AWWA IMS ndash Mid Year Conference

Chemical FeedD Gerard Yates

Central Utah Water Conservancy District

The chemical formula for water is

A HClB H2OC 2HOD HO2

Which of the following chemical compounds is most commonly used

as a primary coagulant

A Al2(SO4)3 14H2O (Aluminum Sulfate)B FeSO4 7H2O (Ferrous Sulfate)C Fe2(SO4)3 9H2O (Ferric Sulfate)D FeCl3 6H2O (Ferric Chloride)

What is the primary purpose of flash mixing

A To rapidly mix and distribute coagulant chemicals

B To cause particles in water to agglomerate together

C To vaporize organic compounds into smaller molecules

D To cause a chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into another compound

Discussion Al2(SO4) + 3Ca(HCO3)2 + 6H2O gt 3CaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6H2CO3(alum) (alkalinity) (floc) (carbonic acid)

When using alum what is the preferred pH range for coagulation

A 25 - 80B 50 ndash 100C 60 - 75D 80 ndash 120

(Ferric 55-110)

1 Which is a chemical compound

A CuB NaClC FeD Al

2 Mud silt clay and other suspended matter in water that causes it to appear murky is

called

A CloudinessB TurbulenceC HardnessD Turbidity

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The chemical formula for water is

A HClB H2OC 2HOD HO2

Which of the following chemical compounds is most commonly used

as a primary coagulant

A Al2(SO4)3 14H2O (Aluminum Sulfate)B FeSO4 7H2O (Ferrous Sulfate)C Fe2(SO4)3 9H2O (Ferric Sulfate)D FeCl3 6H2O (Ferric Chloride)

What is the primary purpose of flash mixing

A To rapidly mix and distribute coagulant chemicals

B To cause particles in water to agglomerate together

C To vaporize organic compounds into smaller molecules

D To cause a chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into another compound

Discussion Al2(SO4) + 3Ca(HCO3)2 + 6H2O gt 3CaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6H2CO3(alum) (alkalinity) (floc) (carbonic acid)

When using alum what is the preferred pH range for coagulation

A 25 - 80B 50 ndash 100C 60 - 75D 80 ndash 120

(Ferric 55-110)

1 Which is a chemical compound

A CuB NaClC FeD Al

2 Mud silt clay and other suspended matter in water that causes it to appear murky is

called

A CloudinessB TurbulenceC HardnessD Turbidity

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following chemical compounds is most commonly used

as a primary coagulant

A Al2(SO4)3 14H2O (Aluminum Sulfate)B FeSO4 7H2O (Ferrous Sulfate)C Fe2(SO4)3 9H2O (Ferric Sulfate)D FeCl3 6H2O (Ferric Chloride)

What is the primary purpose of flash mixing

A To rapidly mix and distribute coagulant chemicals

B To cause particles in water to agglomerate together

C To vaporize organic compounds into smaller molecules

D To cause a chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into another compound

Discussion Al2(SO4) + 3Ca(HCO3)2 + 6H2O gt 3CaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6H2CO3(alum) (alkalinity) (floc) (carbonic acid)

When using alum what is the preferred pH range for coagulation

A 25 - 80B 50 ndash 100C 60 - 75D 80 ndash 120

(Ferric 55-110)

1 Which is a chemical compound

A CuB NaClC FeD Al

2 Mud silt clay and other suspended matter in water that causes it to appear murky is

called

A CloudinessB TurbulenceC HardnessD Turbidity

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the primary purpose of flash mixing

A To rapidly mix and distribute coagulant chemicals

B To cause particles in water to agglomerate together

C To vaporize organic compounds into smaller molecules

D To cause a chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into another compound

Discussion Al2(SO4) + 3Ca(HCO3)2 + 6H2O gt 3CaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6H2CO3(alum) (alkalinity) (floc) (carbonic acid)

When using alum what is the preferred pH range for coagulation

A 25 - 80B 50 ndash 100C 60 - 75D 80 ndash 120

(Ferric 55-110)

