Chemistry IX X

7/13/2019 Chemistry IX X

1/214

evw eYbvZxeGwmW

yej GwmW

wbic

yej vi

Zxevi

pH

0-3

3-7

7

7-11

11-14

BDwbfvmvj wb kK Kvjvi PvU

eYevwgb (Br)

mvyMvm


2/214

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcy ZK evWKZK 2013 wkvel_K beg-`kg kwYi cvVcy ZKi~c wbavwiZ

imvqbbeg-`kg kwY

iPbvAwjDj-vn gvt AvRgZMxi

W. gvt BKevj nvmbW. gvt gwgbyj Bmjvg

bvwdmv Lvbg

mv`bvcdmi W. bxjydvi bvnvi

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcy ZK evW, XvKv


3/214

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW69-70, gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKv, XvKv

KZK cKvwkZ[ cKvkK KZK me^ZmsiwZ ]

cixvg~jK msiY

c_g cKvk :Avei- 2012

cvVcyK cYqb mg^qK

W. gvt BKevj nvmb

KwcDUvi KcvRjRvi vb wjwgUW

cQ`my`kb evQvi

myRvDj Ave`xb

wPvb

Avwidzi ingvb Zcy

wWRvBb

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcy ZK evW

miKvi KZK webvg~j weZiYi Rb

gy`Y :


4/214

cm-K_vwkv RvZxq Rxebi meZvgyLx Dbqbi c~ekZ| Avi `Z cwieZbkxj weki Pvj gvKvejv Kievsjv`kK Dbqb I mgwi w`K wbq hvIqvi Rb cqvRb mywkwZ Rbkw| fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi

PZbvq `k Movi Rb wkv_xi AwbwnZ gav I mvebvi cwic~Y weKvk mvnvh Kiv gvawgK wkviAbZg j| GQvov cv_wgK i AwRZ wkvi gwjK vb I `Zv mcmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gvagDPZi wkvi hvM Ki ZvjvI G ii wkvi Dk| vbvRbi GB cwqvi wfZi w`q wkv_xK`ki A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I cwiekMZ cUf~wgi cwZ ` I hvM bvMwiK Ki ZvjvI

gvawgK wkvi AbZg weeP welq|

RvZxq wkvbxwZ-2010 Gi j I DkK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ nqQ gvawgK ii wkvg|cwigvwRZ GB wkvg RvZxq Av`k, j, Dk I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cwZdjb NUvbv nqQ, mB mv_

wkv_xì eqm, gav I MnYgZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wbaviY Kiv nqQ| GQvov wkv_xi bwZK I gvbweK

g~jeva _K i Ki BwZnvm I HwZn PZbv, gnvb gywhyi PZbv, wk-mvwnZ-mswZeva,`kcgeva, cKwZ-PZbv Ges ag-eY-Mv I bvix-cyil wbwekl mevi cwZ mgghv`veva RvMZ KiviPv Kiv nqQ| GKwU wevbgb RvwZ MVbi Rb Rxebi cwZwU wevbi ^Zt~ZcqvM I

wWwRUvj evsjv`kiicK-2021 Gi j evevqb wkv_xì mg Ki Zvjvi Pv Kiv nqQ|

bZzb GB wkvgi AvjvK cYxZ nqQ gvawgK ii cvq mKj cvVcyK| D cvVcyK cYqbwkv_xì mvg_, ceYZv I c~eAwfZv iZi m weePbv Kiv nqQ| cvVcyKjvi welq wbevPb IDcvcbi wkv_xi mRbkxj cwZfvi weKvk mvabi w`K weklfve iZ Ìqv nqQ| cwZwUAavqi iZ wkLbdj hy Ki wkv_xi AwRZe vbi BwZ c`vb Kiv nqQ Ges wewP KvR, mRbkxj

ckI Abvb ck mshvRb Ki g~jvqbK mRbkxj Kiv nqQ|weki Pvwn`v, chywMZ DbwZ, cwiek I Kgmsvbi w`K j iL imvqb-Gi welqe wbevPb KivnqQ| `bw`b Rxeb imvqbi cqvM, nvZ-Kjg KvR, imvqb cwqv, cwiek `~lY BZvw` welqweePbvq iL cvVcyKwU cYqb Kiv nqQ|

GKwesk kZKi AxKvi I cZqK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ wkvgi AvjvK cvVcyKwU iwPZ nqQ|KvRB cvVcyKwUi AviI mgwmvabi Rb h Kvbv MVbg~jK I hywmZ civgkiZi m weewPZne| cvVcyK cYqbi wecyj Kgh AwZ ^ mgqi ga cyKwU iwPZ nqQ| dj wKQyfyjwU _KhZ cvi| cieZx msiYjvZ cvVcyKwUK AviI myì, kvfb I wUgy Kivi Pv AevnZ _vKe|

evbvbi AbymZ nqQ evsjv GKvWgx KZK cYxZ evbvbixwZ|cvVcyKwU iPbv, mv`bv, wPvb, bgybv ckvw` cYqb I cKvkbvi KvR hviv AvwiKfve gav I kg

w`qQb Zuvì abev` vcb KiwQ| cvVcyKwU wkv_xì Avbw`Z cvV I cZvwkZ `Zv ARb wbwZKie ej Avkv Kwi|

cdmi gvt gv Zdv KvgvjDwb

PqvigvbRvZxq wkvg I cvVcy ZK evW, XvKv


5/214

m~wPc

Aavq welqe cv

c_g imvqbi aviYv 1-13

wZxq c`v_i Aev 14-25

ZZxq c`v_i MVb 26-40

PZz_ chvq mviwY 41-52

cg ivmvqwbK eb 53-67

l gvji aviYv I ivmvqwbK MYbv 68-85

mg ivmvqwbK wewqv 86-105

Ag imvqb I kw 106-128

beg GwmW-vi mgZv 129-151

`kg LwbR m` avZz-AavZz 152-169

GKv`k LwbR m`-Rxevk 170-188v`k Avgv`i Rxeb imvqb 189-207


6/214

c_g Aavq

imvqbi aviYvwevbi wewfbkvLvi ga imvqb AbZg| imvqbK Rxebi Rb wevb ejv nq| cvPxbKvj _K imvqbPPvi gvv eoB PjQ| cvPxb AvjKwgì imvqb PPv eZgvbi imvqb wkK R w`qQ| KviYimvqbi wewZ evcK| gvbeRvwZ I cwieki KjvY imvqb me`v wbqvwRZ| Zvnj Z_chywi GB hyM,imvqb Kv_vq Kvb KvRwUi mv_ m Zv mevi Rvbv ìKvi, hvZ Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb imvqbi vbeenvi Ki DcKZ nZ cvwi| G Aavq imvqbi cwiwPwZ, wewfb imvqbi wewZ, imvqb

Abymvb I MelYv cwZi mvaviY aviYv I ivmvqwbK èi msiY I eenvii SzuwK BZvwì GKwU mnRwP Zzj aiv nqQ|

euv w`K _K - cvPxbKvji (AvjKwg) imvqbvMvi, AvaywbK imvqbvMvi Ges ivmvqwbK wk-KviLvbv|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv (1) imvqbi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie|

(2) imvqbi mg~n wPwZ KiZ cvie|

(3) imvqbi mv_ wevbi Ab kvLvjvi mKevLv KiZ cvie|

(4) imvqb cvVi iZevLv KiZ cvie| (5) imvqb Abymvb I MelYv cwqvi eYbv KiZ cvie|

(6) wewfbaibi Abymvbg~jK KvRi cwiKbv cYqb, AbywgZ wmv MVb I cixv KiZ cvie|

(7) imvqb eenvwiK KvRi mgq cqvRbxq mZKZv Aej^b KiZ cvie|(8) cKwZ I eve Rxebi NUbvewj imvqbi `wZ evLv KiZ AvMn c`kb Kie|


7/214

imvqb

1.1 imvqb cwiwPwZimvqb cvPxb I cavb wevbjvi AbZg| imvqb bvbv aibi cwieZb hgb mw, asm, ew, i~cvi,Drcv`b BZvw`i AvjvPbv Kiv nq| imvqbi PPv KqK mnmvx _K nq AvmQ| fviZelcvq 5000eQic~eB KvcoK AvKlYxq Ki ZzjZ isqi eenvi i nqwQj| gvbyl avZe A, I g~wZZwi KiwQjeKvj AvMB| cyivZb mfZvq imvqb chyw eenvi Ki LwbR _K g~jevb avZy hgb ^Y, ic, wmmvcfwZ AvniY Kiv nZv| wL. c~e2600eQi c~ewgkixqiv ^YAvniY Ki, hv AwfRvZ I g~jevb avZzwnmeAvRI mgv`Z| cvPxb I gahyMxq imvqb PPv Avj- Kwg (Alchemy)bvg cwiwPZ| Avj- Kwg kwU AviweAvj-wKwgqv _K Df~Z, hv w`q wgkixq mfZvK eySvbv nZv| cvPxb wgkixq mfZv imvqb PPvi gvag

gvbyli Pvwn`v ejvsk gUvZ mg nqwQj| AvR wk-KviLvbvq Zj, wPwb, KvMR, Kjg, Jlac, Kvco,mvy, mvevb, iW-wm gU _K iKi eenvhAbK mvgMx Zwi imvqbi gvag nq _vK|

gRvi evcvi njv, eZgvb hyM imvqbi cwiwPwZ aygv wk-KviLvbv, cix vMvi ev MelYvMvii KvhgBmxgvebq| hw` Avgiv Pvicvki NU hvIqv NUbvewj j Kwi, Zvnj `LZ cve h, meB imvqbiDcwwZ iqQ| D`vniY wnme QK-1.1-G wKQzNUbvi D j-L Kiv njv |

QK-1.1 :imvqbi DcwwZ

Gevi Zvgiv wkKi mnvqZvq wZbRb Ki `j MVb Ki| cZK `j c_Kfve KqKwU welq wbq fvevhLvb imvqb DcwZ _vKZ cvi| Zvici cZK `j wbR^ fvebv _K h Kvbv wZbwU welq ivmvqb

DcwwZ evLvmn QK-

1.2-

G D j -

L Ki|

Avg cK njy` eY

aviY

is ivmvqwbK c`v_ | Avgi eY njy` i~cvi- Avgi ga RxeivmvqwbK

cwqvi gvag njy` eYavix bZzb hMi mwKB eySvq|

jvnv k, wK gwiPv fOyi| we jvnv Rjxqevi DcwwZZ evqyiAwRbi mv_ ivmvqwbK wewqvi gvag jvnvi AvBW bvgK c`v_cwiYZ nq, hvmvaviYfve gwiPv bvg cwiwPZ|

Dj-wLZ eMyjv g~jZ Kvebi hM w`q MwVZ, hgb KvV njv cavbZ mjyjvR,

cvKwZK Mvm njv wg_b Ges gvg njv Kveb I nvBWvRbi hM| GjvZAvb Rvjvbvi A_cKZcB Kveb hMi `nb, hv GK aibi ivmvqwbK wewqv,Gi dj Kveb-WvB-A vBW Mvm, Rjxqev I Zvci Drcv`b|

jvnvq gwiPv aiv

KvV, Kiv wmb,cvKwZK Mvm ev gvgAvb Rvjvbv

welq wek-lY

02


8/214

QK-1.2 :`jMZfve wZbwU NUbvq imvqbi Dcw wZ evLvmn eYbv Ki|

Zvnj GUv mnRB Abygvb Kiv hvq h, Avgvì cwiek NU hvIqv wewfbcwieZbi mv_ imvqb Kvbv bvKvbvfve m| ivbvi gvag Lvevii ^vì wfbZv mwK GK aibi imvqb ejv hZ cvi| gvUK_v,

cvPxb mfZv _K AvaywbK hyM imvqbi mywekvj cwigY mgvRi Z_v wevbi cvq meB jYxq|1.2 imvqbi cwiwa

imvqbi wewZ evcK, hv gvbyli mevq wbqvwRZ| imvqbi PPv mgqi mv_ geagvb| Pj GeviAvgvì Rxeb imvqbi eenvi weePbv Kwi| Zzwg Rvi GKUv wbtkvm wbq Nyg _K RM DVj Ges evkKi cvwb w`q nvZgyL ayq wbj| GKUz ZjRvZxq wRwbm nvZgyL gL, Gevi wPiwb w`q Pyj AuvPwoqUwej coZ emj| jvj gjvUi eBwU Lyj `Lj mv`v KvMR Kvjv Kvwji Aii jLv Gi me wKQyZB

imvqb iqQ| wKQyY covi ci cwj ev Kjg w`q LvZvq cki Di wjLj| Zvici Lvevi Lq mv`v-kvUI bxj-cvU ci yj Mj| ivvq PvL coj GKRb jvK evMvb ev Z mvi eenvi KiQb| Lqvj

Kij h, auvqv Dwoq GKUv gvUimvBKj Zvgvi cvk w`q Pj Mj| Gmei gaI iqQ imvqb|

Gevi QK-1.3 -G eenvhwRwbmjvi ga imvqbi DcwwZ weePbv Ki|

welq wek-lY

imvqb 03


9/214

QK 1.3 :imvqbi cwiwa weePbvi D`vniY

wP-1.1 : c` Qwejv `L Ges NUbvjv fvjvfve Lqvj Ki| Dcw Z welqjv _K eeZ wewfbe i mv_ imvqbi mswk-Zvi AvjvK wbPi QK (QK-1.4) c~iY Ki Ges imvq bi cwiwa wbq Am~Y

evKwU c~YKi|

wP-1.1. av bi RwgZ mP Ìqv nQ, eb Avb RjQ I evb fvBK Jla LvIqvQ|

imvqb04

e Dcv vb Drm

wbtkvm MnxZ evqy cavbZ AwRb cKwZ, evqy

evk, wPiwb, Kwg is,KvMR, LvZv, Kvwj,cwj, Kjg

wewfb ivmvqwbK hMi mg^q

MwVZ

wk-KviLvbvq wewfb c`v_i ivmvqwbKcwieZbi gvag Zwi Kiv nq|

Lvevii cvwb we cvwb nvBWvRb I AwRbcigvYy viv MwVZ| Lvevii

cvwbZ Abvb LwbRI _vK

cvwb cKwZZ _vK, hgb b`x, bvjv, Lvj,

wej, mvMi, ew, Sibv BZvw`|

Lvevi kZmvi, Avwgl, Pwe meB RehM Ges wewfbLwbR c`v_

Dw (mvjvKmsk-lY) I cvYx wewfbcwqvi gvag Lv` Drcv`b I mq Ki|Lvevi Lj Avgvì kixi wecvK cwqv

NU Ges Avgiv kw cvB|

kvU I cvU Re hM I Z-Gi mg ^qMwVZ

ivmvqwbK wewqvi gvag wewfb hM _KZwi Kwg Z ev cvKwZK Z-Gi mv _iKi mg^q UUvBj- dweKm wkcvkvK Zwi Kiv nq|

mvi AwRb, bvBUvRb, Kveb,dmdivm BZvw` Ges wewfbivmvqwbK hMi mgq Zwi

wk-KviLvbvq ivmvqwbK wew qvi gvagZwi Kiv nq| ivmvqwbK mvi gvwUZ Dwìcyw c`vb Ki|

gvUimvBKj I GiPjvi kw

wewfb avZy, c-vwK BZvw` w`qZwi bvbv hvski mg^q wbwgZ;cUvwjqvg (Rvjvwb) `nbi

gvag gvUimvBKj Pjvi kwARb Ki|

imvqwbK cwZ eenvi Ki AvKwiK _KavZe c`v_ AvnwiZ nq| c-vwK wk-

KviLvbvq imvqwbK wewqvi gvag Zwi Kivnq| cUvwjqvgi `nb njv ivmvqwbKwewqv|


10/214

QK-1.4: Zvgiv wbRiv c~iY Ki|

1.3 imvqbi mv_ wevbi Abvb kvLvi mKAvgiv RbwQ h, imvqb njv cavb wevbjvi AbZg| imvqbi mv_ wevbi Abvb kvLv hgb MwYZ,c`v_ wevb, Rxewevb, cwiek wevb, f~Z wevb BZvwì wekl hvMm~ iqQ| gvUK_v, Abvb

wevbmg~n hgbfve imvqbi Dci wbfikxj, Zgbfve imvqbi AbK welqi evLv c`vb ev Zxq aviYvAb wevbi mvnvh wbqB KiZ nq|

Zvgiv RxeP coQ h, cZ ev civfve mgM cvwYKyji Lvì hvMvb`vZv Dw`| Dw` mvjvK

msk-

lY(photosynthesis)

bvgK Rxe-

ivmvqwbK c wqvi gvag wewfb Dcvq Avgvì Lv` mq nq|Avevi Rxei `n wewfbRwUj AYyhgb cvwUb, Pwe, Kvjwmqvgi hM, wWGbG (DNA) cfwZ viv MwVZ|Rxei R I ewRxe-ivmvqwbK c wqvi gvagB mvwaZ nq, hv Rxewevbi welq|

AvaywbKKvj wevbi Ae`vb ej LvZ we`yr, Py^K, KwDUvi I wewfbBjKUwb-Gi Z , Drcv`b Ieenvii AvjvPbv c`v_ wevb Kiv nq| Avgiv hw` j Kwi, Zvnj `LZ cvB h, c`v_i wewfbivmvqwbK Yvewji mg^q NwUqB Gme ei mw| GLvb D`vniYî~c we`yZi Drcv`b I weZiYKweePbv Kiv hZ cvi| Zj, Mvm, Kqjv cywoq A_vr ivmvqwbK wewqv NwUq Drcvw`Z Zvc _K we`yrDrcbKiv nq Ges Zv avZe Zvii (hgb Zvgv) BjKUb cevni gvag mieivn Kiv nq| KwDUvi I

Abvb BjKUwb-Gi wewfb z`vskjv hgb wmwW, ggvwi wW, gwbUi cZKwUi Yvewj wewfb

e Dcv`vb Drm

imvqb gvbyli Pvwn`v hgb .........., ..........., ............., .................., ...................

hvMvb imvqb mvewYKfve wbqvwRZ|

imvqb 05


11/214

c`v_i ivmvqwbK agi mg^q NwUq D ejv Zwi Kiv nq| Aciw`K ejv nq _vK h, cKwZZ

hZUzKz AeeZ Kcvi (Zvgv) gRy` AvQ, Zvi Pq ewk cwigvY Zvgv BwZgaB KwDUvi I wewfbBjKUwb Zwi KiZ eenvi Kiv nqQ| Gfve Zvgvi eenvi nj Zv GK mgq dzwiq hve| ZvQvovIb nq Gme hvsk w`b w`b evoZ _vKe Ges Avgvì cwiekK wZ Kie| Zvnj KwDUvi IAbvb BjKUwb b nq Mj, H me hvsk _K Zvgvi cybivi Ki Zvi cybeenvi Kiv Riwi|mwUI imvqb PPvi gvagB me|

Abw`K, Dw` I cvYxi gZyi ci `ni cPb nq Ges bvbv AYyRxe cwqvi dj gvwUi mv_ wgk hvq|f~Mfi wekvwlZ Zvc I Pvci cfve gvwUZ wgk hvIqv c`v_i AviI ivmvqwbK cwieZb nq| dj wewfb

LwbR c`v_ hgb cUvwjqvg, Kqjv, cvKwZK Mvm BZvw`Z cwiYZ nq| evqygjxq wevbi IRvbi I IRvbi qKvix Mvmmg~ni wPwZKiY imvqbi wewfbcwZi mvnvhB Kiv nq|

Gevi Abvb wevbi Dci imvqbi wbfikxjZv weePbv Kiv hZ cvi| MwYZ eZxZ imvqb wevbi Zc`vb Kiv ev Zxq vbvRb Ame| imvqb wnmve-wbKvk, m~ c`vb I MvwYwZK mKmeB Zv MwYZ|KvqvUvg gvKvwbKm (quantum mechanics),hv g~jZ MvwYwZK wnmve-wbKvk-Gi mvnv h cigvYy i MVb

evLv Kiv nq| Abw`K, imvqbi wewfbcixY h-wbf i| Gme hi g~jbxwZ ev cixY g~jbxwZ c`v_wevbi Dci wfw KiB cwZwZ| Dcii AvjvPbv _K GUv eySv Mj h, wevbi wewfbkvLvi mv_imvqbi k hvMm~ iqQ|

1.4 imvqb cvVi iZAvgiv imvqbi cwiwa co eySwQ h, gvbyli gwjK Pvwn`v hgb Ab, e, evmvb, wPwKrmv I wkviDcKiY RvMvb imvqb mvewYKfve wbqvwRZ| GLvb Dj-L h, ivmvqwbK c`v_gvbB wZKviK GgbaviYv mgvRi wewfbkwYi gvbyli ga AvQ, hv v|

Avgiv hv LvwQ, hgb fvZ, Wvj, Zj, wPwb, jeY Ges hv eenvi KiwQ hgb mvevb, wWUviRU, mvy,cvDWvi, Jlac BZvw` meB ivmvqwbK c`v_bq wK?

