be synthesised by the body.

First class protein

(contain all the essential amino acids)

Second class protein

(do not contain all the essential amino acids)

• Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

• Polypeptide chain that is coiled to form alpha-helix or folded into beta-pleated.

• The helix chains or beta-pleated sheets are folded into a 3D shape of polypeptide chain.

• Hormones, enzymes, plasma protein, antibodies

• Two or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains are arranged to form a large and complex protein molecule.

Build new cells for growth and renew damaged tissues and store energy.

CarbohydratesElements Main function

• Simple sugar• C6H12O6

• combine with proteins and lipids to form ________ & ______ respectively

characteristics characteristics characteristics

3 types

3 types 3 types

formula

3 types Equation

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Ratio of H and O is

2 : 1

• Glucose (grape sugar)

• Fructose (in fruits / honey)

• Galactose (in milk)

• Double sugar / complex sugars.

• Consists of 2 monosaccharides joined together through condensation

Sucrose

• Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked through condensation to form a long chain of molecules.

• Insoluble in water• Do not taste sweet.• Do not crystallise.

Lipids Main function

Elements

Fats Oils Waxes Steroids

Main component of plasma membrane

Fatty acids

Equation

plant

animal

structure

Cholesterol

Testosterone

Oestrogen, progesteron

5 main types

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Solid at room temperature

liquid at room temperature

Long chain molecules / water

proof.

• Found on the cuticles of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plants.

• Sebum that is excreted from oil glands in the skin contains wax that soften the skin.

Source of energy and energy storage.

Major component in plasma membrane.

Male sex hormone.

Female sex hormones.

The Differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Saturated Fats Differences Unsaturated Fats

• Do not have any double bonds.

The presence of double bonds

between carbon atoms in fatty acids

• Have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms.

• Cannot form any chemical bonds with other atoms or react with additional hydrogen atoms.

Ability to react with an additional

hydrogen atom

• Able to react with additional hydrogen atoms. (with one double bond are called monounsaturated fats)

• Solid Condition at room temperature

• Liquid

• Contain more cholesterol. Cholesterol level • Contain less cholesterol

• Animal fats like butter Examples• Vegetable oils like corn oil and palm

oil.