1 Which is a chemical compound

A CuB NaClC FeD Al

2 Mud silt clay and other suspended matter in water that causes it to appear murky is

called

A CloudinessB TurbulenceC HardnessD Turbidity

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

When using alum what is the preferred pH range for coagulation

A 25 - 80B 50 ndash 100C 60 - 75D 80 ndash 120

(Ferric 55-110)

1 Which is a chemical compound

A CuB NaClC FeD Al

2 Mud silt clay and other suspended matter in water that causes it to appear murky is

called

A CloudinessB TurbulenceC HardnessD Turbidity

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

1 Which is a chemical compound

A CuB NaClC FeD Al

2 Mud silt clay and other suspended matter in water that causes it to appear murky is

called

A CloudinessB TurbulenceC HardnessD Turbidity

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

2 Mud silt clay and other suspended matter in water that causes it to appear murky is

called

A CloudinessB TurbulenceC HardnessD Turbidity

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

3 When alum is added to water a chemical reaction occurs in which

dissolved sulfate (1)_______ alkalinity (2)_______ and pH (3)_______

A (1) Increases (2) Increases (3) IncreasesB (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesC (1) Decreases (2) Decreases (3) DecreasesD (1) Explodes (2) Turns Laterally (3) Sinks

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

4 Particles in water usually carry a negative electrical charge In water treatment this natural repelling electrical force is called

_______ The Force is strong enough to hold the very small colloidal particles apart and

keep them in suspension

A Zeta PotentialB OxidationC CholorinationD Van der Waal

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

5 What is the opposite of Zeta Potential

Van der Waal

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

6 Which of the following will affect the coagulationflocculation

processA Type of coagulant THMrsquos pH amount of

coagulant usedB Raw water quality hardness zeta

potential temperatureC Amount of coagulant used type an length

of flash mixing type and length of flocculation type of coagulant used

D Reservoir level other chemicals used alkalinity pH color

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

7 Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction that occurs

between the coagulant added and the ________ of the water

A TurbidityB ResidualC AlkalinityD Both A amp C

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

8 Which laboratory test is performed to indicate optimum

chemical dosage for coagulation

A DPD TestB Jar TestC Marble TestD DO Test

(marble precipitation potential for calcium carbonate) (picture)

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Jar test

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

10 Even though flash mixing cannot be directly observed which of the following

is an indicator of inadequate mixingA Fish eyesB Very small flocC Frequent backwashingD All of the above

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

11 Floc that remains suspended longer than ______ in a jar test will probably

not settle out in the sedimentation basin and will increase the load on the filter

A 5 to 10 secondsB 1 to 2 minutesC 15 to 20

minutesD 5 to 10 hours

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

12 What is flocculationA The slow stirring process that causes the

gathering together of small particles into larger particles

B The destabilization process where charges on particles are neutralized and become separate from each other

C A Treatment process were a tank is filled and a chemical solution is prepared

D A process in which solid particles settle out of solution to the bottom of the basin

(See picture)

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Flocculation

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

13 What is the most important consideration in coagulation and

flocculation controlA pH adjustmentB Selection of type and amount of coagulant

chemical to be appliedC Good recordkeeping to comply with

drinking water regulationsD Visual observations of the flocculation

and sedimentation process

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

14 Which of the following are common laboratory tests used to monitor the

coagulation and flocculation process

A Chlorine DemandB pHC AlkalinityD TemperatureE Turbidity

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

15 Why do treatment plants need to monitor pH and turbidity

A To calculate the removal rate of trihalomethanes

B To know when the Langlier index needs adjusting

C To calculate filter loading ratesD Changes in raw water quality

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

16 Which chemical compound is used to increase the alkalinity and pH in water

treatment to improve the coagulation process

A LimeB AlumC Potassium permanganateD Calcium oxide

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

17 What is a coagulant aid

A A chemical used to improve the performance of a coagulant

B A chemical that will boost the molecular density of a coagulant

C A chemical used to fight infection in a coagulant

D A chemical that will determine the amount of coagulant to use

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

18 Which of the following chemicals is not commonly used to raise the alkalinity

of water and thereby improve flocculation

A LimeB Soda ashC Caustic sodaD Alum

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

19 The turbidity of your raw water changes from 50 to 300 NTUrsquos

What steps should you takeA Increase detention timeB Increase alum feed rateC Increase filter run length