KwlKvR eeZ mvi, KxUbvkK (insecticides) meB ivmvqwbK èvw`| KxUbvkK eenvii gvagcvKvgvKoK kmnvwb _K cwZiva Kiv nq| Avgiv gkv Zvovevi Rb Kqj ev Avivmj (aerosols)

eenvi KiwQ| mvevb, wWUviRU (detergents), mvy (shampoo) BZvw` cwivi Kivi KvR eenviKwi| Avgvì kixi- ^v ivq Jla, AvwUevqvwUK (antibiotics), wfUvwgb (vitamins) meb Kwi|m`heabi Rb wewfb aibi cvKwZK mvgMx hgb KuvPv njy`, gn`x Ges Kwg KmgwUKm&(cosmetics) I is eenvi Ki _vwK| GQvovI wewfbaibi flR Jlac I Abvb mvgMx ^v-i v Im`heabi wbwg MnY KiwQ| KLbI KLbI Abwf ev Amvayew ev cwZvb Gme mvgMx cZ I

mieivn Ki _vK| gvbyli wZi w`K weePbv bv Ki A_ev bv eyS Amvayfve gvQ, gvsm BZvwìcPbiva Ges djg~ji `yZ cwicZv Avbvqb ev cvKvZ wbwlivmvqwbK èi eenvi nQ| GKBfveLveviK AvKlYxq Ki ZzjZ wbwlI Lvevii AbycvhvMx (non-food grade)is eenvi Kiv nQ|

imvqb06


12/214

cwqvRvZ Lv` wekl Ki Rym, mm, KK, wezU cfwZZ ewk mgq ai msiYi Rb wcRvifwUfm&(preservatives) Ìqv nq| wcRvifwUfm Qvov msMnxZ Lv` ^vi Rb SzuwKc~Y nZ cvi wVKB, wK

`yfvMRbKfve AbK B Gme Lv` msiY AwaKgvvq wbwlI Lvevii AbychvMx wcRvifwUfmeenvi Kiv nQ|

Abw`K, Pzjvq ivbv Kivi KvR eeZ Zvc, KvV ev cvKwZK Mvm cywoq DrcbKiv nq, hLvb evqyiAwRb I KvV ev cvKwZK Mvmi wewqv Ki Zvc, Kveb-WvB-A vBW I Abvb c`v_ Drcb Ki|Dj-L, AwZ ^ cwigvY evqyi DcwwZZ KvV ev cvKwZK Mvm cvovj ^vi Rb gvivZK wZKiKveb-g bv-A vBW bvgK MvmI Zwi nZ cvi| GQvovI KvV I Kqjv cvovj wZKviK Kveb KYv

(carbon particles) Drcb nq, hv cvi Mvq Rgj ZvK Avgiv Kvwj ej _vwK| GKBfve Kj-KviLvbv I hvwK hvbevnb _K cwZwbqZ Kveb-WvB-A vBW Mvm Zwi nQ, hv cwieki Rb gvivZKwZKi|

AwZwi mvi, KxUbvkK, mvevb, wWUviRU, mvycfwZ gvwUK Ges b`x-bvjv I Lvj-we ji cvwbK `~wlZKiQ| gkvi Kqj ev Avivmji auvqv Avgiv wbtkvmi mv_ MnY Kwi| Kwg KmgwUKm&, is I flReenvi Kwi, hv ii gvag Avgvì kixii wfZii wewfb Ask cuQ hvQ| Abw`K, Zvc ev kwZwii mv_ DrcbKveb-WvB-A vBW evqyi mv_ wgk cwieki Zvcgvv ewKiQ|

Avgiv Rvwb, ivmvqwbK mvii AwZwi eenvi MvQi wZ nq ev MvQ gi hvq| Zgwb AwZ ^ evqyiDcwwZZ KvV ev cvKwZK Mvm cvovj ^vi Rb wZKi Kveb-g bv-A vBW Zwi nq| JlacgvvwZwi meb GgbwK gZzI nZ cvi| Zvnj GUv cwivi h, fvjv djvdji Rb ivmvqwbK c`v_icwiwgZ eenvi AZ Riwi, Avi Zv GKgv imvqb mKmy vbB wbwZ KiZ cvi| Aciw`K,

imvqb cvVi gvag ivmvqwbK c`v_i wewfbwZKviK w`K I SzuwK mKvbvRb me, hv AvgvìKmPZb bvMwiK wnme Mo ZzjZ cvi| Gi cvkvcvwk Avgiv wewfbmvgMx eenviKvix Ges cZKvix DfqivmvqwbK c`v_i YvY weePbvc~eK Gì mwVK eenvi wbwZ Ki mgvR I cwiek ivq iZc~Yf~wgKvivLZ cvwi| Zvnj GUv h, cZKi imvqb mKvb _vKv AZxe Riywi|

1.5 imvqb Abymvb I MelYv cwqvKvbv welq m wRvmv Abymvbi i~c bq Ges Abymvb _KB MelYvi R| hgb cvwb mK

hw` c_g cknq, GUv Kx? Zvnj cieZx ckUv ne, cvwb Kv_vq Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? wbqB Gi ci hckwUi D`K ne, Zv njv cvwb Kx w`q MwVZ? cvwb mKc_g wRvmvwU, wZxqwUi R w`qQ cvwbKv_vq cvIqv hvq? DiwU Abymvbi gvag Rvbv me h cvwbi Drm b`x, mvMi, ew, Sibv BZvw`| AvicvwbZ Kx Kx AvQ, Zvi Rb MelYvi cqvRb| Gfve AviI wRvmv Rve b`xi I mvMii cvwbZ Kx

Kx _vK? Avgiv Rvwb mvMii cvwb jeYv, Zvnj cii ckwU nZ cvi, mvMii cvwb _K Kxfve mycqcvwb cvIqv hZ cvi? GUv njv h, GfveB Kvbv welqi Dci Abymvb I MelYv GK Acii

mv_ mwKZ Ges Zv MvQi gZv kvLv-c kvLvq wewZ jvf Ki| wbAbymvb I MelYv KvRi wewfbavcmgni AvjvPbv Kiv njv|

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Abymvb I MelYv cwqvi c_g avc njv-

welqe wbaviY ev mgmv wPwZ Kiv| welqe wbaviYMelYvi GKwU iZc~Yavc| mywbw` j I Dk hv mgvR Z_v gvbeKjvY ìKvi ev fwelZ ìKvinZ cvi Ggb wPv Ki Abymvb I MelYvi welqe wbaviY Kiv nq| hgb cw_exZ mycq cvwbigvivZK msKU, hwÌ Avgvì `k ZZUv eySv hvq bv| Zvnj mycq cvwbi Abymvb Kiv Ges cvwbi AbvbDrm _K mycq cvwb cvIqvi Rb MelYv GKwU iZc~Y welq eU| Abw`K, cw_exZ LwbR Rvjvwb(fossil fuels)hgb cvKwZK Mvm, Kqjv, cUvwjqvg BZvwì gRy` Kg AvmQ Ges ejv nq h, AvMvgxGKk eQi Zv dzwiq hve| fwelZi K_v weePbv Ki weK Rvjvwbi Abymvb I MelYv GKwU AZxeiZc~Ywelq| welqe wbaviYi mgq cwiek, mvgvwRK AvPvi ev agxq Abyf~wZi K_vI weePbv Kiv nq|

Abymvbi welqe wVK nj Abymvb KvRK mdj Kivi Rb cwiKbv cYqb, AbywgZ wmv MVb IcixY Kiv nq| welqe mKZ_ msMn, cixYi Rb ivmvqwbK I Abvb DcKiY msMn, cixYi

dj cv Z_-Dcv (data) msMn, wek-lY (analysis) I evLv (explanation) c`vb Ges djvdjMnYI Abymvb KvRi mv_ mswk-|

QK- 1.5: Abymvb I MelYv cwqvi wewfbavcmg~n|

wZxq avcwU njv welqe mK mgK vb ARb Kiv| Abymvb I MelYvi dj DvweZ egvbeKjvY eZxZ Avi Kvb Kvb KvR eeZ nZ cvi, cqvRbxq cixvi Rb eeZ c`v_^v Icwieki Kx wZ KiZ cvi, Abymvb I MelYvi wewfbavci evwbK evLv mKI cixvi mgq hKvbv AbvKvwZ cwiwwZ mvgvj `qvi gZv h_ vbvRb I `Zv AvekK| welqe I welqe DcicixY msv c~ecKvwkZ wewfbevwbK Z_ msMn Kiv Abymvbi KvRi c_g kZ| hgb ai, Avgiv

mvBwUK GwmWhy dji Abymvb KiZ PvB| Zvnj Kvb-

RvZxq d j mvBwUK GwmW _vKZ cvi Zvi aviYveBc ev evwbK Rvbvj(scientific journals) cKvwkZ Z_ _K RvbZ ne| mv_ mv_ mvBwUK GwmWbvgK c`v_wU mve Kx Kx cixvi gvag kbv Kiv hZ cvi m Z_I msMn KiZ ne| cv Z_iwfwZ AbywgZ wmv(hypothesis)MVb Kiv h, Kvb Kvb djjvZ mvBwUK GwmW _vKZ cvi GesKvb Kvb cixvjvi viv mvBwUK GwmW (citric acid)kbv Kiv hvq| cwiKbv cYqbi mgq AekB

gv_vq ivLZ ne, b~bZg Kvb Kvb cixv bv Kij mvBwUK GwmWi kbvKiY c~Yv ne bv Ges wPwZcixvcwZjv _K evQvBc~eK mjvB weePbvq bqv DwPZ hjvi cqvRbxq DcKiY mnRjf Icwiekeve|

welqewbaviY

welqe mK

mgK vbvRb

KvRi cwiKbvcYqb

djvdj mK

AvMvg aviYvKiY

cixY I Z_-DcvmsMn

Z_- DcvGi

msMVb I wek- lY

wevb I gvbeKjvY cfve

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KvRi cwiKbv cYqb Kiv Abymvb I MelYv cwqvi ZZxq avc| welqe mKmgK vb I AbywgZwmv MVb KvRi cwiKbv cYqbK mnRZi Ki| Abymvb I MelYv cwqvi myweav_cwiKbv cYqbGjvgjv fve bv Ki gvYymvi Kiv evbxq| A_vr h KvRi aviYv Qvov cii KvR iev KvRi evLv

Kiv hve bv mUvK AvM iL cii KvRwU cwiKbvq bqv nq|

MelYvi cZvwkZ djvdj mKAvMvg aviYv Kiv Abymvb I MelYv cwqvi AviKwU iZc~Yavc| KvbvcixYi djvdj mK AvMB aviYv _vKj cv djvdj wbq Ah_v KZ~nj mw ne bv, ZvZ Ki

KvRi cii avcwUZ AMmi nIqv `yZ I mnR ne| GQvovI djvdj mK AvMvg aviYv KiZ cvijKvRi cwiKbv cYqbI myweav nq, A_vr Kvbv KvRi djvdji Dci wfw Ki cii KvRwUi cwiKbv

Kgb nIqv DwPZ m mKaviYv cvIqv hvq|

imvqb Abymvb I MelYv cwqv AbK B cixYwbfi, Ze Kvbv Kvbv cixYi cwieZckgvjvi gvag Z_-Dcv msMn Kiv hvq| cixY I Z_-Dcv msMn meRb MnYhvM cwZ gb Kiv

nq| hvZ Ki cv Z_-Dcv mevi KvQ evaMg nq| Gi cii avcwU njv- Z_ I Dcvi msMVb(hvQvB-evQvB) I we k-lY Kiv| cv djvdji evwbK evLv c`vbc~eK Kvb AskwU MnYxq Avi Kvb AskwU

eRbxq Zvi GKwU wP Zzj aiv nq|

Abymvb I MelYvq cv djvdj wevb Ges gvbeKjvY Kx cfve dje Zvi mK AvjvPbv _vKv

Abymvb I MelYv cwqvi AviKwU Ask| cv djvdj wevbi Kvb gwjK welqwUi bZzb evLv c`vbKie ev wevbi Kvb AskwU mnR eySZ mnvqZv Kie Zv Dj-L KiZ nq| welqei wbaviY gvbyliKvb Kvb KjvYi Avme mywbw`fve Zvi w`K-wb `kbv `Iqv nq| G aibi AvjvPbvi gvag AbymvbI MelYv KvRi welqei iZdzU DV|

Dcii AvjvPbv _K GUv eySv hvq h, Abymvb I MelYv cwqv mywbw` cwiKbvi ga w`q Kiv nq GesGKwU avc AciwUi m~iK|

Gmv Avgiv Gevi `jMZfve GKUv Abymvbg~jK KvR Kwi| cwZwU `j c_Kfve Kgc `kwU dji/mewRibvg ei Ki hjvZ Re GwmW _vKZ cvi Ges bvgjv QK-1.6-G wjwce Ki| Zvgv`i myweav_ GKwUBwZ njv, GwmWi ^v` UK nq| GwmWi DcwwZ wkKi mnvqZvq wjUgvm ccvii mvnvh wbwZ Ki|

QK-1.6 : jMZfv e c~iY Ki|

1| 2| 3|

4| 5| 6|

7| 8| 9|

10|

imvqb 9


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imvqb

1.6 imvqb Abymvbi mgq ivmvqwbK e msiY I eenvi mZKZvg~jK eevcixY Qvov imvqb hgb Abymvb I MelYv Kiv KwVb, Zgwb ivmvqwbK èi eenvi eZxZ imvqbcixY mvaviYZ Kiv nq bv| AbK ivmvqwbK c`v_B ^v I cwieki Rb cZ ev civfve gvivZK

wZ Ki _vK| AbK è AvQ hviv AwZ mnRB wevwiZ nZ cvi, welv, `vn, ^vmse`bkxjGes Kvvi mwKvix| Zvnj ivmvqwbK è msMn Ges Zv w`q cixYi c~eB Zvi KvhKvwiZv mKcv_wgK vb _vKv LyeB Riwi|

mvivwek cixvMvi ev MelYvMvi, wk-KviLvbv, Kwl, wPwKrmv cfwZ ivmvqwbK èi eenvi Z_vivmvqwbK èi evwYR eo hvIqvq Gì msiY I eenvii mZKZvg~jK eev Riwi nq co| G

msv GKwU mveRbxb wbqg (Globally Harmonized System) Pvjyi welqK mvgb iL 1992 mvjRvwZmsNi D`vM cwiek I Dbqb bvg GKwU mjb AbywZ nq| D mjbi cwZcv` welq wQj-(K) ivmvqwbK c`v_K SzuwK I SyuwKi gvvi wfwZ wewfbfvM fvM Kiv, (L) SzuwKi mZKZv msv Z_-

Dcv (WvUveR) Zwi Kiv Ges (M) SzuwK (hazard) I SyuwKi gvv eySvevi Rb mveRbxb mvsKwZK wPwbaviY Kiv| D`vniYî~c KqKwU mvsKwZK wPQK-1.7 -G AvjvPbv Kiv njv|