timeD Increase chlorination

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

20 The colder the water the faster chemicals will react

A TrueB False

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

21 Temperature pH alkalinity and turbidity all have an effect on the

coagulation processA TrueB False

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

22 The amount of chemical used during the coagulation process in a conventional

water treatment filtration plant has no effect on the filtration process

A TrueB False

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

23 Coagulation and flocculation may remove materials causing tastes and

odors from water by adsorption andor trapping of materials within the floc

A TrueB False

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

24 One of the most important advantages of ferric chloride (iron salts) over alum is that iron salts will coagulate

over a border pH range

A TrueB False

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

25 Polyelectrolytes (compounds with long-chain molecules) are used

effectively as coagulants coagualant aids and filter aids

A TrueB False

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

26 Of the three polyelectrolyte classifications which one produces

positively charged ions

A AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

27 Which of the three polyelectrolyte classifications

produces negatively charged ionsA AnionicB CationicC Nonionic

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

28 Which one of the following chemicals if added at higher feed rates than needed would most likely increase

the head loss on a filter

A Anionic polymerB Chlorine dioxideC Caustic sodaD Potassium permanganate

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

29 During the coagulation flocculation process floc that is too

small may be caused by

A High turbidityB Low flow conditionsC Improper coagulation dosageD High levels of organic material

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

30 What is the advantage of optimizing chemical coagulant

dosesA Excessive sludge

producedB Short filter runsC Reduced chemical costsD Poor disinfection

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

31 What happens when a paddle wheel flocculator is operated at a

speed slower then desirableA Floc settles out prematurelyB Floc particles break-upC Decrease in the height of the sludge

blanketD Formation of floc particles

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

32 The flocculation compartments are separated by baffles to prevent _______ of the water being treated

A SedimentationB Short-circuitingC HeadlossD Sludge

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

33 What is a cause of floc that is too small

A Colder water temperaturesB Flow surges through the plantC Excessive calcium carbonate compoundsD High levels of aluminum sulfate

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Studies on pre-chlorination practices point out that the interaction of chlorine with organic matter in raw water

forms __________________

Chlorine + Organics = Disinfection By-products

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What should an operator use when working on chlorine leaks within a confined space where

oxygen can be displaced

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following is not a chemical commonly used to

disinfect public drinking water

bull Chlorinebull Chlorine dioxidebull Iodinebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Operational control tests used to monitor the disinfection process

are

bull Chlorine Residualbull Temperaturebull pHbull Hardnessbull Color

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Chlorine gas is _______times heavier than air

bull A lotbull 25bull 10bull 50bull 460

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

If your samples show that the water in the distribution system is

highly corrosive what should you do

bull Decrease the pHbull Increase the pHbull Run really fastbull Look for a new job

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The purpose in practicing breakpoint chlorination is to

bull Breaking point where the addition of more chlorine does not decrease the free chlorine residual ndash additional chlorine is not consumed or converted (Iron manganese organics ammonia nitrates or converted from monochloramine gt dichloramine gt trichloramine )

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What should you do for a victim that has been exposed to large

amounts of Chlorine

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is used to detect chlorine leaks

bull Chlorine Detector bull Ammonia

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the primary source of coliforms in a water supply

bull Warm Blooded Animals

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Calcium hypochlorite is formed as a _____________

bullPowder

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Why is the turbidity of the water a concern when using chlorine

bull Chlorine only comes in contact with the outer surface of a particle

bull Chlorine Demand

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

An operator is caught in a room where chlorine gas is leaking If

the operator does not have a mask what should the operator

do

bull Donrsquot Get Down ndash Remember chlorine is 25 times heavier than air

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

After a reservoir has been entered for maintenance it must be

disinfected prior to being placed into service Procedures for this

process are given in what standard

bull AWWA Standard C652-11

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

A chlorine residual in water can be determined by using the

reagent

bull DPD Or NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Why do water systems test for coliform bacteria

bull Indicates that Water is Biologically Safe bull Most pathogens are less resistant to

chlorine than coliform bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Sodium hypochlorite is usually (a)_______ percent available