Kvbv ivmvqwbK è mieivn ev msiY KiZ nj Zvi cvi Mvq jeji mvnvh kwYf` AbyhvqxcqvRbxq mvsKwZK wP c`vb Kiv AekB evbxq| Zvnj eenviKvix mnRB Kvbv ivmvqwbK èicvi Mvq jej `LB Gi KvhKvwiZv mKcv_wgK aviYv wbZ cvie Ges Gi KvhKvwiZvi SzuwK gv_vq

iL msiY I eenvi KiZ cvie| hgb wec`RbK mvsKwZK wPmsewjZ Kvbv cvi Mvqi jej(label) `L GUv eySv hve h, cvi ivmvqwbK èwU GKwU gvivZK welv c`v_(QK- 1.7 `L)| mv_

mv_ eenviKvixi gv_vq GUvI KvR Kie h eenvii mgq AekB wekl mveavbZv Aej^b KiZ ne,hvZ GUv kixii wfZi cek KiZ bv cvi| GQvovI cixvi ci cixY wgkY Dby cwiek dj Ìqvhve wK bv ev cwikvab KiZ ne wK bv, m mKaviYv wbZ cvie| msMnxZ ivmvqwbK è Kv_vq,Kxfve msiY Kij ivmvqwbK èi gvb wVK _vKe I AbvKvwZ `~NUbv Govbv hve, mme aviYvIcvIqv hve|

QK-1.7 : ivmvqwbK èi SzuwK I SyuwKi gvv eySvi Rb wbavwiZ mvsKwZK wP, SzuwK, SyuwKi gvv I

mveavbZv |

10

weviK(explosive) e, AwZ, wbR wbRB wewqv KiZ cvi, hgb Re cvi-AvBW| wbRb I wZ RvqMvq msiY Kiv, mveavb bvovPvov Kiv, NlY nZ cvi GgbAev Gwoq ivLv, Ab Kviv mv_ wgkYi mgq AwZ axi hy Kiv, eenvii mgq PvLwbivc` Pkgv civ|

`vn(flammable) c`v_- Mvm, Zij, KwVb| mnRB Avb aiZ cvi| wewqv Ki Zvc

DrcbKi, hgb Avivmvj, cUvwjqvg| G aibi e Avb ev Zvc _K ~i ivLv,NlY nZ cvi Ggb Aev Gwoq ivLv|

wevwiZ evgv

Avbi wkLv

mvsKwZK wP SzuwK, SzuwKi gvv I mveavbZv


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ai GKwU evZji Mvqi jej wbgi wP(QK-1.8) `Iqv AvQ| Gevi Dci c` Z_ (QK 1.8) _KkwYK emB wbRiv wPviv e mve SzuwK I SuywKi gvvi eYbv Kivi Pv Ki|

QK-1.8 :wkLbdji gvag Zvgiv wbRiv c~iY Ki|

imvqb 11

RviK(oxidizing agent)Mvm ev Zij c`v_, hgb Kvwib Mvm| wbtkvm Mj kvmKnZ cvi, ZK jvMj Z nZ cvi| Mvm nj wbwQ fve ivLv, RviY wewqv KiZ cviGgb cv bv ivLv, eenvii mgq nvZ `vbv, PvL wbivc` Pkgv I bvK-g~L gveenvi Kiv|

gvivZK welv c`v_(poison) Mvm, Zij, KwVb| wbkvm, ZK jvMj A_ev Lj gZznZ cvi| G aibi c`v_AekB Zvjvevb msiY Kiv evbxq| eenvii mgq nvZ`vbv, PvL wbivc` Pkgv I bvK-gyL gv (Mvm nj) eenvi Kiv| kixi cek KiZcvi Ggb Aev Gwoq Pjv| cixvi ci cixY wgkYi h_vh_ cwikvab Kiv |

`ni kvm-ckvm msv (respiratory)Z iRb mse`bkxj, RxevbymsgY NUvZ cvi(mutagenic), Kvvi mw (carcinogenic) KiZ cvi| memvaviYi evBi wbivc`vb msiY Kiv, eenvii mgq nvZ `vbv, PvL wbivc` Pkgv I bvK-gyL gveenvi Kiv| cixY wgkYi msMn I h_vh_ cwikvab Kiv|

cwieki Rb wZKi, wekl Ki RjR(aquatic)Rxei Rb wZKi| G aibi c`v_b`x-bvjvi cvwbZ wgkZ `Iqv DwPZ bq| cixY wgkYi msMn I cwikvab Kiv|

AvRvwZK iwk wPwU 1946 mvj AvgwiKvZ c_g eeZ nqwQj| wPwUK wUdqj(trefoil) I ejv nq| GwU viv AwZwi wZKi AvjvKiwkK (kw) eySvbv nq| Gaibiiwk gvbe`nK weKjv Ki w`Z cvi Ges kixi Kvvi mw KiZ cvi| iwk einZ bv cvi GiKg aibi cyiev wekl cv ivmvqwbK evw` msiY Kiv| KvR Kivimgq wbivc` ~iZ eRvq, Dchy cvkvK cwiavb Kiv, PvL wekl aibi Pkgv civBZvw`|

ei Dci Avbi wkLv

wec`RbK

^v-SuzwKi msKZ

cwiek

mvsKwZK wP SzuwK, SzuwKi gvv I mveavbZv

ZRwq iwkwP (trefoil)

ei Dci Avbi wkLv

msiY I eenvii mZKZv:


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Abykxjbx

ewbevPwb ck:

1. cwqvRvZ Lv` ewkmgq ai msiY wbPi Kvb c`v_wU eeZ nq?

K. wcRvifwUfm L. wfbMvi

M. Bw_wjb N. AvwmwUwjb

2. wbPi KvbwU ARe hM?

K. cvwb L. kZmvi

M. Avwgl N. Pwe

3. GKwU Wvg Kvwib Mvm AvQ|WvgwUi Mvq Zzwg Kvb mvsKwZK wPhyKie?

K. L.

M. N.

4.

wPwU _K evSv hvq-

i. GKwU ivmvqwbK cwqv

ii. GZ Kveb-WvB-AvBW Mvm Drcbnq

iii. GwU GKwU `nb wewqv

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. iI ii L. iiI iii

M. iI iii N. i, iiI iii

imvqb12


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mRbkxj ck:1.

K. gwiPv Kx?

L. cuc cvKj njy ` nq Kb?

M. DxcKi 1g wPimvqb Kxfve mwKZ evLv Ki|

N. DxcKi KvbwUi AwZwieenvi cwieki Rb wZKi hywmn wjL|

imvqb 13

wP1 : Jla mebi Qwe wP2 : mewR Z KxUbvkKwQUvbvi Qwe


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wZxq Aavq

c`v_i Aevc`v_nj Ggb fZ e hvi fi I AvqZb AvQ| mKj c`v_B mvaviYZ wZb Aevq weivR Ki KwVb,

Zij I evqexq| wK ^vfvweK K Zvcgvvq wKQz c`v_KwVb, wKQzZij Ges wKQzevqexq Aevq _vK|Zvcgvv cwieZbi mv_ mv_ Aevi cwieZb NU| wZb AevZB G`i wbR^ ewk I agiqQ,Ze AYyi MVbi Kvbv cwieZb NU bv| KwVb Aevq AYymg~n KvQvKvwQ _K KuvcZ _vK; Zvc c`vbi

mv_ mv_ AYymg~n MwZkxj nq Ges `~i mi hZ _vK| wewfbgvag KwVb, Zij I evqexq c`v_i Qwoqcovi ceYZv j Kiv hvq| Zv nZ cvi ^ZtZfve A_ev Pvci cfve|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

(1) KYvi MwZZi ^xKvhi mvnvh c`v_i fZ Aev evLv KiZ cvie|

(2) MwZZi mvnvh evcb I wbtmiYi evLv KiZ cvie|

(3) KwVb c`v_i Mjb I EacvZb Ges Zij c`v_i zUb cwqv eYbv KiZ cvie|

(4) c`v_i fZ Aev I Zvci ga mKevLv KiZ cvie|

(5) Zvcgvv ewZ evcb nvi ewcixvi gvag `LvZ cvie|

(6) KwVb c`v_i Mjb I EacvZb GK Zij c`v_i zUb cwqv cixvi gvag `LvZ cvie|

(7) cKwZZ msNwUZ eve NUbv imvqbi `wZ wek-lY AvMn c`kb KiZ cvie|

(8) ivmvqwbK `e I _vgvwgUvi mwVKfve eenvi KiZ cvie|

KwVb Zij evqexq

Zvci kvlY


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2.1 c`v_I c`v_i Aev :hvi fi AvQ, RvqMv `Lj Ki Ges RoZv AvQ ZvB c`v_| c~eB RbwQ c`v_ mvaviYZ wZb Aevq _vKKwVb, Zij Ges evqexq|

wP wKQyKwVb, Zij, evqexq c`v_i wP `Iqv njv:

wP 2.1 : wKQzKwVb, Zij I evqexq c`v_

wbPi QK Ae v Abyhvqx Gjv mvRvI :-

QK 2.1 : wewfbAe vi c`v_

Avgiv c`v_mg~n cheY I cixY Ki- AvKwZ, AvqZb, msKvPbkxjZv, NbZ, mnRcevn,cmviYkxjZv BZvw` ewk mKaviYv jvf KiZ cvwi

wbR wbR Ki :evwo _K Avbv cwj, cv_i ev Ab Kvbv KwVb c`v_i Dci Pvc `vI,AvKwZ I AvqZb cheY Ki|Gevi GKwU M-vm cvwb bvI, Ab AvKwZi GKwU cv Zv Xvj| Kx j Kij?

BbRKkbi `ywU wmwi cvwb I evZvm fi m~P Lyj gyL e Ki Pvc w`j Kx cwieZb nq `L|Lvwj ejyb gyL w`q evZvm fi dzjvI, Zvici gyLwU Lyj `vI|cheYi djvdj LvZvq bvU Ki|

`jMZfve Ki :

cheY I cixYi gvag Dcii Kvb ewkmg~n wbaviY KiZ cvij Kvbjv cvij bv Zv evLvKi| wkKi mvnvh wbq jveiUwiZ Zvgiv NbZ I cmviYkxjZv ewk `wUi cixv KiZ cvi|

imvqb 15

wPwb cvi`

KvVi UzKiv

Lvevi jeY wnwjqvg Mvmfiv ejyb

jyweKwUs

gvej cv_i BU cv_i

cvwb

KwVb Zij evqexq ev Mvmxq

Kveb-WvB-AvBWfiv Mvm Rvi

Pzbvcv_iAwRbwmwjvi

mqvweb Zj`ya


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2.2 KYvi MwZZ(Kinetic theory of particles)

:mKj c`v_B z`Zg KwYKv viv Zwi Ges Zv KwVb, Zij A_ev Mvmxq GB Aevi h Kvbv GKwU Aevq_vK| mKj Aevq c`v_i KYvmg~n MwZkxj _vK|

wbP c`v_i wZb Aevq KwYKvmg~n Kxfve mwZ _vK Zv `Iqv njv| KvbwU KwVb, KvbwU Zij IKvbwU Mvmxq Aevq AvQ LvZvq GuK ci ci mvRvI :

(K) (L) (M)

wP 2.2 : c`v_i wZb Ae vi wfwZ KwYKvmg~ni Ae v

wPv Ki : GKB c`v_K Kxfve KwVb _K Zij Ges Zij _K M vmxq Aevq bqv hvq?

wZb Aevq KwYKvmg~n Kxfve Aevb Ki? Kvb Aevq AYymg~n mePq KvQvKvwQ Aevq, KLb gvSvgvwS Aevq Ges KLb mePq `~i `~i

Aevb Ki? KLb GKwU AYyi mv_ Aci AYyi AvKlY kw mePq ewk, KLb wKQzUv Kg Ges KLb GK`g _vK bv ejjB Pj? wZb Aevq KwYKvmg~ni MwZkxjZvi Aev evLv Ki|

Avgiv mKjB cvwbi wZb Aevi mv_ cwiwPZ; eid (KwVb), cvwb (Zij) I Rjxqev (Mvmxq)| wP Zvcc`vb Gi wZb Aevi cwieZb `Lvbv njv:

Zvc Zvc

eid cvwb Rjxqev

wP 2.3: Zvc c`vb c`v_i Ae vi cwieZb

wPv Ki :Kxfve RjxqevK cvwbZ Ges cvwbK eid cwiYZ Kiv hvq? wWc wdR cvwb ivLj ZvKxfve eid cwiYZ nq?

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dgv-3, imvqb-9g-10g

imvqb 17

wP 2.4: Kvc dzUvbv cvwb

ejybi fZii Mvmi KYvmg~n ejybi

fZii AveiYi mv_ avv LZ _vK

Ges evBii w`K Vj `q|

GK Mvmi Pvc ej| Zvc evovj Pvc

AviI eo hve Kb evLv Ki|

KwVb Aevq AvtAvYweK AvKlY mePq ewk _vK|

AvtAvYweK ~iZmePq Kg _vK|

Zij Aevq AvtAvYweK AvKlY Zzjbvg~jKfve Kghvq; ~iZeo hvq| Mvmxq Aevq AvtAvYweK AvKlY

GKeviB Kg _vK| ~iZ GZUvB eo hvq h KYvmg~n

BQvgZv Gw`K-Iw`K Nyi eovq I AvtAvYweK kwK

AwZg Ki evBi Qwoq co|

m` dzUvbv GKKvc Mig cvwbK Uwej ivLj Kx `LZ cve? Dci Rjxqevi KYv evZvm QwoqcoQ| GK hw` AviI Zvc `qv nZv GK mgq KvcwU Lvwj nq hZ| wK hw` KvcwU ^vfvweK AevqiL w`Z Ze Zv axi axi Vvv nq hZ; RjxqevK Avi ewiq coZ `LZ bv|

KYvi MwZZ_K KYvmg~n (AYy) Kxfve KwVb, Zij I Mvmxq Aevq MwZkxj Aevq _vK Zv Rvbv hvq|

KwVb c`v_i wbw` AvKvi I AvqZb AvQ| kwkvjx AvKlY eji KviY KYvmg~n Lye KvQvKvwQ Aevb KiKuvcZ _vK|

Zij AvqZb cwieZb bv Ki h cv ivLv nq m cvi AvKvi aviY Ki| Pvc AvqZb ^ gvvqmsKvPbkxj| Zij c`v_i KYvi MwZ KwVb c`v_i Zzjbvq ewk| KYvmg~ni ga AvKlY ej KwVbi PqKg m KviY KYvmg~n gvUvgywU `~iZAevb Ki|

Mvmxq c`v_h cv ivLv nq Zvi cyivUvB `Lj Ki| KYvmg~ni ga AvKlY ej LyeB Kg, GK Abi KvQ_K AbK `~i Aevb Ki| Mvmxq c`v_i KYvmg~n evavnxbfve PjvPj Ki| KYvmg~n wewfb w`KPjgvb Aevq Qwoq _vK| Pvc AvqZb AwaK gvvq msKvPbkxj|

hZB Zvc `qv nq KYvmg~n ZZ MwZkw ARb Ki Ges PjvPj eo hvq| Zij Aevq KYvmg~n `~i `~imi hvq| zUb Mvmxq KYvmg~n Ziji DcwiZj _K evBi ewiq hvq Ges BQvgZv wewfbw`K PjvPjKivi gZv h_ kw mq Ki|

MwZZZi wfwZ Zvckw eenvi viv c`v_K GK Aev _K Aci Aevq i~cvi Kiv me| KwVbK

Zvc w`q MjbvsK cQvj Zv Zij cwiYZ nq| ZijK Zvc w`q zUbvsK cQvj Zv Mvmxq AevqcwiYZ nq|


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imvqb18

evqyI Avgvwbqv Mvmi wgkY

AvgvwbqvMvm

evqy

bxj/Kjgi Kvwj/Kcvi mvjdU cvwbi èY

Zij bxj/Kjgi Kvwj/Kcvi mvjdU èY

cvwb

2.3 evcb(Diffusion):m` Zwi Avgvwbqv MvmRvii XvKbv mwiq hw` evqyc~Y GKwU MvmRvi ivL, `Le Dcii MvmRvi

Avgvwbqv Mvm evqyi mv_ wgk MQ| cgvYî~c GKwU fRv jvj wjUgvm ccvi cek KivjB `Le Zv bxjis aviY KiQ|

wP 2.5: Mvmi ga Mvm KYvi evcb

wbPi cixvjv Kvm `jMZfve Ki

cixv11. GKwU UwUDe wKQzZij bxj/Kjgi Kvwj/Kcvi mvjdUi èY bvI|

2. Wcvii mvnvh axi axi cvwb hvM Ki|

3. cyivUv cvwb GKB is aviY KiZ KZUv mgq jvMj cheY Ki bvU Ki|

4. Gevi Aci GKwU UwUDe Mig cvwbi weKvi ivL Ges 1I 2 bs cwKqvwU mbKivi ci 3bscwKqvwU nZ KZ mgq jvMj Zv bvU Ki|

wP 2.6: Ziji ga eY KYvi evcb

cixv2

1. GKwU UwUDe GKwU cUvwmqvg cvigvvbUi wUK ivL| ZvZ cvwb hvM Ki|

2. cyivUv cvwb nvjKv ewb is aviY KiZ KZUv mgq jvMj bvU Ki|

3. Gevi Aci GKwU UwUDe Mig cvwbi weKvi ivL Ges 1 I 2 bs cwKqvwU mbnZ KZ mgq jvMjZv bvU Ki|| Nwo ai mgq bvI|

GB cixvwU Zzwg wPwb, Lvevi jeY w`qI KiZ cvi| hnZziwOb bq, ^v` wbq Zv `LZ ne cvwbi mv_wPwb ev jeYi KYvjv wgk MQ wK bv|


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imvqb 19

cUvwmqvg cvigvvbUiwUK

nvjKv ewb iOicUvwmqvg cvigvvbUièY

wP 2.7: Ziji ga KwVb KYvi evcb

cixv 1I 2 bs-Gi Kx `Lj?Zvc c`vbi c~e mgq jMQ ewk Ges Zvc c`vbi ci mgqjMQ Kg| KYvmg~n Qwoq covi nvi 2bs cixvi Zzjbvq 1bs cixvq ewk wQj| Avevi ^vfvweK cvwbi

Zzjbvq Mig cvwbZ KYvmg~n Qwoq covi nvi ewk| Avgiv hw` Mvmxq c`v_(Avgvwbqv Mvmi)cixvwUwbR nvZ KiZ cviZvg `LZvg 1g cixvwUi PqI KYv Qwoq covi nvi AbK ewk| Dciicixvjv _K Zzwg Zvcgvvi mv_ e vcbi nvii mK wbYq Ki|

Dcii cixvmg~ni KvbvwUZB Kvbv Pvc cqvM Kiv nqwb|Kvbv gvag KwVb, Zij ev Mvmxq ei ^Zt~ZI mgfve cwiev nIqvi cwqvK evcb ej|

Dcii cixvmg~n Ges wbRì AwfZvi AvjvK wbR wbRLvZvq evcbi wKQzev e D`vniY wjL|

2.4 wbtmiY(Effusion)GKwU wnwjqvg Mvm ev evqyfiv ejyb bvI| QvU GKUv wQ`Ki| Kx NUQ j Ki| wKQzYi gaB `Le

ejybwU Pzcm MQ| fe `LQ, Kb Ggb njv?Mvmi ev evqyi AYymg~n wQ`c_ ewiq coQ|G wK Kvbv Pvc KvR KiQ?hw` Pvc wqv Ki Ze Zv Mvmxq ei Zt~ZI mgfve cwiev

nIqvi K_v bq| wQ`c_ AYyi Zt~ZMwZK evav `q| wQ`hZ eo nZ _vK ^Zt~ZZv ZZ ewcZ_vK| hLb m~YPvcgynq ZLb evcb i~cvwiZ nq|

wP 2.8: wnwjqvg Mvmfiv ejyb

wnwjqvg Mvmi Pvc ejybi fZi Ges evwni mgvb bq| ejybi fZi Pvc ewk _vK| mi wQ c_Kvbv Mvmi AYymg~ni DPPvc _K wbPvc Aj ewiq Avmvi cwqvK wbtmiY ej|

D`vniYî~c cvKwZK Mvm ev wg_b(CH4) MvmK AwaK Pvc cqvM Ki wm.Gb.wR (Compressed

wPv Ki :

1. He, H2, CO2 Mvmi CO2-Gi evcb mgq mePq ewk, H2Gi mePq Kg jvMe Kb? He-Gi Kx NUe ej Zvgvi aviYv?2. Zij I KwVbi Zvci cfve

I MwZZi mKKx

wQ`

wnwjqvgMvm fiv ejyb

cvwb


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imvqb20

natural gas)Z cwiYZ Ki hvbevnbi Rvjvwb wnme eenvi Kiv nq| NievwoZ Rvjvwb wnmeeenvii Rb AwaK Pvc wg_b Ges widvBbvwi _K cv weDUb I cvcb Mvm wmwjvi, nvmcvZvjeenvii Rb AwaK Pvc AwRb Mvm wmwjvi fi ivLv nq| Kvbvfve wmwjvimg~n wQ`nq Mj`Lv hve mRvi Mvm ewiq AvmQ| hv _K wec`bK Aevi mw nZ cvi|

GKwU cvKv KuvVvj Nii GKwU K iL w`j Zvi M KuvVvji ZKi wQ`c_ ei nq wewfbK Qwoqci| ZKi wQ`c_ M ei nq Avmv wbtmiY Ges ei nIqvi ci wewfbK Qwoq civ evcb|

evcb I wbtmiY ei fi Ges NbZi Dci wbfikxj| ewUi fi Ges NbZ hZ ewk ne evcb I

wbtmiYi nvi ZZ nvm cve|

kwYi KvR :evcb I wbtmYi wZKi w`K KxwbR wbR LvZvq jL|

2.5 gvgi Rjb I c`v_i wZb Ae vgvg hLb RjZ _vK ZLb c`v_i wZbwU AevB GKmv_ `Lv hvq| gvg MjZ i Kij Gi gai

myZvwU Zv kvlY Ki bq| myZvi AMfvM gvg Mvmxq Aev cv nq| GK Avgiv gvgi ev ewj ZLbevqyi DcwwZZ `nb nZ _vK| hZY myZvwU _vKe ZZY Zv RjZ _vKe| hnZz gvg GKwUnvBWvKveb A_vr Re hM, chv evZvmi DcwwZZ gvgi `nbi dj Kveb-WvB-AvBW I

Rjxqev Drcbnq|

2.6 Mjb I zUb: (Melting and Boiling)c`v_i Mjb I zUb wbw` Pvc wbw Zvcgvvq NU _vK|

cixv-1:c`v_i Mjb1. wKQy gvg uov Ki GKwU Zvcmn KvPbj wbZ ne Ges GKwU KvwV w`q gvgjv Vj w`Z ne|

2. wPi gZv Ki hcvwZ I DcKiYjv mvRvZ ne| Mjb-wUDei mv_

_vgvwgUviwU BjvwK evi gvag AvUK ivLZ ne|3. A wkLvq axi axi Zvc w`Z ne Ges AbeiZ weKvii cvwbK bvovwb w`q bvoZ ne| KZ

Zvcgvvq Zv MjZ iKi Zv bvU wbZ ne| MjZ iKij Zvc mwiq wbZ ne| GK wgwbU cici Zvcgvv bvU KiZ ne|

5. cixvwU c_g _K kl chNwo ai 1wgwbU ci ci mgq I Zvcgvv bvU KiZ ne|

6. Mvd ccvi X-A mgq I Y- A Zvcgvv ai eiLvwU (curve)GuK Zv _K Gi MjbvsK wbYqKiZ ne|

wPv Ki:KvbwU _K Mvm mePq ewk yZ eie? wg_b Mvmi fi I NbZmePq Kg, AwRb Mvmifi I NbZZvi Pq ewk| weDUb Mvmi mePq ewk| cvcb M vmi fi I NbZweDUbi Pq Kg|

gvg + O2(g) CO2(g)+ H2O(g)+Zvc + Avjv

weKvi_vgvwgUvi

Mjb-wUDebvovwbKwVbc`v_

cvwb

wP 2.10 : KwVb c`v_i Mjb

gvgiev

MwjZ

gvg

KwVbgvg

wP 2.9 : gvgi Rjb


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imvqb 21

cixv-2 : c`v_i zUb1. wPi gZv hcvwZ I DcKiYjv mvRvZ ne| Lqvj ivLZ ne hvZ

_vgvwgUviwU cvwbi DcwiZji ek Dci _vK|2. cvwb dzUZ i Kiv chZvc w`Z ne| A_vr hLb mRvi ey`ey` AvKvi dzU

RjxqevvKvi ewiq hZ _vK ZLb Zvc `qv e KiZ ne|

3. mevP Zvcgvv bvU KiZ ne|

4. 1g _K kl chNwo ai 1 wgwbU ci ci Zvcgvv bvU Kie|

5. Mvdccvi eenvi Ki cixv-1-Gi gZv zUbi Zvcgvv wbYq Ki |

^vfvweK Pvc (1 atm) h Zvcgvvq Kvbv KwVb c`v_Zij cwiYZ nq mB ZvcgvvK mB c`v_i

MjbvsK ej|^vfvweK Pvc (1 atm) h Zvcgvvq Kvbv Zij c`v_ Mvmxq Aev cv nq mB ZvcgvvK mBc`v_i zUbvsK ej|

wP : 2.12 Zvc c`vbi eiLv(heating curve)

wPv Ki: A-B ch Zvcgvv cwieZb njv, wK B-C ch njv bv| Avevi C-D ch ZvcgvvcwieZb njv wKD-E chnjv bv| E-F chZvcgvv Avevi evoZ _vKj| Zvckw c`vb Kiv njvwKZvcgvv ew cj bv Kb? my Zvci K_v KLbv bQ wK?

c`v_i Aev cwieZbK wjLv hvq-

KwVb Zij Mvm

mvaviY kxZjxKiYi eiLv

mvaviY kxZjxKiYi eiLv

Zvc-

Zvc+

Zvc-

Zvc+

E-F-Rjxqev (Mvm)

D-E-cvwb dzUQ (Zij I Rjxqev)

C-D-cvwb (Zij)

B-C-eid MjQ (eid I cvwb)

A-B-eid (KwVb)

140

(OC)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

D

A

BC

E

F

_vgvwgUvi

cvwb

Zvc

wP 2.11 : Ziji zUb

Zvcgvv

KwVbKwVb +Zij

Zij

Zij + MvmMjbvsK

zUbvsK

mgq


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imvqb22

cvR :GKBfve cvwbi kxZjxKiYi eiLvwU (cooling curve) c`kb Ki wewfb we`yZGi Aev wek-lY Ki| Kvb Kvb Zvcgvvq Zvc c`vb KijI Zvcgvv cwieZb nq bv eYbv

Ki|

2.7 EacvZb :

wbPi wPwU j Ki :

Ggb wKQzc`v_i bvg jL hviv KwVb _K mivmwi Mvmxq Aevcv nq Ges kxZjxKiY Mvmxq Aev _K KwVb i~cvwiZ nq|

bvc_vwjb, AvqvwWb, Kc~i, KwVbCO2BZvw`|

cixv :wPi gZv hcvwZ mvRvI| axi axi weKvii wbP Zvcw`Z _vK|

Kx cwieZb `Lj LvZvq bvU Ki| GKB cwZZ bvc_vwjb,Kc~iK Zvc w`q KwVb _K Mvm Ges Mvm _K KwVbi~cvwiZ KiZ cvi|

Zvnj ejv hvq, hw` Kwb c`v_K Zvc w`j Zv mivmwi Mvm cwiYZ nq Ges vv Kij mivmwi

KwVb icvwiZ nq Ze c`v_i AevK EacvZb ej|

cvR : 1. `ywU cv cvkvcvwk Kc~i I eid iL bvovZ _vK| Kx cwieZb j KiQ Ges Kbwek-lY Ki| yw`b ci Kx Aev nq Ges Kx KviY nq evLv Ki|

wP 2.14 : Dvqx c`v_i EacvZb

Zvc

eid

MvmxqAe v

KwVbAe v

KwVbAe v

Zvc-

Zvc+

wPv Ki:cvki wPi Zvcxq I

kxZjxKiYeiLv (curve)Kgb nZ cvi?

wP 2.13: KwVb c`v_i EacvZb


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imvqb 23

Abykxjbx

ewbevPwb ck:1. Kvc Mig Pv ivLj wbPi Kvb cwqvwU NU?

K. evxfeb L. EacvZb

M. evcb N. wbtmiY

2. RjxqevK hLb Nbxfeb Kiv nq,ZLb KYvmg~ni Kx NUe?

K. AvKvi msKywPZ ne L. PjvPj KiZ _vKe

M. GKB Aevb _K KuvcZ _vKe N. cwicvkkw wbMZ Kie

3. wbPi Kvb wPwU EacvZbi Rb chvR?

K. L.

M. N.

4. ARvbv KwVb e Z-Gi Zvcxq eiLv

ARvbv e -GiZvcxq eiLv

C

AB

H

D

G

F

54

154

250

1 5 10 126

mgq (wgwbU)

Z


29/214

imvqb24

Dcii wP nZ evSv hvq

i. ZewUi MjbvsK 54c

ii. ZewU Dvqx

iii. A - BI C - DiLv ewUi MjbvsK I zUbvsK eySvq|

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. iI ii L. iiI iii


mRbkxj ck:

1.

K-cv L-cv

K. evcb KvK ej?

L. ewW Z evcb ev wbtmiYi KvbwU AvM NU?

M. Zvcgv v evovZ _vKj DxcKi Kvb c`v_wU mevi AvM evxf~Z ne? KviY

evLv Ki|

N. K-cvi Dcv vb I L-cvi Dcv vbjvK c_KxKiY GKB cwZi eenvi me wK

bvhywmn e vLv Ki|

AvqvwWb wgwkZ Lv` jeY evwj I M-yKvR


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dgv-4, imvqb-9g-10g

imvqb 25

2.

K. wbtmiY Kx?

L. GKB c`v_ i MjbvsK I zUbvsK wfbKb?

M. DxcKi cwqvwU Kvb aibi cwieZb evLv Ki|N. Drcbmv`v auvqv Acvi KvQvKvwQ DrcbnIqvi hwK KviY evLv Ki|

Zzjvq wm Nb nvBW&vRbKvivBW

Zzjvq wm NbAvgwbqv

KwVb mv`v ejq

40 m.wg 60 m.wgA B


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ZZxq Aavq

c`v_i MVbcw_exZ hZ c`v_AvQ meB AwZ z`KwYKv w`q Zwi| Giv GZB z`h AwZ DP gZvmbAYyexY

h vivI Zv `Lv hvq bv| gwjK c`v_i z`Zg KwYKvi bvg cigvYyGes hwMK c`v_i z`Zg KwYKvibvg AYy| cwZwU cigvYyiB wbR^ ewk iqQ| cavb ewk njv Gì wbR wbR cvigvYweK msLv|cigvYyI AYyi AvcwK Ges cKZ fi iqQ| cvUb, BjKUb I wbDUb cigvYyi cavb KwYKv| cigvYyiK` cvUb I wbDUb wbq MwVZ wbDwKqvmB Zvi cvq mKj fi enb Ki| cvUbi mgmsLK BjKUb

wbDwKqvmi Pviw`K wewfbKc_ Nyi eovq| GKB gji Avevi GKvwaK fimsLvwewk cigvYy iqQhvì AvBmvUvc ejv nq| gvbeRxeb wewfb Gì evenvi evcK|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv(1) cigvYymKaviYvi weKvk eYbv KiZ cvie|

(2) gwjK I vqx KwYKvjvi ewk eYbv KiZ cvie|

(3) cvigvYweK msLv, fimsLv, AvcwK cvigvYweK fi evLv KiZ cvie|

(4) AvcwK cvigvYweK fi _K AvcwK AvYweK fi wnmve KiZ cvie|

(5) cigvYyi BjKUb, cvUb I wbDUb wnmve KiZ cvie|

(6) AvBmvUvci eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|

(7) cigvYyi MVb mKiv`vidvWI evi cigvYygWji eYbv KiZ cvie|

(8) iv`vidvWI evi cigvYygWji ga KvbwU ewk MnYhvM Zvi evLv w`Z cvie|

(9) Kc_ Ges Kc_i wewfbDci cigvYyi BjKUbmg~nK webvm KiZ cvie|

O

H H

H

O


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imvqb 27

3.1 gj

QK 3.1 :wewfbgji bvg

Dci wKQzgji bvg Ìqv njv| Gì cigvYyi cZxK I cvigvYweK msLv jL

QK 3.2 : gji bvg, cZxK I cvigvYweK msLv3.2 cigvYyi KwYKvmg~ncigvYyZ cvUb, BjKUb I wbDUbmn wewfb KwYKv iqQ| GB 3wU cigvYyi vqx KwYKv| ^vfvweK

Aevq cigvYyi cvUb I BjKUb msLv mgvb _vK| wbDUb msLv KLbv mgvb Avevi KLbv ewk _vK|wfbwfbgji cwZwU cigvYyB GKB ewki AwaKvix| cvUb I wbDUbi AvcwK fi mgvb, BjKUbiAvcwK fi 1wU cvUb ev1wU wbDUbi fvMi mgvb| A_vr GZ Kg h Gi fi bB ejjB Pj|Ze cwZwU KwYKviB cKZ fi iqQ|

QK 3.3: wewfbKwYKvi fi I Avavb

cigvYyi K`_vK wbDwKqvm| wbDwKqvm Aevb Ki cvUb I wbDUb| Gì mgwK wbDwKqb msLvej; hvK fimsLvI ejv nq|

KwYKv cZxK AvcwK fi AvcwKAvavb cKZ fi cKZ Avavb

cvUb p 1 +1 g241067.1 -x 191060.1 -xKzj^

wbDUb n 1 0 g2410675.1 -x 0BjKUb e

1840

1 - 1 g281011.9 -x 191060.1 -x-Kzj^

bvBUvRb dmdivm Kveb

AwRb wnwjqvg Kvjwmqvg

AvMb gvMbwmqvg mvjdvi

gji bvg cZxK cvigvYweK msLv

wbR Ki : gjmg~niBjKUb webvm Ki|

18401


33/214

imvqb28

cigvYyi cvUb msLvK ejv nq cvigvYweK msLv hv GKwU cigvYyi wbR^ mv ev Zvi cwiPq|

wjw_qvg cigvYyi BjKUb/cvUb msLv 3, wbDUb msLv 4| wbDwKqvm abvZK Avavbwewk cvUb I Avavb

wbic wbDUb _vK| wbDwKqvmi evBi Pviw`K wewfbkwi BjKUbmg~n wbR^ kw Abyhvqx wewfbKc_ Aevb wbq NyiZ _vK|wbP wjw_qvg (Li) cigvYywUi MVbwP Iqv njv:

wP 3.1: wjw_qvg cigvYyi MVb

QK 3.4: wewfbgji cvUb I wbDUb msLv

3.4 QKi Z_ _K wbDwKqvm cvUb I wbDUb Ges wewfbi BjKUb webvm Ki cigvYymg~ni MVbwP Ab Ki (KvRwU `jMZfve Ki)|

3.3 cigvYycwiwPwZcvUb msLv (cvigvYweK msLv) I wbDwKqb msLv (fimsLv)

mKj gjiB wbR^ cvUb msLv Ges wbDwKqb msLv AvQ| cvigvYweK msLvK Zviv I fimsLvK Aviv wPwZ Kiv nq|

D`vniY wnme awi Avjywgwbqvgi (Al) cvUb msLv 13Ges wbDwKqb msLv 27| wbDUb msLv ne 27(A)-13(Z) = 14

mswfve GK wbgi~c cKvk Kiv nq

gj cvUb/BjKUbmsLv

wbDUbmsLv

B 5 6

N 7 7

Mg 12 12

BjKUb

cvUb

kwi

wbDwKqvmwbDUb

wbqwKqb /fi msLv I

cvUb/cvigvYwiK msLv (Z)

27

13

Al gji cZxK


34/214

imvqb 29

chvq mviwYi c_g 10wU gji cigvYyi cvigvYweK msLv I fimsLv `qv AvQ| Zv _K BjKUb, cvUb IwbDUb msLv wbYq Ki Ges G`i msw cKvk jL:

QK 3.5: wewfbcigvYyi msw cKvk

3.4 AvBmvUvcwbPi QK nvBWvRbi wZb aibi cigvYyi MVb, cZxK, wbDUb msLv chvZvi kZKiv cwigvY `Iqv njv:

QK 3.6 : nvBWvRbi wZbwU vqx AvBmvUvc

msLv (A)

gjicZxK

cvigvYweKmsLv

(Z)

fimsLv

(A)

cvUbmsLv

BjKUbmsLv

wbDUbmsLv(A-Z)

mswcKvk

H 1 1 1 1 1- 1=0 H11

He 2 4 2 2 4- 2=2 He42

Li 3 7

Be 4 9

B 5 11C 6 12

N 7 14

O 8 16

F 9 19

Ne 10 20

KZUzKzeySj wbRKcixv Ki

1. cvUb msLv ejZKx evSvq evLv Ki|2. wbDwKqb msLv I

fimsLv wK GK?evLv Ki|3. wbPi msKZ _KcvigvYweK msLv,cvUb, BjKUb I

wbDUb msLv wbYqKi|

,Si2814 ,p31

15 ,O17

8 ,K3919

,C146 ,Cu64

29 Fe5626

bvg cigvYywP cZxK wbDUb msLv chvZvi kZKiv cwigvY

nvBWvRb

evcvwUqvg

H11 0 99.98

wWDUwiqvgH21

D21

1 0.015

wUwUqvg

A_ev

A_ev

H31

T31

2ZRwqZvi gvagDrcbnq Ges cKwZZ Lye

mvgvb cwigvY cvIqv hvq


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hw`I nvBWvRbi 7wU AvBmvUvc (1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H)AvQ G`i ga wZbwU cKwZZcvIqv hvq| Aewk PviwU MelbvMvi msk-lY Kiv nq|

wPv Ki : QKwUK wek-lY Ki Zzwg Kx eySj? cwZwU cigvYyi cvUb I BjKUb msLv KZ? cwZwU cigvYyi fimsLv ev wbDwKqb msLv KZ? fimsLv cwieZbi KviY Kx? mewKQzwek-lY Ki Zzwg Kx wmv wbZ cvi?

wewfbfimsLvwewk GKB gji cigvYyK ciii AvBmvUvc ej| wbDUb msLvi wfbZvi KviY Zvnq| GKB gji cigvYyi cvUb ev BjKUb msLv KLbv cwieZb nq bv|

3.5 AvcwK cvigvYweK fiwZb aibi nvBWvRbi AvBmvUvci kZKiv chvZvi cwigvYK Mo Kij Gi fi cvIqv hvq1.008|GK Avgiv ejZ cvwi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi|

j Kij `Le, AbK cigvYyi cvigvYweK fi c~Y msLvq bv _K `kwgK fMvsk `Lv hvq| hgb,Kvwibi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi35.5|Kvwibi 2wU AvBmvUvc iqQ Ges chvZvi w`K _K 35ClI 37Cl-Gi kZKiv cwigvY h_v g 75% I25%|

Kxfve Kvwibi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi wbYq Kiv nq Zv wbP `Lvbv njv:

QK 3.7: Kvwibi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi

eZgvb mKj wevbx Kveb- 12AvBmvUvci fii AskK cvigvYweK fii cgvY wnme MnY KiQb|AvaywbK msvbymvi

gji GKwU cigvYyi figji AvcwK cvigvYweK fi=

GB msv _K evLv Ki, AvcwK cvigvYweK fii Kb GKK _vK bv? Kb GK AvcwK fiejv nq?

Dj-L, chvq mviwYZ cigvYymg~ni h cvigvYweK fi `qv nqQ Zv mKjB AvcwK cvigvYweK

35Cl

37Cl

fimsLv 35 37

kZKiv cwigvY 75 25

AvcwKcvigvYweK fi

35 X

GKwU Kveb12AvBmvci fii12

1 Ask


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fi| Kvbv cigvYyi AvBmvUvc bv _vKj mjvi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi I fimsLv mgvb nq|Dcii m~ eenvi Ki Zvgiv cigvYy cvUb I wbDUbi Avmj fii (Mvg GKK) mgwK Kveb-12

AvBmvUvci fii Ask w`q fvM KijB mB cigvYyi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi wbYq KiZ cvi|Dj-L,Kveb- 12AvBmvUvci fii Aski fi njv 1.66X10g .

KvR: Al Gi cvUb msLv 13, Gi GKwU cigvYyi fi hw` 4.482X10-23g nq Ze GiAvcwK cvigvYweK fi KZ?

3.6 AvcwK cvigvYweK fi _K AvcwK AvYweK fiAvgiv Rvwb, AwRbi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi 16Zvnj AwRb AYyi (O)AvcwK AvYweK fi KZ ne?GKwU AwRb AYyAwRbi 2wU cigvYywbq MwVZ|(O) Gi AvcwK AvYweK fi ne162= 32 [16 njvAwRbi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi Ges 2njv cigvYyi msLv]|

wPv Ki:Kxfve m~q eenvi Ki GKwU cigvYyi fi I AYyi fi wbYq KiZ cvi| Dfq Mvg GKK fi cvIqv hve|

3.7 ZRwq AvBmvUvc I Zv`i eenvi

wP 3.2: nvBWvRbi wZbwU vqx AvBmvUvc

GKB fve 4222 SOHHCl,,N,CO BZvw`i AvcwK AvYweK fi wbYq Ki|GwU kwYi KvR wnme wbR wbR LvZvq Ki|

e

p

e

np

e

nn

p

1H1

2H1

3H1


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Avgiv c~eB Dciv wZbwU AvBmvUvci K_v RbwQ| cKwZZ cvIqv hvq Ggb aibi e AvBmvUvcAvQ hgb :

GQvovI wewfb eenvii Rb Kwg Dcvq e AvBmvUvc Zwi Kiv nq|

cvKwZK I Kwg Dcvq Zwi AvBmvUvci msLv 1300Qvwoq MQ| Gì ga wKQzmywZ Ges ewkifvM AwZ| AwZ AvBmvUvcjv wewfbaibi iwk hgb (-Avjdv, -weUv, -Mvgv) wewKiY K iAb gji AvBmvUvc cwiYZ nq| gji cigvYyi GB agK ZRwqZv ej| G aibi

AvBmvUvcjvK ZRwq AvBmvUvc ej| cKZc G mKj cigvYyi wbDwKqvm cwieZb NU| cigvYy_K wbMZ iwkmg~n AwaK MwZmb| Mvgv () iwk Rxe Kvli wZ mvab Ki| wbDKxq wewqvi gvagGme ZRwq AvBmvUvc Zwi Kiv nq|

ZRwq AvBmvUvci eenvi 1. wPwKrmv : G cavbZ `y aibi eenvi iqQ,

(K) Kvbv ivM ev ivMvv vb wbYq(L) ivM wbivgq

(i) `ni nvo eo hvIqv Ges Kv_vq, Kb e_v nQ Zv wbYqi Rb Tc-99mev 99mTc (Isotope ofTechnetium)BKkb w`j ek wKQzmgq ci c`vq `Lv hvq nvoi Kv_vq Kx aibi mgmv AvQ|99m

Tc _K Mvgv iwk wbMZ nq| fi msLvi ci m viv AvBmvUvci gUvvej (metastable)Aev cKvk Ki| 99mTc_K Mvgv iwk wbMZ nIqvi ci 99Tcfiwewk AvBmvUvc Drcbnq|

(99m

Tc 99

Tc + )153

SmA_ev 89Sreenvi Ki nvoi e_vi wPwKrmv Kiv nq|(ii) wUDgvii DcwwZ wbYq I Zv wbivgq ZRwq AvBmvUvc eenvi Kiv nq| wbivgqi Rb

60Co_K wbMZ Mvgv iwk wbc Ki Kvvi KvlKjvK asm Kiv nq|

(iii) 131I, _vBiqW Mwi Kvl-Kjv e wcwZnZ Ki|(iv) ii wjDKvwgqv ivMi wPwKrmvq32PGi dmdU eeZ nq|(v) c-yUvwbqvg-238 nv U cBmgKvi emvZ eenvi Kiv nq|

AviI wewfbaibi Kvvi wbivgq 131Cs, 192Ir, 125I, 103Pd, 106Ru,eeZ nq|2.Kwl :ZRwq iwk eenvi Ki Kwl bZzb bZzb DbZ gvbi exR Dveb Kiv nQ Ges Gi

gvag djbi gvbi DbwZ I cwigvY evovbv nQ| ZRwq 32Phy dmdU èY Dwì g~javivq m~wPZKiv nq| MvBMvi KvDUvi eenvi Ki cyiv Dw` Gi PjvPj wPwZ Ki wevbxiv Kx Kkj

(mechanism)dmdivm eenvi Ki Dw` eo DV Zv RvbZ cvib|

C,14,C13 ,Rb87 ,Sr90 ,In115 ,Te130

Th,Th

,Ra,Rn,OsRe,,Lu,Sm,Sm,La,Cs,I

232235

226222186187176148147138137131

Ges U234

_K U238

ch BZvw`|


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Mvgv iwk

gZ evKUwiqv

dgv-5, imvqb-9g-10g

imvqb 33

wP 3.3 : Dw`32Peenvi

3. Lv` msiY : mKj cKvi kvK-mewR, dj mwVK msi Yi Afve ev ivbvcwqv mwVK bv nj wewfb

aibi wZKi evKUwiqvi Rb nq hv Avgvì kixii Rb wZKi| wekl gZzi KviY ch nZcvi| mvaviYZ 60Co _K h Mvgv iwk wbMZ nq Zv Gme wZKi evKUwiqvK gi dj| cvjwUdvgIG iwk eenvi Kiv nq hLb Kvbv evKUwiqvRwbZ ivMi De NU| GKwU wbw` gvvi ZRwq iwkcqvM Ki Lv` msiY Kiv nq| AwZwi ZRwq iwk eenvi Kiv ^vi Rb gvivZK wZKi|Lv`è ZRwq iwk AekB cwiwgZ gvvq msiwZ vb cqvM KiZ ne| G ZRwq (Mvgv iwk)

m~hi Avjvi bvq wbivc`|

wP 3.4: ZRwq iwk eenvi Ki Lv` e msiY

4. we`yr Drcv`b:AvBmvUvcmg~n qi mgq ev wbDwKq wewqvi mgq cPzi cwigvY Zvc DrcbKi| GB

ZvckwK wewfb wWfvBm eenvi Ki we`yrkwZ i~cv wiZ Kiv nq| cw_exi wewfb `k cvigvYweK Pzwj-_K cPzi cwigvY we`yr DrcbKiv nq wbDwKq wewqvi gvag|

GQvovI KxUcZ wbq Y, wk, avZe cvZi cyiyZcwigvc, ecv Ziji DPZv cwigvc, cvBcjvBb wQÀ^lY, C- 14viv dwmj gwgmn cw_exi hveZxq e, GgbwK cw_exi eqm wbaviY Kiv hvq|

ZRwq AvBmvUvc eenvii wZKi cfve :

ZRwq c`v_ _K wewfbaibi iwk wbMZ nq| GB c`v_mg~ni KvbvwUi mgq-Kvj (life time)Kg,KvbvwUi ewk| ZRwqZv Kvvi nIqvi wekl GKwU KviY| mwVK gvvq eenvi bv Kij Zv KjvYKi bv

nq AKjvYi KviY nq `vuovq|


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Kgv_ivwcZ ZRwq c`v_eenvi nq| Kgv_ivwci dj gv_vi Pzj co hvq, ewg ewg fve nq| AbKmgq Avgv`i Rb cqvRbxq evKUwiqvK gi dj|

wbDwKq wewqv nZ cv wbDwKq kw hgb we`yr Drcv`b eeZ nq Zgwb asmvZK KvRI eenvi nq|wnivwmgv I bvMvmvwKZ wbw GUg evgvmn me aibi cvigvYweK evgvi kwi Drm wbDwKq wewqv|

3.8 cigvYyi gWj3.8 (K) iv`vidvWcigvYygWj:mi gWj

1911 wLv Avjdv KYv weQyiY cixvi wmv i Dci wfw Ki iv`vidvWcigvYyi MVb mKGKwUgWj c`vb Kib| Zv wbgi~c:

(1) cigvYyi K`j GKwU abvZK PvRwewk fvix e we`gvb| GB fvix eK cigvYyi K` evwbDwKqvm ejv nq| cigvYyi gvU AvqZbi Zzjbvq wbDwKqvmi AvqZb AwZ bMY| wbDwKqvm cigvYyimg abvZK PvRI cvq mg fi K`xf~Z|

(2) cigvYy we`yrwbic| AZGe wbDwKqvmi abvZK PvRhy cvUb msLvimgvb msLK FYvZK PvRhyBjKUb cigvYyi wbDwKqvmK cwiewZ Ki ivL|

(3) miRMZi m~hi Pviw`K N~Yvqgvb Mnmg~ni gZv cigvYyi BjKUbjv wbDwKqvmi Pviw`K AweivgNyiQ| abvZK PvRwewk wbDwKqvm I FYvZK PvRwewk BjKUbmg~ni cviwiK wi e`ywZK

AvKlYRwbZ K`gyLx ej Ges N~Yvqgvb BjKUbi K`-ewng yLx ej cii mgvb|

wP 3.5: iv`vidvWi cigvYygWj

`jMZfve KvR Ki :iv`vidvWi cigvYygWji cwZwU cvebv fvjvfve wek-lY Ki Ges Gi gaKx Kx mxgveZv cj Zv wjL|

`jMZfve cvIqv mxgveZvjvi mv_ wbPi mxgveZvjv wgwjq `L:

mxgveZvmg~n njv :

1. migji Mnmg~n mvgwMKfve PvRwenxb A_P BjKUbmg~n FYvZK PvRhy|

-

+


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2. gvIqji Zvbymvi Kvbv PvRhy e ev KYv Kvbv evKvi c_ NyiZ _vKj Zv gvMZ kwwewKiY Kie Ges Zvi AveZbPI axi axi KgZ _vKe| myZivs BjKUbmg~n gk kw nvivZ

nvivZ wbDwKqvm cek Kie| A_vr iv`vidvWi cigvYy gWj Abymvi cigvYy m~Yfve GKwUAvqx Aev cv ne| A_P cigvYynZ gvMZ kw wewKiY ev BjKUbi wbDwKqvm cek KLbBNU bv|

3. cigvYyi eYvwj MVbi Kvbv myzevLv G gWj w`Z cvi bv|

4. AveZbkxj BjKUbi Kc_i AvKvi I AvKwZ m^ Kvbv aviYv iv`vidvWi gWj `qv nqwb|

5. GKvwaK BjKUbwewk cigvYyZ BjKUbjv wbDwKqvmK Kxfve cwigY Ki Zvi Kvbv Dj-L GgWj bB|

wP 3.6: AveZbkxj BjKUb Gi mve gvMZ kw wewKiY I wbDwKqvm cZb

3.8 (L) evi cigvYygWjcigvYyi MVb Ges GKB mv_ cvigvYweK eYvwj evLvi Rb bxjm evi (Neils Bohr)

1913 mvj Zuvi weLvZ cigvYygWj cKvk Kib| G gWji ^xKvhmg~n njv:

1. cigvYyi wbDwKqvmK K`Ki evKvi c_ BjKUbmg~n NyiZ _vK|

2. wbDwKqvmi Pviw`K evKvi KZjv wi Kc_ AvQ hvZ Aevb wbq BjKUbmg~n NyiZ _vK|

GjvK kwi ev AiweU ejv nq| kwimg~nK KwZ msLv n-G i gvb Aby mvi K, L, M, N

viv cKvk Kiv nq| c_g kwiK n= 1, (Kkwi) 2q kwiK n = 2 (Lkwi) Gfve n

-Gi gvb 3, 4, 5BZvw` c~YmsLv gvb ewcZ _vK Ges kwimg~nK h_vg M, N, Oviv

cKvk Kiv nq| GKwU wbw` kwi AevbKvj BjKUbmg~n kw kvlY A_ev wewKiY Ki bv|

3. hLb Kvbv BjKUb GKwU wbgZi Kc_ ev kwi hgb n = 1 _K DPZi Kc_ n = 2 Z

vbv wiZ nq ZLb wbw` cwigvY kw kvlY Ki| Avevi hLb Kvbv DPZi kwi hgb n = 2_K wbgZi Kc_ n = 1-G vbv wiZ nq ZLb kw wewKiY Ki|

+e-


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evi cigvYygWji mxgveZv:evi cigvYygWji hgb AbK mdjZv iqQ Zgwb Gi wKQzmxgveZvI AvQ| hgb,

1. evi cigvYy gWj nvBWvRb I nvBWvRb m`k GK BjKUbwewk Avqb hgb Avqbmg~ni eYvwjevLv KiZ cvijI GKvwaK BjKUbwewk cigvYymg~ni eYvwj evLv KiZ cvi bv|

2. GK kwi nZ Aci kwi BjKUbi vbv i NUj, evi cigvYygWj Abymvi eYvwjZ GKwUKi iLv mw nIqvi K_v| wK nvBWvRb I Abvb cigvYymg~ni Avqbi iLv-eYvwj AwaKZi m~h viv cixY Kij `Lv hvq, cwZwU iLv KqKwU m~ iLvq wef _vK|

3.9 kwi BjKUb webvmevii cigvYy gWj _K Avgiv RbwQ h cigvYyi BjKUbmg~n Zv`i wbR wbR kw Abyhvqx wewfbkwi Aevb Ki| wbDwKqvmi mePq KvQi kwiK 1g A_vr n = 1ev Kkj, 2q kwiKn = 2ev Lkj n = 3ev Mkj BZvw` bvg AvLvwqZ Kiv nq| Gfve chvqg Qch cavb kwi

iqQ|

cwZwU cavb kwii mevP BjKUb aviYgZv 2n2 hLvbn = 1, 2, 3, 4 ....BZvw`| 2n2m~vbymvi -

Kkji BjKUb aviYgZv 2 x 12= 2wU

Lkji BjKUb aviYgZv 2 x 22= 4wUMkji BjKUb aviYgZv 2 x 32= 18wU

Nkji BjKUb aviYgZv 2 x 42= 32wU BZvw`|

1 _K 18cvigvYweK msLvwewk gjmg~n A_vr nvBWvRb _K AvMb ch GB wbqg gb Pj| GBgjmg~ni BjKUbK wewfbkwi Dcii aviYgZv Abymvi mvRvbv hvq| wbgkwi BjKUb vivc~Ynj cieZx kwi BjKUb cek Ki|

wewfbcvigvYweK msLvwewk gji wewfbkwi BjKUbi eb:

kvwlZ kw

wewKwiZ kw wewKwiZ I kv wlZ

kwK eYwj wnmecvIqv hvq

wP 3.7: evii cigvYygWj I iLv-eYvwji Drm


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cvigvYweK msLv 19A_ev Zvi AwaK cvigvYweK msLvwewk gji cigvYyi BjKUb webvmi mgq ZZxq

kwi c~Y bv nq PZz_ kwi BjKUb cek Ki| kwi BjKUb webvmi aviYv w`q GievLv `Iqv me bq| cwZwU kwi KZjv Dci _vK| Dci BjKUb webvmi gvag GievLv `qv hvq|cUvwmqvgi (K) cvigvYweK msLv 19Kvjwmqvgi (Ca) 20| G`i BjKUb webvm wbgi~c

QK 3.9: cigvYyi kwi BjKUb webvm

m~vbyhvqx2n2 cUvwmqvgiMkj 9wU Ges Kvjwmqvgi 10wU BjKUb _vKvi K_v wQj| Kb _vKj bv?Gi Di Avgiv ejZ cvwi, cwZwU cavb kwi (orbit) Avevi GK ev GKvwaK Dckwi (orbital) wbqMwVZ| PZz_ kwii Kvbv GKwU Dcii kw ZZxq kwii GKwU Dcii Zzjbvq Kg| G

DcijvK s, p, d, f BZvw` bvg AvLvwqZ Kiv nq| s Dcii mevP BjKUb aviYgZv 2, p

Dcii6, d

Dcii10, f

Dcii14.