chlorine and calcium hypochlorite is usually

(b)_______ percent available chlorine

bull NaOCl = 15bull Ca(OCl)2 = 65

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

_______________ is used to indicate the rate of gas flow on a

chlorinator

bullRotameter

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What should an operator do if customers complain of

ldquoswimming poolrdquo odor

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The (a) color and (b) odor characteristics of chlorine gas

are

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

One volume of liquid chlorine can evaporate and produce _____

volumes of chlorine gas

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Chlorine cylinders are filled to ____ percent capacity

bull85 -90

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What will influence the point of application when using chlorine

bull Disinfection By-Productsbull Biological Controlbull Pre-chlorination Pre-treatment bull Post chlorinationbull CT requirements

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

By continuously withdrawing chlorine how many lbsday can be withdrawn safely from a (a) 150 lb cylinder and

from a (b) ton container at room temperature without the line freezing

bull A) 42 lbsday B) 400 lbsday

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What effect does the addition of chlorine gas to water have on the

waterrsquos pH

bull Hydrochloric Acid will decrease the pH

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

An alternative disinfectant that could be used to avoid the

formation of THMs is

bull Chlorine Dioxidebull Chloraminesbull Ozone

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Algae can cause problems of

bull A Filter cloggingbull B Taste and odorsbull C Slime growthbull D All of the above

Note See picture next slide

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Algae that affect drinking water quality

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

When is the most likely season for algal blooms

bull A After fall or spring turnoverbull B After the decay of calcium carbonate

compounds bull C During the winter turnoverbull D During the summer equinox

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the (a) common and (b) nick-name for CuSO4

bull A (a) copper sulfate (b) blue stonebull B (a) calcium hypo (b) Quick limebull C (a) aluminum sulfate (b) Alumbull D (a) Polymer (b) fish eyes

Note See sample

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which chemical is used to treat reservoirs and lakes with algal blooms

A AlumB Copper sulfateC Ferric chlorideD Polymer

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

A heavy growth of algae in a surface water reservoir will have which one of the

following effects on the water

bull A Lower the pHbull B Raise the pHbull C Will have no effect on the pHbull D Increase pH acid and lower pH basic

Note pH discussion (next slide)less light less DO less plants ٨ temp ٨ pH ٨ CO2

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Water that is high in sulfate can cause

bull A Diarrheabull B Hardening of the arteriesbull C Mottling of tooth enamelbull D Staining of plumbing fixtures

gt 1000 mgL

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Travelers from one community to another can become ill even if drinking water meets health standards The digestive tract may be disturbed by changes in the

bull A Coliform bacteria countbull B Filtration ratebull C pH value and mineral contentbull D Amount of chlorine

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which word best describes the chemical combination of substances in solution so as to

cause separation in the insoluable form

bull A Stabilizationbull B Saturationbull C Precipitationbull D Coagulation

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Iron and manganese react with to form insoluble compounds

bull A Hydrogen sulfide gasesbull B Calcium carbonate compoundsbull C Alkalinitybull D Dissolved oxygen

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Iron and manganese problems generally occur in systems that draw water from either deep wells or from the lower levels of large

reservoirs because

bull A Soluble forms of these minerals reach much higher concentrations under anaerobic conditions

bull B Iron and manganese can combine with THMsbull C Hydrogen sulfide is mixed with these minerals

and causes taste and odor problems bull D Decomposition of organic matter with iron and

manganese forms troublesome constituents

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Primary water quality variables that an operator should be concerned about include

bull A Harness and corrosionbull B Turbidity and chlorine residual bull C Tastes and odorbull D All of the above

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Hydrogen sulfide in water causes the water to have and odor similar to

A Rotten woodB AmmoniaC Rotten eggsD Potassium permanganate

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

If taste and odor problems develop what do you look for

A Iron metabolitesB The presence of trouble causing algae or

diatomsC Lack of free alum residualD The turbidity in the raw water compared

to the turbidity in the finished water

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Tasted and odor in surface waters can be caused by the growth of aquatic organisms and the

decomposition of organic matter Water that is devoid of oxygen will also produce very

offensive odors which are caused by

A Anaerobic bacteriaB Chloroorganic compoundsC Humic substancesD Iron and magnesium