BjKUbmg~ni mvaviY ag nQ Giv c_g wbg kwmbDci(orbital) c~YKi Ges gv^q DP kwmbDci Mgb Ki|

K L M N

19 K 2 8 8 1

20 Ca 2 8 8 2

AiweU ev cavb kwi webvmi wPcvigvYweKmsLvgj

20n19p

20n20p

1H

12 He 2

6 C 2 4

9 F 2 7

15 P 2 8 5

18 Ar 2 8 8

cvigvYweKmsLv gj wbR Ki : 1 _K 18

cvigvYweK msLvwewkgjmg~ni wPmn BjKUbwebvm Ki (QKijv ev`w`q) |

K L M

QK 3.8: wewfbgji Kc_ ev kwi BjKUb webvm


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Kev 1g kji Dci msLv 1wU hvK 1sejv nq

1w`q 1g cavb kwiK evSvb nq|

Lev 2q kji Dci msLv 2wU: 2s, 2p

Mev 3q kji Dci msLv 3wU: 3s, 3p, 3d

Nev 4_kji Dci msLv 4wU: 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

cigvYyi BjKUb webvmi mgq BjKUbmg~n wewfb AiweUvj (Dckwi) Zv`i kwi wbgg _K DPgAbymvi cek Ki| wwZkxjZv ARbi Rb c_g wbgkwi AiweUvj BjKUb Mgb Ki Ges AiweUvj c~YKi; Gi ci gv^q DPkwi AiweUvj BjKUb viv c~Ynq| AiweUvjmg~ni kwg wbgi~c :

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s,3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p I 8s

GB bxwZ AbymiY Ki Avgiv K (19)Ges Sc (21)Gi BjKUb webvm `LvZ cvwi

hnZz4sAiweUvji kw 3dAiweUvji kwi Pq Kg, ZvB cUvwmqvgi mekl BjKUbwU 3dAiweUvjbv cek Ki 4sAiweUvj vb wbqQ| Avevi vwqvgi ejvq 4sAiweUvj c~YKi cieZxDPkwmb 3dAiweUvj mekl ev 21Zg BjKUbwU cek KiQ| Dcimg~ni kwi g gb ivLvi Rb

wbPi QKwUi mvnvh wbZ cvi|

wP 3.8: AiweUvjmg~ni kwi g gb ivLvi QK

wekl Ki gb ivLe hLb BjKUb webvm wjLe ZLb cavb kwii mKj DciK cvkvcvwk wjLe

Zv bv nj BjKUb webvmi wP AuvKvi mgq fyj nIqvi mvebv _K hve|

K(19)2s1 2s2

6p2 2s3 6p3 0d3 1s4

Sc(21)2s1 2s2

6p2 2s3 6p3 1d3 2s4

wbR Ki: Dcii QKi mvnvhwbq wbgv gjjviBjKUb webvm Ki

Ca20 V23 Fe26 Zn30 Ar33 Kr36 Sr38

Br35

K L M N

hgb: Sc (21) wjLe|

Sc (21) 1262622 d3s4p3s3p2s2s1 Gfve bq|

2s1 62 p2s2 162 d3p3s3 2s4


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BjKUb webvmi mvaviY wbqgi wKQzewZg:mvaviYfve `Lv hvq h, mgkwmbAiweUvjmg~n Aac~Yev m~Yi~c c~Y nj m BjKUb webvm AwaKZi mywwZ ARb Ki| A_vr np3,nd 5,nd 10,nf7, Gesnf14

mePq mywZ nq| Gi djB d10s1 Gesd5s1BjKUb webvmwewk gj AwaKZi vqx nq|GB wbqg AbymiY Ki vwgqvgi BjKUb webvm:1s22s22p63s23p63d54s 1

[wbR Ki :Kcvi (29) ev 29Cu -Gi BjKUb webvm]

Abykxjbx

ewbevPwb ck:

1. wbPi Kvb AvBmvUvcwU wPwKrmv I Kwl Dfq eeZ nq?

K. 131I L. 125I

M. 32P N. 153Sm

2. Z GKwU gj hvi cvUb msLv 111 Ges wbDUb msLv141 | KvbwU viv cigvYywUK cKvk Kiv hvq?

K. 111 Z L. 141 Z

M.252

Z N.141

Z

3. XgjwUi AvcwK cvigvYweK fi KZ?

AvBmvUvc chvZvi kZKiv cwigvY

146 X 25

154 X 75

K. 148 L. 150

M. 152 N. 153

4. 56 Y

DxcK gjwUi i. GKvwaK hvRbx we`gvb ii

. cvUb I wbDUb msLv wfbiii. BjKUb webvm ^vfvweK wbqgi

141

111

111

30

[GLvbX cZxKx A_; cPwjZ Kvbv gji cZxK bq]

26


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wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K.iI

iiL.

iiI

iii


mRbkxj ck:

1. GKwU gji cigvYyi gWj AuvKvi Rb ejv nj beg kwYi Qv dwi` wbPi wPwU Ab Kij|

K. cvigvYweK msLv KvK ej?

L. 64X Ges 64Y cigvYy`yBwUi wbDwKqb msLv mgvb wKwbDUb msLv wfb evLv Ki|

M. dwi`i AuvKv gWjwU h cigvYy gWjK wb k Ki Zv evLv Ki|

N. AwZ gWj Abymvi cigvYyi vwqZmKhwK gZvgZ `vI|

2.

4W 12X 20Y 29Z

K. fimsLv Kx?

L. 3LiI 11Na-Gi hvRbx GKB Kb evLv Ki|

M. Kvb Kvb gji mekl i mgvbmsLK BjKUb we`gvb|

N. Dcii GKwU gji BjKUb webvm ^vfvweK wbqg Kiv hvq bvhywmn Dcvcb Ki|

+

BjKUb

29 30

[GLvbW, X, Y GesZ cZxKx A_; cPwjZ Kvbv gji cZxK bq]


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PZz_Aavq

chvq mviwYchvq mviwY njv QKi gvag cKvwkZ ivmvqwbK gjmg~ni agi GKwU aviYvwP| 2012mvj chmegvU118wU gj kbv nqQ| cZK gji Gme aviYv Avjv`v Avjv`vfve Avq Kiv Ame| chvq mviwYZ

^ cwimi gjmg~nK Zv`i agi wfwZ fvM Kiv nqQ| chvq mviwY `LB Avgiv Kvbv GKwUgji ivmvqwbK AvPiY mKaviYv KiZ cvwi| G Aavq chvq mviwYi mw _K iKi eve Gi

eenvi I DcKvwiZvi AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-(1) chvq mviwY weKvki cUf~wg eYbv KiZ cvie|

(2) gji meewnt kwii BjKUb webvmi mv_ chvq mviwYi cavb Mycjvi mKwbYqKiZ cvie (c_g 30wU gj)|

(3) GKwU gji chvq kbv KiZ cvie|

(4) chvq mviwYZ Kvbv gji Aevb Rb Gi fZ I ivmvqwbK agmKaviYv KiZ cvie|(5) gjmg~ni wekl bvgKiYi KviY ejZ cvie|

(6) chvq mviwYi iZevLv KiZ cvie|

(7) chvq mviwYi GKB kwYi gj viv MwVZ hMi GKB aibi agnvZ-Kjg KvRi gvag c`kbKiZ cvie|

(8) cixYi mgq KvPi hcvwZi mwVK eenvi KiZ cvie|(9) cixY KvR mZKZv Aej^b Kie|

(10) chvq mviwY AbymiY Ki gjmg~ni agAbygvb AvMn c`kb Kie|

wewfbgj

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 181 H He

2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

8 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Kr

6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

Mn Fe Co Ni Cu

mvwi


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imvqb42

4.1 chvq mviwYi cUf~wgchvq mviwY njv kZel ai msMnxZ wewfb ivmvqwbK aviYvi GK AweiYxq cwZdjb| gvbyl cvPxbKvj

_K wewfve c`v_I Zvì agmK h mKj aviYv ARb KiwQj Zvi GKwU mwwjZ i~c ÌqvicPv wevbxì wQj AvM _KB| hv cieZxZ gjmg~ni agwfwK kwYZ fvM KiZ mnvqZv KiQZ_v AvaywbK chvq mviwY Dcnvi w`qQ| jvfqwmq (Antoine Lavoisier) mec_g 1789mvj fZAevi Dci wfw Ki gjmg~nK wZb kwYZ wef Kib| cieZxZ 1864 mvj BsiR wevbx RbwbDjv (John A. R. Newlands) gjK Zvì fi Abyhvqx mvwRq cwZ Ag gjmg~ni fZ IivmvqwbK ag wgj `LZ cvb| 1869mvj ik wevbx gvwjd (Dmitri I. Mendeleev)Ges Rvgvbwevbx jy_vi gqi (J. Lothar Meyer)c_K c_Kfve GKB agwewk wewfb gjK mgkwYfy Kivicqvm gjmg~ni GKwU ZvwjKv cKvk Kib| hv imvqb chvq mviwY (periodic table)bvg LvZ|

2012 mvj ch megvU 118 wU gj kbv nqQ| Za AvRvwZK imvqb I dwjZ imvqb msv(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), 114wUK ^xKwZ w`qQ| GLvb Rb

ivLv fvjv h, msvwUK msc IUPAC ejv nq| msvwU AvRvwZKfve imvqb I dwjZ imvqbiwewfb welqvw` hgb wewfb wbqgKvbyb, geagvb cwieZbi ev mwi KvbwU MnYxq Avi KvbwU eRbxqZvi `Lfvj BZvwì wbqY Ki _vK| hvnvK, mekl ^xKZ 114wU gji ga 112wUi bvgKiY KivnqQ| Gì ga 98wU gj cKwZZ cvIqv hvq| evwK gjjv DbZgvbi cixvMvi Zwi Kiv me|98wU gji ga 84wU gjK cv_wgK gj ejv nq Ges evwK 14 wU gj ZRwqZvi gvag Drcb

nq| gRvi evcvi njv, jvfqwmq gv 33wU gji GKwU QK Zwi KiwQjb| cieZxZ ik wevbx

gvwjd67wU gj wbq AvaywbK chvq mviwY ceZb Kib hvi ga 63 wU gj AweKZ nqwQj GesevwK 4wU gj ZLbI AweKZ nqwb wK cieZxZ AweKZ nqQ| Zvici 1900 mvji gaB chvqmviwYZ AviI 30wU gj hy nq| Zvnj Avgiv eySjvg h chvq mviwYi gjmg~ni ewki fvMB Av`kkZvxZ AvweZ nqwQj|

8

13

chvq mviwY1

2

18

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

14 15 16 171

2

3

4

5

6

7

gji cZxK H1

1

1

cvigvYweK msLv

gji bvg

cvigvYweK fi

Mc msLv

chvq msLv

FlFlerovium

289

LvLivermovium

292

wP 4.1 : chvq mviwYi wewfbgj


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imvqb 43

4.2 chvq mviwYi ewkfZ w`K weePbvq chvq mviwY njv ivmvqwbK gjmg~ni QK mwbek gv| cKZc, chvq mviwY

gjmg~ni agi aviYvwP| chvq mviwY Avwevii ci _K wewfbmgq Gi cwieZb I cwigvRb KivnqQ| mekl chvq mviwYi h msiYwU IUPAC KZK MnxZ nqQ Zv wP-4.1-G `Lvbv njv|GUvK AvaywbK chvq mviwY ejv nq| AvaywbK chvq mviwYi DjLhvM ewkjv wbi~c :

chvq mviwYZ 7wU chvq ev Avbyf~wgK mvwi (row)I 18wU Myc ev Lvov (coulmn)iqQ|

cwZwU chvq evg w`K _K Mc- 1wnme iKi Myc- 18chweZ|

g~j chvq mviwYi wbP 2wU Avbyf~wgK mvwi Ges 14wU Lvov wewk GKwU QvU QK c`wkZ nqQ|GwUI g~j chvq mviwYi chvq- 6I chvq- 7-Gi Askwe kl|

chvq- 1-G aygv `ywU gj iqQ, hviv Myc- 1I Myc- 18Z AewZ| GKBfve chvq- 2I chvq- 3G AvUwU Ki gj AvQ hviv Mc- 1_K Mc- 3Ges Mc- 13_K Mc- 18-Gi g a Aew Z|

chvq-4 _K chvq-7 ch mejv chvqi cwZwU MycB gj viv c~Y| chvq-4 I ch vq-5 GB ch vq `ywUi 18wU Myc 18wU gj iqQ| A_vr cZK Myc GKwU Ki

gj vb `Lj Ki wbqQ| chvq- 6I chvq- 7-Gi ewZg jYxq| Zv`i cZKi 18wU Myc 32wU Ki gj

iqQ| G`i aygv Myc- 3ZB 15wU gji Aevb| evwK17wU Myc GKwU Ki gjAevb Ki| Gfve megvU 32wU gj mwbewkZ nqQ|

Pj Gevi wbPi KvRwU mbKwi| QKwUZ wewfb chvq mwbewkZ gji msLv Dj-L Ki| wewfb Mycgji Aevb eySvevi Rb QK c` AvqZvKvi duvKv Nijv _K aygv cqvRbxq Nijv cwj w`q

fivU Ki| hw` c` AvqZvKvi Nijv cZK chvq AewZ me gjK c`kbi Rb chv bv nq, ZvnjQKi wbP c` eo AvqZwUZ cqvRbgZ Ni GuK fivU Ki| KvRwU mbnj cv QKwU c` chvqmviwY (wP 4.1) Gi mv_ Zzjbv Ki|

QK 4.1: chvq mviwYi wewfbgj

chvq gvUgjimsLv

Mc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII VIII VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


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gvawgK imvqb44

Dcwiwj-wLZ ewkjv chvq mviwYi evwnK w`K j Kij `LZ cvB| Gevi gjmg~ni agi wfwZchvq mviwYK weePbv Kwi|

GKB chvq evgw`K _K Wvbw`K gjmg~ni agcwiewZZ nq|

mvaviYfve gjmg~ni agZvì Mci Dci wbfikxj| GKB Myci mKj gji fZ I ivmvqwbKagcvq GKB iKg|

mvaviYfve Kvbv gji mekl ii BjKUb msLv Zvi Mc msLvi mgvb|

Kvbv gji megvU Kc_ msLv Zvi chvq msLvi mgvb|

4.3 wewfbchvq m~c_gw`K AvweZ gjmg~nK wevbxiv avZz I AavZz GB `yB kwYZ wef Kib| avZzmg~nK Avevi

Zyjbvg~jKfve Kg mwq avZz [mvbv, icv; hvìK AwfRvZ avZz(noble metals) ej] Ges AwaK mwqavZz [jvnv, `v; hvìK wbK avZz (inferior metals) ej] wnme wef Kiv nq| Ebwesk kZvxi

iZ Wvbi cvigvYweK Z Dcvcbi ci imvqb PPvq evcK cwieZb Avm| 1829mvj Rvgvb wevbxR. Wwe-D. WveivBbvi cvigvYweK fii mv_ mwKZ Ki qx m~ (law of Triads) c`vb Kib|

qx m~:chvq mviwYi `ywU gji cvigvYweK fii Mo Ab GKwU gji GKwU gji cvigvYweK fiicvq mgvb Ges gj wZbwUi agGKBiKg| GB wZbwU gjK cvigvYweK fi Abymvi mvRvj c_g Ges

ZZxq gji fii Mo wZxq gji fii mgvb nq| gj wZbwUK WveivBbvi qx ej| hgb,wjw_qvg (7) I cUvwmqvgi (39) cvigvYweK fii Mo mvwWqvgi (23) cvigvYweK fii cvq mgvb|

1864mvj BsiR wevbx Rb wbDjv (John A. R. Newlands)gjK Zvì fi Abyhvqx mvwRq cwZAg gjmg~ni fZ I ivmvqwbK agwgj `LZ cvb| Gi wfwZ wZwb AK Zcve Kib|

AK Z:gjjvK Zvì cvigvYweK fi Abyhvqx mvRvj cwZ Ag gjmg~ni agiwgj `Lv hvq| hvchvq mviwYi AK Z (law of octaves)bvg cwiwPZ|

ivwkqvb imvqbwe` wWwgwU gvwjd gjmg~ni ivmvqwbK ag wbq MelYv Ki 1869 mvj AvweZgjmg~ni cvigvYweK fii DPgvbymvi mvwRq `Lb GKB agwewk gjmg~n GKB Kjvg vb cvq|Gi Dci wfw Ki wZwb chvq m~ cve Kib| chvq mviwY Dveb wewfb wevbxi Ae`vb _vKjI

Ae`vbi iZweePbv Ki gvwjdK chvq mviwYi RbK ej|

gvwjdi chvq m~:hw` gjmg~nK geagvb cvigvYweK fi Abymvi mvRvbv nq, Ze Zvì fZ IivmvqwbK agvewj chvqg AvewZZ nq|

1913 mvj wevbx nbwi gvmj cvigvYweK msLv Avwevii ci gvwjd Zvi chvq m~ mskvab Kib|

gvwjdi mskvwaZ chvq m~: gjmg~ni fZ I ivmvqwbK agvewj Zvì cvigvYweK msLv Abyhvqxchvqg AvewZZ nq|


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4.4 chvq mviwYi g~j wfwwevbx gvwjd c_g AvaywbK chvq mviwYZ gjmg~ni cvigvYweK fii wfwZ mvRvbvi Pv Kib|

wKcvigvYweK fii wfwZ gjmg~ni webvm Kij wKQz wKQzewZg j Kiv hvq| cUvwmqvg (K)IAvMb (Ar)-G i Aevb D`vniY wnme weePbv Ki| cUvwmqvgi (K) cvigvYweK fi- 39I AvMbi(Ar)cvigvYweK fi njv- 40| hw` cvigvYweK fi Abymvi mvRvbv nq, Zvnj cUvwmqvgK AvMbi AvM

vb w`Z nq| m cUvwmqvgi Aevb nq Myc- 18Z Ges Myc- 1-G vb cvq AvMb | eve fZ IivmvqwbK agvewji wePvi cUvwmqvgi mv_ Myc- 1-G Aew Z vi avZz jvi Ges AvMbi mv_ Mc- 18- ZAewZ wbwq Mvmi mv`k cwijwZ nq| wKgjmg~nK cvigvYweK msLvi wfwZ mvRvj GaibiRwUjZvi Aemvb nq|

Avgiv ZZxq Aavq BjKUb I cvUb mKRbwQ| cvUb msLvKB cvigvYweK msLv ej| Avi Kvbv

gj hZwU BjKUb _vK wVK ZZwU cvUb _vK| Zvnj Kvbv gji BjKUb msLvKI Zvi cvigvYweKmsLv ejv hvq| hwÌ BjKUb msLv cwieZbi mv_ cigvYyi cwieZb nq bv wK cvUb msLv cwieZbcigvYyi cwieZb nq| chvq mviwYZ BjKUb webvmi Dci wfw KiB gjmg~ni fZ I ivmvqwbKagvewj Zvì cvigvYweK msLv Abyhvqx chvqg AvewZZ nq| Kvbv gji BjKUb webvmB g~jZ Zvi

ivmvqwbK agvewj wb`k Ki|

1869mvj gvwjd AvaywbK chvq mviwYi ceZb Kib, hLb cvigvYweK msLv mKKvbv aviYv wQjbv| 1913 mvj wewUk wevbx nbwi gvmj cvigvYweK msLvi aviYv `b| cieZxZ gvwjd AvaywbK

chvq mviwYZ cvigvYweK msLvi aviYv eenvi Ki chvq m~i mskvwaZ i~c cKvk Kib| wevbxgvwjdK AvaywbK chvq mviwY ceZYi mvb Ìqv nq| KviY Abygvb Kiv nq h, cvigvYweK msLvmKRvbv _vKj wevbx gvwjd Zuvi c` chvq m~ cvigvYweK fii cwieZcvigvbweK msLvi K_vBnqZv-ev ej Zb|

4.5 BjKUb webvm _K chvq mviwYZ gji Aevb wbYqDci Avgiv RbwQ h, BjKUb webvmB njv chvq mviwYi g~jwfw| Zvnj chvq mviwYZ Kvbv gjiAevb Zvi BjKUb webvm _K eySv hvq| wbPi QK (QK- 4.2) KqKwU gji BjKUb webvmwjwceKiv njv| gjmg~ni wewfb i BjKUb webvm `Lvbv njv| Kvbv gji hZwU kwi

BjKUb web _vK, kwii m msLvB njv H gji chvq msLv| hgb nvBWvRb I wnwjqvgiK_v weePbv Kiv hvK| Gì GKwU gv kwii BjKUb web _vK Ges chvq mviwYZ GìAevb chvq- 1-G | Aby i~cfve mvwWqvg _K AvMb chgjmg~ni BjKUb wZbwU kwi web|Zvnj mnRB ejv hvq h, Zvì chvq msLv njv 3|

wKQyewZg eZxZ, mvaviYfve meewnt kwi AewZ BjKUb msLvB Kvbv wbw` chvq D gjiMyc msLv ejv hvq| Zvnj Avgiv fe `Lj eySe h, 7wU chvqiB Myc- 1Gi Dwj-wLZ wbqgwU chvR

ne| A_vr Myc- 1-G AewZ gjmg~ni meewnt kwii BjKUb msLv njv 1, mRb wbqgvbymvi

Myc msLvI 1| Myc-2-Gi GKBfve meewnt kwii BjKUb msLv w`qB mnRB Myc msLviaviYv cvIqv hvq| Abw`K BjKUb viv meewnt kwi c~Ygjmg~nK Myc- 18-G vb cvq|


51/214

imvqb46

QK-4.2:wewfbgji BjKUb webvmchvq-2I chvq-3-Gi A_vr h mKj gji `yBwU I wZbwU kwi BjKUb web _vK Zvìmeewnt kwii 3wU BjKUb _vKj ZvìK Mc- 13Z vb Ìqv nqQ| Kbbv chvq-2I chvq-3-Gi Mc- 3_K Myc-12chKvbv gj DcwZ bB| Zvnj `yBwU I wZbwU kwi

BjKUb web Kvbv gji , hw` meewnt kwii `ywUi ewk BjKUb _vK mmeewnt kwii DcwZ BjKUb msLvi mv_ `k ( 10)hvM Ki Mc msLv wbYq Kiv me|

chvq-4 _K chvq-7 ch h mKj gji BjKUb d Dci cek Ki Zvì d Dci

cekKZ BjKUb Ges mekl Kc_i BjKUb msLvi mgw Zvi Mc wb`k Ki| Ze chvq-6 Geschvq-7 -Gi h mKj gji mekl BjKUb f Dci cek Ki ZvìK g~j chvq mviwYi wbPc_Kfve Aevb Ìqv nq|

Qv/Qvxiv 5Rb Ki `j fvM nq wbRiv kwYKemB wbPi QK (QK-4.3) c`KvRwU mb Ki|D`vniY wnme QK bvBURb gjK `Lvbv nqQ|

QK-4.3:BjKUb webvm _K chvq mviwYZ gji Aevb wbYq

gj BjKUb webvm chvq mviwYZAevb

evLv

N

chvq- 2

Myc - 15

2wU kwi BjKUb web| AZGe chvqmsLv ne 2| meewnt kwi BjKUbmsLv njv 5wU, wKchvq msLv 2| AZGe MycmsLv5bv nq, (5+ 10)= 15ne|

Li

Al

Ne

Cl

+

Myc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1 H1 H

e2

2 Li

2,

1

Be2,

2 B2,

3C

2,

4N

2,

5O

2,

6 F2,

7

Ne2,

8

3 Na2,

8,

1

Mg

2,

8,

2

Al

2,

8,

3

Si

2,

8,

4

P2,

8,

5

S2,

8,

6

Cl

2,

8,

7

Ar2,

8,

8

4 K2,

8,

8,

1

Ca

2,

8,

8,

2

chvq


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imvqb 47

4.6 gji chvqe agchvq mviwYZ h Kvbv GKwU chvqi w`K jKij `wL h, evg w`Ki gjjv mvaviYZ avZzg Zv

AcavZzGes AavZzZ AvewZZ nq| 3q chvqi me evg mvwWqvg iqQ, hv GKwU mwq avZz| Abw`KKvwib (Wvbw`K wZxq) GKwU mwq AavZz| G `y&Bqi gvSvgvwSgjjvi ga avZz _K AavZzZ

i~cvii GKwU avivevwnKZv cwijwZ nq| mvwWqvg, gvMbwmqvg I Avjywgwbqvg avZe cKwZi| wmwjKbGKwU AcavZz(hv avZzI AavZzDfqi ewk enb Ki)| dmdivm, mvjdvi I Kvwib Giv mevB AavZyIG`i MjbvsK I zUbvsK Kg| h Kvbv Myc gjmg~ni fZ I ivmvqwbK agaxi axi Ges AbKUv

wbqwgZfve AvewZZ nq| hgb- Mc-1-Gi vi avZzmg~n cZKB big, wbgMjbvsKwewk| G MyciavZzmg~ni MjbvsK cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Kg| chvq mviwYi evg w`K _K Wvb w`K A_vrMyc-1 _K Myc-17 ch gjmg~ni MjbvsK I zUbvsK c_g ew cq (avZz ch) cieZxZ (AavZz_K) nvm cvq| Gfve Myc-17A_vr nvjvRbmg~ni MjbvsK I zUbvsK Myc-1-Gi vi avZzmg~ni

Zzjbvq AbK Kg nq| nvjvRbmg~ni wewfb fZ ag GKB i~c avivevwnK cwieZb `Lv hvq|hgbGme gji MjbvsK, zUbvsK I NbZcvigvYweK msLv ew i mv_ mv_ evo| GQvovI gjmg~ni

wKQziZc~Yewk hgb, cvigvYweK AvKvi, AvqwbKiY kw, Zwor FYvZKZv, BjKUb Avmw BZvw` agchvq mviwYZ chvqg cwiewZZ nq| chvq mviwYi GKB chvqi evgw`K _K Wvbw`K cvigvYweK AvKvi

nvm cvq Ges Kvbv Mci Dci _K wbPi w`K cvigvYweK AvKvi ewcvq| cvigvYweK AvKvi eZxZAbvb agmg~n mvaviYfve (wKQz ewZgmn) chvq mviwYi GKB chvq evg w`K _K Wvb w`K cvigvYweK

msLv ewi mv_ ew cvq| A_vr Mc-1 -Gi vi avZzmg~ni AvqwbKiY kw Kg Ges Mc- 17 -GinvjvRbmg~ni AvqwbKiY kw ewk| GKBfve Kvbv GKwU Myci gjmg~ni cvigvYweK msLv ewimv_ D agmg~n gv^q nvm cvq| G welq cieZx kwYZ AviI RvbZ cvie|

wP4.2:wewfbgj

mvwWqvg (Na)wjw_qvg (Li)

cUvwmqvg (K)

wbKj(Ni) evwgb(Br)

mwjwbqvg (Se)


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imvqb48

4.7 wewfb kwYZ DcwZ gjmg~ni wekl bvg (vi avZz, grvi avZz, gy v avZz,nvjvRb, wbwq Mvm, Aevi gj)vi avZz:chvq mviwYZ Myc- 1 -G AewZ gjmg~n hgb- Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs Ges Frvi avZz(alkali metal)ejv nq| Giv cZKB cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki nvBWvRb Mvm I vi èY Zwi Ki|

meewnt kwi AewZ GKgvBjKUbwU c`vb Ki AvqwbK hM (jeY) Zwi Ki|

grvi avZz : Myc- 2-G AewZ Be _K iKi Ra ch gjmg~nK grvi avZy ejv (alkalineearth metal)nq| Gì agAbKUv vi avZzi gZvB| Gì AvBWmg~n cvwbZ vixq èY Zwi Ki|GivI meewnt kwii 2wU BjKUb c`vb Ki AvqwbK hM (jeY) Zwi Ki| GB gjmg~n wewfb

hM wnme gvwUZ _vK|

Aevi gj:chvq mviwYZ Myc- 3_K Myc-11chMyc AewZ gjmg~n Aevi gj (transitionmetal)wnme cwiwPZ| Aevi gjmg~ni wbR^ eYiqQ| Giv avZe c`v_wnme cPzi eeZ nq|

meewnt kwii BjKUb c`vb Ki AvqwbK hM Zwi Ki| Kvbv chvqi Aevi gjmg~ni ga

evgw`Ki gj _K Wvbw`Ki gj viv MwVZ hMi ewk AvqwbK _K mghvRxZ cwiewZZ nq|

gy`v avZy :chvq mviwYZ Myc 11 Z AewZ gjZvgv (Cu), icv (Ag)I mvbv (Au) Gì avZeewk hgb DjZv we`gvb| HwZnvwmKfve Gme avZyviv gy`v Zwi Ki ZvìK q-weq I Abvb

cqvRb wewbgqi gvag wnme eenvi Kiv nq| GìK gy`v avZz (coinage metals) ejv nq|cKZcGiv Aevi gj|

nvjvRb:Mc- 17Z AewZ gj F, Cl, Br, IGes At GB5wU gjK GKnvjvRb (halogen)ej| nvjvRb ki A_jeY MVbKvix (salt maker)| Giv meewnt kwi GKwU BjKUb MnYi

gvag nvjvBWAvqb Zwi Ki| nvjvRbmg~ni g~j Drm mvgyw`K jeY| Giv wbR wbRB BjKUb

fvMvfvwMi(electron sharing)gvag w-gj AYyZwi Ki|

wbwq Mvm:chvq mviwYZ Myc- 18 Z AewZ gjmg~nK wbwq gj ej| Gì meewnt kwicqvRbxq msLK BjKUb viv c~Y_vKvq Giv BjKUb Av`vb-c vb ev kqvii gvag hM MVb mvaviYZAvMn c`kb Ki bv| A_vr eb MVb ev ivmvqwbK wewqvi cwZ GB gjmg~n wbwq _vK|

4.8 chvq mviwYi myweav (Advantanges of Periodic Table)imvqbkvAaqb I cqvMKvixì Rb chvq mviwY GKwU AcwinvhnvwZqvi (tool)| AvaywbK chvq mviwY

eZxZ imvqb PPv me bq| Dci RbwQ h, G hver 118wU gj kbv nqQ| Pj cZKwU gji hw`

4wU fZ aghgbMjbvsK, zUbvsK, NbZI fZ Aev (KwVb, Zij I evqexq) Ges 4wU ivmvqwbK

aghgbAwRb, cvwb, GwmWI vii mv_ wewqv weePbv Ki| Zvnj118

wU gji Rb4wU KifZ I 4wU Ki ivmvqwbK agwgj megvU 472wU aggb ivLv KwVb bq wK?Avgiv GUvI Rvwb h, Kvbv


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55/214

imvqb50

M-vm/UwUDe Na2CO3 M-vm/UwUDe K2CO3

hvMKZ Dcv`vb mb cwieZb I

cwieZbi KviY

msNwUZ ivmvqwbK

wewqv

mb cwieZb I

cwieZbi KviY

msNwUZ ivmvqwbK

wewqv

ge

wejeyi im/wmiKv/jNyHClRj KvwVK DrcbMvmi Dci aiDrcb MvmK PzbicvwbZ cek KivI

AwZwi cwigvYDrcb MvmK PzbicvwbZ cek KivI

GKwU KvPwUDe AvbygvwbK 2/3Mvg Na2CO3bvI| AZtci we cvwbZ mwU `exf~Z Ki Ges `eYiga axi axi jNy nvBWvKvwiK GwmW hvM Ki| cheY Ki Kvbv Mvm Drcbnq wK bv| DrcbMvmK

RjKvwVi mvnvh kbv Ki| ivmvqwbK cixvi gvag kbv Kivi Rb DrcbMvmK euvKvbv KvPbjimvnvh weKvi ivLv cwivi Pzbi cvwbZ cek KivI Ges cwieZb cheY Ki| GB cwieZbi KviYevLv Kivi Pv Ki| Pzbi cvwbZ AwZwi Mvm cek Kivj Kx cwieZb nq Zv cheY Ki Ges KviYevLv Kivi Pv Ki|

GKBfve KvPwUDe AvbygvwbK 2/3 Mvg K2CO3wbq cixv Ki| cixv Ki wbPi Uwej c~YKi|

Abykxjbx

ewbevPwb ck:

1. chvq mviwYi mwZKvi g~j wfw Kx?

K. cvigvYweK msLv L. cvigvYweK fi

M. AvcwK cvigvYweK fi N. BjKUb webvm

2. A= 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2; gjwU chvq mviwYi Kvb Mc AewZ?

K. Group-2 L. Group-5

M. Group-11 N. Group-13


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imvqb 51

wbPi mviwY _K 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

chvq mviwYi Kvbv GKwU Mci LwZ Ask

19K

X

Y

Z

3. X gjwU chvq mviwYi Kvb chvqi?

K. 3q L. 4_

M. 5g N. 6

4. Dwj-wLZ gjjvi-

i. me kl i 1wU BjKUb AvQ

ii. cvigvYweK AvKvi gvq nvm cvq iii. mwqZv gv^q ew cvq

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. iI ii L. iiI iii

M. I iii N. i, iiI iii

mRbkxj ck:1.

F

Na Mg

[GLvbX, Y GesZ cZxKx A_; cPwjZ Kvbv gji cZxK bq]


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imvqb52

DxcKi wPwU chvq mviwYi GKwU LwZ Ask

K. qx m~wU wjL|

L. ewiqvgK grvi avZzejv nq Kb evLv Ki|

M. DxcKi Kvb gjwUi AvKvi mePq eo? evL v Ki|

N. DxcKi chvq I Mci c_g gj ywU DP gvvq mwq njI mwqZvi KviY wfb hyw vI|

2.

gj kwY hvRZv ii BjKUb msLv

A 3 B 7

D 8

K. gy`v avZzKx?

L. He K Mc II-G ivLv nqwb Kb?

M. BkwYi gji Drm evLv Ki|

N. AI DkwYi gjjvi AvqwbKiY kwi Zzjbv Ki|

[GLvbA, B GesD cZxKx A_; cPwjZ Kvbv gji cZxK bq]


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cg Aavq

ivmvqwbK ebwbwq Mvmmg~n GK-cigvYyK Mvmi~c cKwZZ vqx, G Mvmjv eZxZ Ab gji cigvYymg~n^vaxbfve cKwZZ weivR Ki bv| gwjK Mvmi AYymg~n mvaviYZ wcigvYyK hgb- O2, N2, F2, Cl2,Br2BZvw`| Avevi Kvbv Kvbv gji AYy`yBqi AwaK cigvYy wbq MwVZ nq| hgb O3, P4, S8 |

Avevi wfb wfb gji cigvYy wgj hM MVb Ki hgbNaCl, H2O, HCl, CH4 cfwZ| me AYyZBcigvYymg~n GK wekl AvKlYkw viv cii Ave_vK, G kwK ebkw ej| mvaviYZ eb MVb

Kvj mKj cigvYyyB Zvi kl kwi wbKUeZx wbwq Mvmi BjKUb webvm jvf KiZ Pvq| avZz-AavZz

wgj mvaviYZ AvqwbK eb, AavZz-AavZz wgj mghvRx eb MVb Ki| avZe L avZe cigvYymg~navZe ebi gvag GK Abi mv_ Ave_vK| wZb cKvi eb m gj ev hMi Avjv`v Avjv`vewk iqQ|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv- (1) hvRZv BjKUbi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie| (2) wbwq Mvm-Gi wwZkxjZv evLv KiZ cvie| (3) AK I `yB-Gi wbqgi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie|

(4) ivmvqwbK eb Ges Zv MVbi KviY evLv KiZ cvie| (5) Avqb Kxfve Ges Kb mw nq Zv evLv KiZ cvie| (6) AvqwbK eb MVbi cwqv eYbv KiZ cvie| (7) mghvRx eb MVbi cwqv eYbv KiZ cvie| (8) AvqwbK I mghvRx ebi mv_ MjbvsK, zUbvsK, `veZv, we`yr cwievwnZv Ges Kjvm MVbi

agevLv KiZ cvie| (9) avZe ebi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie| (10) avZe ebi mvnvh avZzi we`yr cwievwnZv evLv KiZ cvie|

(11) vbxqfve mnRcvc `ei ga AvqwbK I mghvRx hM kbv KiZ cvie|

H H

O

Na oo

o oo o

o oo o

o

oo

oo

oox

x xx

xx

xx

Cl

Na oo

o oo o

o oo o

o

oo

oo

oox

x xx

x

x

x

xx

Cl


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imvqb54

wbR Ki :bvBUvRb IKvjwmqvgi

hvRZvBjKUb msLv

KZwU ?