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Activated carbon is used to reduce

A AlkalinityB Tastes and odorsC HardnessD pH

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the name of the process of how activated carbon works

A AdsorptionB AbsorptionC CoagulationD Electolysis

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The most common chemical used for tastes and odor control in

drinking water is

A Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)B Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)C Aeration (O2)D Chlorine (Cl2)

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following treatment chemicalscould be effective oxidants useful in the

control of taste and odor problems

A Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone granular activated carbon

B Granular activated carbon powdered activated carbon ozone chlorine

C Potassium permanganate chlorine dioxide powdered activated carbon ozone

D Chlorine potassium permanganate ozone chlorine dioxide

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

A step in determining the Threshold Odor Number (TON) of water is to

A Count the number of odor-producing organisms present

B Dilute the sample with distilled alcoholC Dilute the sample with odor-free waterD Count eh number of odor producing

complaints from consumers

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Threshold odor (TON) tests are conducted at what temperature

A 10 degrees CelsiusB 60 degrees CelsiusC 100 degrees CelsiusD 20 degrees Celsius

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

1 Which of the following has no influence on the corrosion process

A Dissolved gasesB BacteriaC TemperatureD Protozoans

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Corrosive waters can be the result of the presence of

A AcidsB CalciumC MagnesiumD Organic material

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following is not a problem related to corrosive water

A TuberculationB Rusty waterC ElectrolysisD LeaksE They are all problems

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the opposite of aggressive or corrosive water

A ElectrolysisB OxidationC SaturationD Scaling

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following conditions when found in a water supply would increase the

corrosiveness of the water on metal

A High alkalinityB High dissolved CO2

C Low dissolved oxygenD Low dissolved mineral content

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Cathodic protection means protection against ________ for metal surfaces

A CathodesB CorrosionC Scaling

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

7 What are the two common minerals that contribute to the hardness of water

A Aluminum and ironB Potassium and magnesiumC Calcium and magnesiumD Iron and manganese

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

8 Black stains on plumbing fixtures might be attributed to

A MagnesiumB ManganeseC CarbonD Copper

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Iron in water can cause

A Staining of plumbing fixturesB Staining of clothes washed in waterC The water to have a bad apperance and

tastesD All of the above

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which element can cause red water complaints in a water distribution system

A AluminumB CopperC IronD Manganese

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Hardness is expressed in what terms

A ppm as CO2

B mgL as CaCO3

C ppb as CaD mgL as CaH2S

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

In order for water to be considered ldquosoftrdquo it should be at which level of

hardness (CaCO3)

A 50 mgLB 100 mgLC 150 mgLD 300 mgL

A)

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Scaling deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will accumulate more rapidly and in

greater volume in _________ water

A HotB ColdC RainD Lake

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Plotting the pH and alkalinity on the Baylis curve or Langlier Index is used to

detect

A Noncarbonated hardnessB Van der Waals forceC pH saturation D Corrosiveness

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

15 A water that indicates a negative number on the Langlier Index usually is (Hint

Langlier Index (LI) = pH ndash phs s=saturation)

A ScalingB HardC PollutedD Corrosive

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Negative (-) Positive (+)

Langlier Index

Corrosive or Aggressive Scale FormingNeutral

Note Anything above positive 1 should be considered highly scale forming

Anything below negative 1 should be considered highly corrosive or aggresive

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

16 If the pH of the water being delivered into the distribution system exceeds the pH at

saturation by 05 or more what most likely will occur

A Corrosion will be initiatedB Scale formationC Neutral waterD Aggressive water

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the purpose of calculating the Langlier Index and using coupons in the

distribution system

A They are used to determine the cost of the system

B They are used to analyze the softening effect of the water on clothes

C They are used to evaluate the stability of water

D They are used as analytical tests to determine phosphate concentration

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following is not a method for controlling scale formation or corrosion

A pH and alkalinity adjustment with limeB ChelationC SequesteringD Langlier Index (this is not a method it is

only and indicator of water quality)

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is calcium carbonate saturation used for

A Corrosion controlB Alum controlC Chlorine controlD Algae control

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Name a chemical used to help resist corrosion in the distribution system

A Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 also called Hydrated lime]

B Sodium hydroxide [NaOH also called caustic soda]

C Polyphosphate compoundsD All of the above

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Polyphosphates are used for iron retention

A TrueB False

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What method is usually used to reduce iron deposition of distribution pipes

A Flushing the main linesB Polyphosphate treatment at the source of

supplyC Pumping high rates of waterD Both A and B

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

A corrosion caused by contact of two different metals is called

A Metal corrosionB Galvanic corrosionC Hydraulic corrosionD Erosion corrosion

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

If a copper line and a galvanized line are connected together and the ground is moist which of the following would most likely

occur firstA The copper line would corrodeB The soil will turn redC The galvanized line would corrodeD Calcium carbonate scaling will for on the

galvanized line

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The most important factor affecting the useful life of piping is

A The ability of the material used to resist internal and external corrosion

B The depth of the pipeC The flexibility of the pipeD The smoothness of the inside of the pipe

of C factor

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the effect of water having low hardness on metallic pipes

A The water is extremely corrosiveB It will cause fewer losses of head during

pumpingC The water will start scalingD No effect at all

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What parameters can be used to monitor the stabilization process

A pH and alkalinityB DO and TDSC Temperature and calcium carbonate

contentD Pipe and coupon testingE All of the above (be aware of all of these

as possible answers)

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

If a finished water is shown to be highly corrosive what can the drinking water system

do to control it

A Increase fluoride dosageB Increase polymer dosageC Increase pHD Increase sludge removal

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

29 What is the usual purpose for adding soda ash to a raw water supply

A To reduce the non-carbonate hardnessB To reduce chlorine residualC To increase the sodium contentD To increase the turbidity

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Meniscus

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the name of the process of mixing an acid and a base called

A EqualizationB CoagulationC NeutralizationD Presenceabsence

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which laboratory test is performed to indicate the optimum chemical dosage for

coagulation

A DPD testB Jar testC Marble testD DO test

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which test is normally used for determining the fluoride concentration of treated water

A MarbleB NTUC SPADNS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The pH scale runs from (a)________ and (b)_________ is considered to be neutral

A (a) 0 ndash 10 (b) 5B (a) 0 ndash 14 (b) 7C (a) 1 ndash 14 (b) 10D (a) 1 ndash 1000 (b) 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Scale

Acidic Neutral Basic

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

A pH reading of 60 in raw water indicates the sample is

A AcidicB AlkalineC BasicD Neutral

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following numbers would indicate a basic pH sample

A 2B 4C 6D 8

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is

A CaCO3

B CuSO4

C NaClD NaCO

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The condition in infants know as methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome) is

thought to be caused by high concentrations of what contaminate

A BoronB PhosphateC NitrateD Fluoride

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The indicator methyl orange is used to test for

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC pHD Total Hardness

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as the titrant for what chemical test

A AlkalinityB Chlorine residualC FluorideD Sulfate

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The titrant used in performing a hardness test is

A SPADNSB Buffer solution of pH 70C Sodium thiosulfateD EDTA

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

If your results show a concentration of 450 mgL of alum in the finished water you

should first

A Feel satisfied that you have achieved maximum alum levels

B Increase the dosageC Check the calculations and or rerun the

testD Reduce alum feed rate

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The chemical symbol ldquoCrdquo stands for

A CalciumB CarbonC ChlorineD Copper

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic contaminant that could be found in

a water sample what would be a threat to human health

A ArsenicB ChromiumC CadmiumD LeadE MercuryF SeleniumG All of the above (all of the above are examples

of inorganics that are potential health hazards)

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

Which of the following is an example of a volatile organic chemical

A Giardia lambliaB LeadC TrichloroehyleneD Nitrate (NO3)

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

What is the MCL for fluoride

A 60 mgLB 40 mgLC 10 mgLD 20 mgL

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

To achieve maximum benefits of fluoridation what is considered the optimal

concentration

A 01 mgLB 10 mgLC 20 mgLD 40 mgL

Note the MCL for fluoride is 40 mgL and SMCL is 20 mgL

The End

bull QUESTIONS

The End

bull QUESTIONS