5.1 hvRZv BjKUbwKQzgji cZxK Ìqv njv, Gì cvigvYweK msLv wjL BjKUb webvm Ki Ges BjKUb webvmi wP

AuvK|

Li, Na, O, F

KvbwUi kl kwi KZwU Ki BjKUb AvQ wjL|

Kvbv gji mekl cavb kwii gvU BjKUb msLvK mB gji hvRb BjKUb ev hvRZv

BjKUb ej|

(gjmgyni c_g Kc_i `ywU BjKUbK eRvo Aevq `Lvbv njI cKZc Giv GKwU Dci Rvo Aevq)wP 5.1: bvBUvRb I Kvjwmqvgi BjKUb webvm

5.2 wbwq Mvm Ges Gi wwZkxjZvwbq Zvgiv Rvb chvq mviwYi '18' Myci gjmg~nK wbwq Mvm ejv nq|

GB Mci wnwjqvg, wbqb, AvMb I wcUbi BjKUb webvm Ki|

[ wPv Ki:BjKUb webvmi Kx wgj Ges Kx Awgj j KiQ?]

wbgwbwq Mvmmg~ni BjKUb webvm Ìqv njv :

He (2) : 1s2

Ne (10) : 1s2 2s22p6

Ar (18) : 1s22s22p6 3s23p6

Kr (36): 1s22s22p6 3s23p6 3d10 4s24p6

Xe (54) : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p24p64d104f14 5s25p6

Rn (86) : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 4d104f145s25p65d10 6s26p6

7n7p


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55

Dcii BjKUb webvm _K `Lv hvq, GKgv wnwjqvg Qvov Ab mKj wbwq gji hvRZv i 8wUBjKUb iqQ| He -Gi cvigvYweK msLv 2| 1g cavb kwi GKwU gv Dci (s) _vKvq Gi hvRZv

i2wU BjKUb viv c~Y_vK, hv He -Gi Rb vqx webvm| He-Gi hvRZv i 2Ges Abvbwbwq Mvmi hvRZv i 8wU BjKUb wwZkxj Aev c`vb Ki| Gi~c BjKUb webvm cwieZbAbvMnx nIqvi KviYB gjmg~n ivmvqwbKfve wbwq| Abw`K Abvb gjmg~ni meewnt i GBjKUb webvm bv _vKvq G me gj wewfbfve G aibi AwaKZi vqx BjKUb webvm MVb AvMnx|

5.3 AK I yB-Gi wbqgZvgiv c~e Li GesNa -Gi BjKUb webvm KiQ|

KxfveLi, He Gi BjKUb webvm GesNa, Ne-Gi BjKUb webvm jvf Kie evLv Ki|

Abw`K AwRb I Kvwibi BjKUb webvm KiQ| Kvjwmqvgi BjKUb webvm Ki| wwZkxjZvARbi Rb G wZbwU gj Kvb wbwq gji BjKUb webvm jvf KiZ PvBe Ges Kxfve KieevLv Ki|

nvBWvRbi hvRZv i GKwU gv BjKUb iqQ| H cigvYy, hMi AYyMVbi mgq GwU Gi wbKUZgwbwq Mvm wnwjqvgi BjKUb webvm jvf KiZ PvBe| GRb hM MVbi mgq nvBWvRb cigvYyGKwUBjKUb MnY Ki (^Zg ) ev nvBWvRbi BjKUbwU Ab GKwU BjKUbi mv_ kqvi Ki|

myZivs Dcii evLv-wek-lY _K G wmvDcbxZ nIqv hvq h

wewfb gji cigvYymg~n wbR`i ga BjKUb Av`vb-c `vb Ges kqvii gvag cigvYymg~ni klkwi2wU A_ev ewki fvM AvUwU BjKUbi webvm jvf Ki| Gfve He -Gi webvm jvfKivK `yB-Gi (duplet or duet) wbqg Ges hvRZv i 8 wU BjKUb webvm jvf KivK AK(octet)wbqg ej|

5.4 ivmvqwbK eb I ivmvqwbK eb MVbi KviY

Li, Na GesCa -Gi `LQ BjKUb eRb Ki hvRZv i Giv `yB-Gi ev AK bxwZ Abyhvqxwebvm jvf Ki| O, FcigvYyBjKUb MnY Ki hvRZv i AK webvm jvf Ki|

H2AbyMVbKvj `ywU nvBWvRb cigvYy1wU Ki BjKUb kqvi Ki|

GB fve wewfbgj BjKUb Av`vb-c`vb A_ev kqvii gvag eb MVb Ki|

Zvnj ivmvqwbK eb MVbi Rb wKQzcqvRbxq Z_ Avgv`i gb ivLZ ne

1. Kvbv gji kl kwii BjKUb A_vr hvRZv BjKUb eb MVb AskMnY Ki|

2. cwZwU cigvYyiB j _vK Zvi wbKUeZx wbwq gji BjKUb webvm jvf Kiv|

3. 1 _K 17cvigvYweK msLvwewk gjmg~n eb MVb Kij Lye mnRB `yB-Gi (duplet) evAK(octet)wbqg gb Pj| ZZxq ii mevP BjKUb aviYgZv 18nIqv mI wKQzgj


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dgv-8, imvqb-9g-10g

imvqb 57

wbR Ki :gvMbwmqvg I AwRbi BjKUb webvmi wP GuK Kxfve `ywU cigvYy G`i wbKUeZx wbwq Mvmwbqbi BjKUb webvm jvf Ki KvUvqb I Avbvqb cwiYZ ne `LvI|

5.6 AvqwbK eb

wP 5.2: wewfbcigvYyi BjKUb webvmwjw_qvg Kxfve wnwjqvg Ges dvwib Kxfve wbqbi BjKUb webvm jvf Kie? wjw_qvg cigvYy hvRZvii GKwU BjKUb eRb Ki wnwjqvgi vqx `yB-Gi (duplet) Ges dvwib cigvYyhvRZv i GKwUBjKUb MnY Ki wbqbi hvRZv ii vqx AK (octet)webvm jvf Kie|

`ywU cigvYyhLb KvQvKvwQ Avm ZLb wjw_qvg cigvYyZvi hvRZv ii BjKUbwU dvwib cigvYyK `vbKie Ges dvwib mB `vbKZ BjKUbwU MnY Ki h_vg Li+Avqb I F-Avqb cwiYZ ne| `ywU Avqbhy nq LiF hM cwiYZ ne|

wP 5.3: wjw_qvg dvivBW hM MVb cwqv|wbR Ki :GKBfve mvwWqvg I dvwib cigvYymshvM mvwWqvg dvivBW (NaF)hMwUi MVbcwqv `LvI|

[`jMZfve Ki : gvMbwmqvg AvBW, Kvjwmqvg KvivBW Ges cUvwmqvg KvivBW hMmg~niMVbcwqv GuK `LvI Ges wbPi ck jvi Di `vI|

1. gvMbwmqvg AvBW eb MVbi mgq gvMbwmqvg I AwRb KZwU Ki BjKUb `vb Ges MnY Ki?2. Mg, Mg2+Avqb Ges O, O2-Avqb cwiYZ njv Kb?

3. Kvjwmqvg KvivBWi msKZ Kx?

Li

x

x

x

Li

Li+

F

x

x

x

x

x

xF-

F

x

x

xx

xx

x

x x

Ne

xx

x

xx

xx

x

x x

He

x

x


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imvqb58

Dcii mejv D`vniY chjvPbv Kij `Lv hvq avZzmg~n BjKUb eRb Ges AavZymg~n avZzKZK `vbKZBjKUb/BjKUbmg~n MnY Ki h_vg KvUvqb I Avbvqb cwiYZ nq| KvUvqb I Avbvqb KvQvKvwQ Gm

AvqwbK eb MVb Ki|BjKUb Av`vb-c`vbi gvag MwVZ KvUvqb (abvZK Avqb) Ges Avbvqbmg~n ( &FYvZK Avqb) h AvKlYej viv hMi AYyZ Ave_vK ZvK AvqwbK eb ej|

`ywU wfbagx cigvYyi gvag MwVZ nq AvqwbK hM|

wP 5.4:NaClGi AvqwbK eb MVb

Rvbv cqvRb AvqwbK eb mvaviYZ chvq mviwYi Mc 1 I 2-G i avZz Ges Mc 16 I17-G i AavZz i gaNU _vK| chvq mviwYi gvSvgvwS Aevb AewZ avZzmg~ni kl kwi AwaKmsLK BjKUb _vKviKviY, BjKUb `vb ev MnYi Rb AwaK kwi cqvRb nq hvi dj mvaviYZ Giv wZb ev Pvi msLKBjKUb MnY ev eRb Drmvnx nq bv| Gi ga ewZg njv Al3+Avqb| ZvI `Lv hvq Alme mgq wZbwUBjKUb eRb Ki AvqwbK eb MVb Ki bv|

Dj-L h chvq mviwYi 1_K 20chcvigvYweK msLvwewk gjmg~nB cKZfve eb MVbKvj `yB Gi(duplet) I AK (octet)bxwZ AbymiY Ki|

5.7 mghvRx ebnvBWvRb, Kveb, AwRb, bvBUvRb I dvwibi BjKUb webvmi wP AuvK|

G mKj gjB AavZz|

AavZz-AavZze b MVb Kivi Kx NU? hw GKwU nvBWvRb cigvYyAci GKwU nvBWvRb cigvYyimv_ hy nq ZLb Kx NU?

G wnwjqvg cigvYyi vqx `yB-Gi web vm jvf Kivi Rb nvBWvRbi BjKUb MnY ev eRb me bq|m cigvYyq cii BjKUb kqvi Ki wnwjqvgi vqx webvm jvf Kie|

H2AYy

Kveb, bvBUvRb I dvwibi hvRZv i KZwU BjKUb AvQ?

H H


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imvqb 59

Kvebi4wU, bvBUvRbi 5wU I dvwibi 7wU

Kveb bvBUvRb dvwib wbqb

wP 5.5: wewfbgji BjKUb webvm

AavZzi mv_ eb MVbi mgq wbqbi hvRZv ii vqx AK MVbi Rb A_ev wnwjqvgi vqxBjKUb webvm MVbi Rb Kvebi 4wU BjKUb MnY ev eRb cqvRb| bvBUvRbi 3wU BjKUb MnY

ev5 wU BjKUb eRb cqvRb| dvwibi 7 wU BjKUb eRb ev 1 wU BjKUb MnY cqvRb| AavZzmg~nBjKUb MnY GKgv avZzi mv_ eb MVbi mgq| AavZz-AavZzi eb MVbi Kx NUe?

Kvbv gji c GZ AwaKmsLK BjKUb MnY ev eRb me bq| KviY Gi Rb AwaK cwigvY kw eqKiZ nq hv h Kvbv gji gZvi evBi|

Kvwib AYyMVbi Kx NUe?

wP 5.6: AvMbi BjKUb webvm wP 5.7: Cl2AYyi eb MVb

`Lv hvQ Cl2AYyi eb MVbi cwZwU cigvYyi hvRZv ii GKwU Ki BjKUb kqvi Ki ZviwbKUeZx wbwq Mvm AvMbi BjKUb webvm jvf Ki|

[wbR Ki : AwRb I dvwib AYyi eb MVbwP AsKb Ki| KvbwUi GKK Ges KvbwUi web `Lv hvq evLv Ki|]

Dci AvjvwPZ meB gwjK AYy| AviI AbK gwjK AYyiqQ| wfbwfbAavZycigvYywgj hLb hM MVbKi ZLb Kx NU j Ki|

H2O, cvwbi GKwU AYyhv `yBwU nvBWvRb I GKwU AwRb cigvYywbq MwVZ|

AwRbi cvigvYweK msLv 8, Gi BjKUb webvm: 2, 6| nvBWvRbi cviYweK msLv 1, Gi BjKUb

webvm1| wbqbi BjKUb webvm jvfi Rb AwRbi meewnt i 2wU BjKUb cqvRb| m

6n6p

7n7p

10n9p

10n10p

Arxxxx

xx

xx

xxxx

x

x

xxxx

Cl

Cl

Clxxx

x x

x

x x

xx x

x

xxx

x x

Clxxx

x xx

x x

xx x

x

xxx

x x

+


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imvqb60

KviY `yBwU nvBWvRb cigvYyGKwU Ki BjKUb AwRbi hvRZv ii `yBwU BjKUbi mv_ kqviKi AwRb AK I nvBWvRb `yB-Gi webvm jvf Kie|

wP 5.8:H2O AYyi MVb

hvRZv ii BjKUb kqvii gvag mghvRx AYyi MVbi wP `Lvbv hvq|

wP 5.9: hvRZv ii BjKUb kqvii gvag HClAYyyi eb MVb

mghvRx ebi gvag MwVZ nq mghvRx hM Ges mghvRx AYyy| wbPi QK (QK 5.1) wKQzAYyyi msKZ`Iqv njv| G`i eb MVbwP AsKb Ki (hvRZv ii BjKUb kqvii gvag)|

QK 5.1: mghvRx eb MVbi wP

2H + O

AYy cigvYymsLv eb MVb wP

wg_bCH4

C+4H

AvgvwbqvNH3

N+3H

Kveb -WvB-AvBWCO2 C+2O

O

H Hxx

gy-Rvo BjKUb

eb-Rvo BjKUb

H Cl H Cl+

x x x x

x xx

x x

xxx

xx


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imvqb 61

wPv Ki : H2O, NH3, CO2 Ges CH4 eb MVbi ci cwZwU AYyZ KZwU gy-Rvo BjKUbiqQ Ges KZwU eb-Rvo BjKUb eb MVb AskMnY KiQ?

Dcii mejv D`vniY chvjvPbv Kij `Lv hvq mghvRx AYyMVbKvix cwZwU cigvYyB AavZz| nvBWvRbQvov me AavZzgjiB kl kwi wZbi AwaK BjKUb iqQ| `yB-Gi I AK wbqg Abymvi hM`yB Gi MVb Kivi Rb BjKUb ZvM ev MnYi Rb hZUv kw cqvRb Zv Zvì bB| dj wbRì gaZviv BjKUb kqvi Ki|

mekl kwi vqx BjKU&b webvm jvfi Rb BjKUb kqvii gvag h eb MwVZ nq, ZvKmghvRx eb ej|

jYxq -

mvaviYZ `ywU AavZe cigvYyi ga mghvRx eb NU _vK|eb AskMnYKvix cigvYymgmsLK BjKUb hvMvb w`q GK ev GKvwaK BjKUb hyMj mw Ki hv

Dfq cigvYymgvbfve kqvi Ki|

mghvRx eb MwVZ gwjK AYyyK (hgb O2) mghvRx AYyGes hMK mghvRx hM (hgbCO2) ej|wKQzmghvRx AYyKg Zvcgvvq Mvmxq Aevq _vK (CO2, CH4,NH3BZvw`) wKQzZij Aevq _vK(H2O, C2H5OH ;B_vbj BZvw`) Ges wKQzKwVb Aevq _vK {mvjdvi (S8), AvqvwWb (I2) BZvw`}|Gì AYymg~n `yej fvbWvi Iqvjm (van der Waals) kw viv Ave_vK hv Kg Zvcgvvq fO hvq|

CO2, CH4, NH3BZvwì AYymg~ni ga fvbWvi Iqvjm (van der Waals) kw bB ejjB Pj, hvidj Giv Mvmxq Aevq GKK AYywnme Nyi eovq|

wP 5.10: meklkw ii BjKUb kqvii gvag CO2AYyMVb

5.8 AvqwbK I mghvRx hMi ewk

MjbvsK I zUbvsK(`jMZ KvR) : cwZwU `j Lv`jeY (NaCl) I wPwb Avjv`v Avjv`v Zvcmn KvP bj wbqZvc w`Z _vK| cheYi djvdj bvU Ki|NaCl -Gi MjbvsK AbK ewk ej jveiUwiZ Zvi MjbvsKwbYq mnR bv-I nZ cvi| wPwbi MjbvsK AbK Kg ej Zv wbYq mnR ne, Ze zUbvsK wbYq ekKwVb KviY Mjbi ciB GwU ev`vwg _K Kvjv iO aviY Ki| hvK Avgiv Kvivgj ej _vwK| mnRcvnj Lv`jeYi e`j mvwWqvg bvBUU wbq Zvgiv G cixvwU KiZ cvi, wPwbi e`j cvwb wbq zUbvsKwbYq KiZ cvi, 2q Aavq h fve DcKiYjv mvwRqwQj mfve mvRvZ ne| wPwbi AvYweK msKZ :C12H22O11|

wkv_xi KvR: cixY _K `Lv hvq AvqwbK hMmg~ni MjbvsK I zUbvsK DP Ges mghvRxhMmg~ni MjbvsK I zUbvsK wbg KviY evLv Ki|


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2

imvqb62

[Z_: AvqwbK hMi AYyZ abvZK I FYvZK cv _vKvq Gì AvtAvYweK kw ewk nq| Aciw`KmghvRx hMi AYywbic nIqvq Gì AYymg~ni ga yej fvbWvi Iqvjm AvKlYkw we`gvb _vK|]

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